دانلود کتاب EMERGENCY NEUROLOGY

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Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: Headache in the Emergency Department
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
History of Trauma
Fever or Known Infection
Immunocompromised (HIV or Immunosuppression)
Concurrent Headache in Close Friends, Family, or Coworkers
History of Cancer
Pregnancy
Visual Loss
Headache Induced by Valsalva Maneuver
Pupillary Abnormalities
Red Flags
Approach to Diagnosis
Labs and Imaging
Serologic Testing
ECG
Computed Tomography of the Head
Lumbar Puncture
MRI
Vascular Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
Primary Headaches
Migraine
Tension-Type Headache
Cluster Headache and Other Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
Cluster Headache
Paroxysmal Hemicrania
Short-Lasting Unilateral Neuralgiform Headache Attacks with Conjunctival Injection and Tearing/Cranial Autonomic Features (SUNCT/SUNA)
Hemicrania Continua
Benign Cough Headache
Benign Sexual or Orgasmic Headache
Primary (Benign) Exertional Headache
Secondary Headaches
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Other Intracranial Hemorrhage
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Meningitis
Cervicocephalic Dissection
Ischemic Stroke
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome
Headache Related to Spontaneous Spinal Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
Hypertensive Crisis and PRES
Pituitary Apoplexy
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Headache Attributed to Traumatic Injury to the Head (Post Traumatic Headache)
Third Ventricular Colloid Cyst
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Glaucoma
General Approach to the Management of Primary Headache in the Emergency Department
Protocols for Acute Treatment of Migraine in the Emergency Department
Migraine-Specific Agents
Sumatriptan (5HT 1B/D/F Receptor Agonist)
Dihydroergotamine
Antidopaminergic Agents
Prochlorperazine
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Droperidol
Metoclopramide
Sodium Valproate
Magnesium Sulfate
Nonsteroidal Analgesics
Corticosteroids
Opioids
Greater Occipital Nerve Blocks
Cluster Headache Treatment
Oxygen
Sumatriptan
Dihydroergotamine
Corticosteroids
Greater Occipital Nerve Blocks
Special Circumstance: Treatment of Headache in the Pregnant Patient
References
2: Low Back Pain Emergencies
Introduction
Epidemiology
Clinical Features and Evaluation
History
Physical Examination
General Observation
Regional Back Examination
Screening Tests for Lumbar Radiculopathy
Straight Leg Raising (Lasègue) Test
Kernig Sign
Seated Straight Leg Raising
Reverse Straight Leg Raising Test
Patrick or FABER Test
Neurological Examination
Motor Function
Reflexes
Sensation
Gait
Rectal Exam
Diagnosis
Imaging Studies
Plain Radiography
Advanced Imaging Studies
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Differential Diagnosis
Vertebral Infection
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Epidural Abscess
Tumors
Spinal Cord and Cauda Equina Compression
Vascular Disorders: Thoracic Aortic Dissection and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Spondylotic Low Back Pain Emergencies
Traumatic Lower Spine Emergencies
Conclusions
References
3: Dizziness and Vertigo Presentations in the Emergency Department
Introduction
Evaluation of Emergency Presentations
Step 1: Determine if the Dizziness Is the Principal Symptom as Opposed to a Minor Accompanying Symptom
Step 2: Define the Characteristics of the Dizziness Symptom
Step 3: Perform a General Neurological Examination
Step 4: Perform a Neuro-otologic Assessment
Step 5: Formulate the Differential Diagnosis
Acute Severe Prolonged Vertigo
Recurrent Spontaneous Attacks of Vertigo
Recurrent Positionally Triggered Attacks of Vertigo
Other Dizziness Symptoms and Presentations
Management of Emergency Presentations
Imaging Studies in Emergency Presentations
Conclusion
References (Original List)
Additional Reference List
4: Syncope
Causes
Disorders of Vascular Tone or Blood Volume
Neurocardiogenic (Vasovagal and Vasodepressor) Syncope
Syncope with Normal Heart and ECG and Without Prodrome
Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension
Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity
Situational Syncope
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Cardiovascular Disorders
Arrhythmias
Structural Disorders
Cerebrovascular Disease
Differential Diagnosis
Anxiety Attacks and the Hyperventilation Syndrome
Seizures
Hypoglycemia
Acute Hemorrhage
Hysterical Fainting
Approach to the Patient
Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Further Reading
5: Acute Visual Loss
Introduction
The Neuro-ophthalmologic Examination in the Emergency Department
Visual Acuity
Color Vision
Visual Fields
Examination of the Pupils
Eye Movements
Ocular Examination and Funduscopic Examination
Where Is the Lesion?
Ocular Causes of Acute Vision Loss: What the Neurologist Should Know
Painful Red Eye with Vision Loss
Vision Loss with an Abnormal Retina
Optic Neuropathies
Inflammatory Optic Neuropathy (Optic Neuritis)
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy
Compressive Optic Neuropathy
Acute Bilateral Optic Neuropathies
Bilateral Optic Disc Edema
Binocular Vision Loss from Chiasmal Lesions
Binocular Vision Loss from Retrochiasmal Lesions
Transient Visual Loss
Monocular Transient Visual Loss
Ocular Causes of Monocular Transient Visual Loss
Mechanisms of Vascular Transient Monocular Visual Loss
Binocular Transient Visual Loss
Migrainous Visual Aura
Occipital Seizures
Occipital Transient Ischemic Attack
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Conclusion
References
6: Diplopia, Third Nerve Palsies, and Sixth Nerve Palsies
Introduction
Epidemiology
Third Nerve
Sixth Nerve
Pathophysiology and Anatomy
Third Nerve
Sixth Nerve
Clinical Features
Third Nerve
General Clinical Appearance
PCom Aneurysm
Brainstem Stroke
Uncal Herniation
Meningitis
Pituitary Apoplexy
Infectious Orbital and Cavernous Sinus Disease
Giant Cell Arteritis
Sixth Nerve
General Clinical Appearance
Brainstem Stroke
Wernicke Encephalopathy
Meningitis and Alterations in Intracranial Pressure
Pituitary Apoplexy
Infectious Orbital and Cavernous Sinus Disease
Giant Cell Arteritis
Diagnosis
Third Nerve
Microvascular
Head Trauma
Sixth Nerve
Microvascular
Head Trauma
Treatment and Prognosis
Third Nerve
Sixth Nerve
Conclusion
References
7: Facial Nerve Palsy
Introduction
Epidemiology
Facial Nerve Anatomy
Pathophysiology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management and Treatment
Conclusion
References
8: Evaluation and Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke
Introduction
Epidemiology
Etiology and Classification
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Large Artery Syndromes
Brainstem Stroke Syndromes
Midbrain Infarction (Weber Syndrome, Claude Syndrome)
Lateral Medullary Infarction (Wallenberg Syndrome)
Lacunar Stroke Syndromes
Pure Motor, Pure Sensory, and Motor-Sensory Syndromes
Dysarthria Clumsy Hand
Ataxia Hemiparesis
Acute Treatment
Prehospital Care
Reperfusion Therapy
Alteplase
Tenecteplase
Mechanical Thrombectomy
0–6 Hours
6–24 Hours and Perfusion Imaging
Early Supportive Care
Blood Pressure
Early Dual-Antiplatelet Therapy in Minor Stroke or High-Risk TIA
References
9: Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Introduction
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Prognosis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Blood Pressure
Coagulopathy
Non-vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants
Antiplatelet Agents
Intensive Care Management: Intracranial Pressure
Intensive Care Management: Fever, Glucose, and Deep Venous Thrombosis Prophylaxis
Traditional Open Surgery
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Conclusion
References
10: Seizures and Status Epilepticus
Introduction
Seizures
Diagnostic Testing
Therapy
Status Epilepticus (SE)
Definitions
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Systemic Changes with Status Epilepticus and Complications
Clinical Presentation
Convulsive Status Epilepticus
Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus
New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus (NORSE)
Investigations in Patients with Status Epilepticus
Management
Prehospital Management [43]
Management in the Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit
Pharmacotherapy of Status Epilepticus
Management of Refractory Status Epilepticus
Prognosis
Summary
References
11: Central Nervous System Infections
Meningitis
Viral Meningitis
Bacterial Meningitis
Aseptic Meningitis
Lyme Disease
Tuberculous Meningitis
Differential Diagnosis
Initial Management
Neuroimaging
Spinal Fluid Analysis
Therapy of Bacterial Meningitis
Therapy of Viral Meningitis
Therapy of Lyme Disease Meningitis
Therapy of Syphilitic Meningitis
Encephalitis
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
Mosquito-Borne Viruses
Varicella Zoster Virus
Tick-Borne Bacterial Infections
Epstein–Barr Virus
Rabies
Differential Diagnosis
Initial Management
Diagnosis
Serology
Neuroimaging
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
Mosquito-Borne Virus
Varicella Zoster Virus
JC Virus
Spinal Fluid Analysis
Herpes Simplex Virus-1
Mosquito-Borne Viruses
Tick-Borne Bacterial Infections
Varicella Zoster Virus
Pitfalls
Pearl
Therapy
Parainfectious or Postinfectious Encephalitis
Infectious Mass Lesions
Spinal Epidural Abscess
References
12: Guillain-Barré Syndrome
History and Epidemiology
Geographic Variability
Infections
Vaccines
Other Triggers
Pathogenesis
Molecular Mimicry
Pathology
Anti-ganglioside Antibodies
Clinical Features
Clinical Variants
Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (AIDP)
Acute Motor Axonal Neuropathy (AMAN) and Acute Motor and Sensory Axonal Neuropathy (AMSAN)
Miller Fisher Syndrome and Related Disorders
Pharyngeal-Cervical-Brachial Variant
Guillain-Barré Syndrome in Children
Prognosis
Localization and Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Electrophysiology
Imaging
Treatment
Plasma Exchange
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Nonresponders
Treatment-Related Fluctuations
Emerging Therapies
Supportive Care and Symptomatic Treatment
Respiratory
Autonomic Dysfunction
Pain
Mobility and Physical Therapy
Conclusion
References
13: Spinal Cord Compression and Myelopathies
Pathophysiology
Differential Diagnosis
Structural
Vascular
Demyelinating Disease
Infectious
Inflammatory
Toxic/Metabolic
Iatrogenic
Neoplastic and Paraneoplastic
Alternate Localizations
Epidemiology
Demographics and Other Risk Factors
Clinical Features
Syndromes
Brown-Séquard Syndrome
Anterior Cord Syndrome
Central Cord Syndrome
Posterior Cord Syndrome
Conus Medullaris Syndrome
Complete Cord Syndrome
Symptoms
Time Course
Diagnosis
Spine MRI
CSF Examination
Brain MRI
Blood/Serology
Blood/Others
Other Imaging Studies
Treatment
Compressive
Vascular
Approach to Suspected Inflammatory and Other Myelopathies
Conclusion
References
14: Movement Disorder Emergencies
Introduction
Acute Parkinsonism
Structural
Toxic
Impaired Levodopa Absorption
Iatrogenic
Infection
Surgery
Acute Genetic Parkinsonism
Severe or Acute Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias
Acute Behavioral Change in Parkinsonism: Psychosis, Delirium, and Panic Attack
Psychosis
Panic
Delirium
Suicide
Inspiratory Stridor in Multiple System Atrophy
Acute Dystonic Reaction
Status Dystonicus
Stiff Person Syndrome
Hemiballism and Hemichorea
References
New References
15: Encephalopathy
Introduction
Epidemiology of Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathy
Pathophysiology of Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathy
Clinical Features of Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathy
Diagnosis of Toxic-Metabolic Encephalopathy
Encephalopathic Syndromes
Encephalopathy from Basic Metabolic Disorder or Deficiency
Oxygen, Glucose, and Electrolytes
Thiamine Deficiency (Wernicke’s Encephalopathy)
Encephalopathy Due to Severe Systemic Illness or Organ Failure
Severe Systemic Illness and Septic Encephalopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Uremic Encephalopathy
Pancreatic Encephalopathy
Fat Embolism
Medication-Related Encephalopathy
Ifosfamide
Cefepime
Encephalopathies Diagnosed Primarily by Brain Imaging Findings
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome
Metronidazole Encephalopathy
Splenial High-Signal Lesion
Treatment of Patients with Encephalopathy
Conclusion
References
16: Acute Respiratory Failure in Neuromuscular Disorders
Overview
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Neuromuscular Disorder
Treatment
Prevention
Specific Neuromuscular Conditions Commonly Associated with Respiratory Failure
Late-Onset or Adult-Onset Acid Maltase Deficiency
Myasthenia Gravis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Antibodies
EMG (Electrophysiological Testing)
Prognosis
Treatment
Plasma Exchange
High-Dose IVIg
Corticosteroids
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Thymectomy
Alternative Immunosuppressive Drug Therapy
Complement Inhibitors
Rituximab
Drugs to Avoid
Miscellaneous Myasthenia Issues
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Botulism
Classic Botulism
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Clinical Course
Infant Botulism
Wound Botulism
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis (TPP)
Tick Paralysis
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Subtypes of Tick Paralysis
Conclusion
References
17: Coma, Disorders of Consciousness, and Brain Death
Introduction
Mimics of Disorders of Consciousness
Anatomy and Pathophysiology of Disorders of Consciousness
Arousal Systems
Brainstem Arousal Systems
Thalamic Arousal Systems
Hypothalamic and Basal Forebrain Arousal Systems
Approach to Patient Presenting with Acute Coma
Etiologies of Acute Coma
A Systematic Clinical Approach to the Patient Presenting with Acute Coma
Initial Diagnostic Tests
Further Testing
Management of Cerebral Herniation
Complete Neurological Assessment of the Comatose Patient
Prognostication in Chronic Disorders of Consciousness
Treatment of Chronic Disorders of Consciousness
Pharmacological Intervention
Non-pharmacological Intervention
Brain Death
Clinical Determination of Brain Death/Death by Neurological Criteria
Proposed Brain Death Protocol
Blood Flow Studies
Electrophysiologic Studies
References
18: Neurotoxicology Emergencies
Toxin-Induced Hyperthermic Syndromes
General Considerations
Serotonin Syndrome
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Malignant Hyperthermia
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxin-Induced Cerebrovascular Events
General Considerations
Cocaine
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Amphetamines
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxin-Induced Seizures
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxin-Induced Acute Weakness
Toxin-Induced Acute Encephalopathy
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features/Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
References
Index