دانلود کتاب Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: Volume 2: Applied Virology Approaches Related to Human, Animal and Environmental Pathogens

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Cover EMERGING AND REEMERGING VIRAL PATHOGENS Volume 2: Applied Virology Approaches Related to Human, Animal and Environmental Pathogens Copyright List of Contributors Editor Biography Preface Editorial Management Committees Editorial Management Committee Assistance Support Management Editorial Graphical Abstract 1 Phenomena of Emergences and Reemergences of the Diseases: Evolution of the Concepts, Risk Factors, and State of the Art Conclusion Acknowledgments References Further Reading 2 Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 Genome Editing Technology Against Emerging and Reemerging ... Introduction Hepatitis B Virus Oncogenic Human Papillomaviruses 16 and 18 Epstein–Barr Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Conclusion References 3 Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Poultry: Molecular Epidemiology and Factors Leading to the Emergence and Reemergence of No... Introduction Epidemiology of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types in the United States Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types in South America Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types in Europe Infectious Bronchitis Virus Types in Africa Factors Leading to the Emergence of New Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Diagnosis Techniques of the Emerging Strains of Infectious Bronchitis Virus Sampling Virus Isolation Methods for Identification Treatment and Vaccination Live Attenuated Vaccine Inactivated or Killed Vaccines Recombinant Vaccines Conclusion References Further Reading 4 Molecular Modeling of Major Structural Protein Genes of Avian Coronavirus: Infectious Bronchitis Virus Mass H120 and Ital... Introduction Material and Methods Sequence and Structural Data Modeling of the Hypervariable Region of S1 Spicule Proteins Evaluation and Refinement of the Three-Dimensional Model Results Modeling of the Hypervariable Region of S1 Spicule Proteins Spatial Conformation of the S1 Structure in Three-Dimensional Stability of the Structure of the S1 Protein in Three-Dimensional Evaluation of the Quality of the Three-Dimensional Model and Prediction of Antigenic Sites Evaluation of the Quality of the Three-Dimensional Model Prediction of Antigenic Sites Discussion Conclusion Competing Interests References 5 Biological Databases in Virology Introduction Relational Database Model Characteristics of a Relational Table Keys National Centre for Biotechnology Information Viral Genome Resources ViralZone Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource Analysis and Visualization Tool Viral Protein Structure Resource Virus–Host Database Descriptions of Plant Viruses References 6 Involvement and Roles of Long Noncoding RNAs in the Molecular Mechanisms of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Infections Abbreviations Introduction Long Noncoding RNAs in Virus Biology: Examples of Emerging Viral Pathogens Long Noncoding RNAs Contribute to Viral Pathogenicity in Respiratory Diseases Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Maintain its Latency Long Noncoding RNAs in Herpesviruses Latent to Lytic Cycle Transition Long Noncoding RNAs Regulate the Transition From Latent to Lytic Phase in Kaposi’s Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Infection Long Noncoding RNAs and Epstein–Barr Virus Other Examples Long Noncoding RNAs in Viral–Host Interaction Immune Response Employs Long Noncoding RNAs Against Viruses Long Noncoding RNAs Modulate Viral Evasion of Immunity Long Noncoding RNAs as New Candidates for Viral Biomarker and Therapy Conclusion Acknowledgments Conflict of Interest References 7 Scientific Advances in the Diagnosis of Emerging and Reemerging Viral Human Pathogens Abbreviations Clinical Application of Molecular Methods First-Time Diagnosis Examples of Molecular Detection of Viral Emerging and Reemerging Diseases Variola Virus West Nile Virus SARS CoV Disease Prognosis Diagnosis by Microarrays Molecular Diagnosis and Latest Generation Surveillance Systems Nanotechnology Diagnosis Array Based on Nanotechnology Nanoparticles Nanobiosensors Cantilever Biosensors (Cantilever) Viral Nanobiosensors MicroRNAs and Emerging Viral Infections History of MicroRNA Structure and Biogenesis MicroRNAs in Emerging Disease Applications of MicroRNAs in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases Applications of MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Infectious Disease Examples of MicroRNAs in Diagnosis of Emerging Diseases Case of H7N9 Ebola Virus Conclusion Acknowledgments References 8 Introduction to Computational and Bioinformatics Tools in Virology Abbreviations Introduction The First Question Asked, What are Bioinformatics, Chemoinformatics, and Computational Biology? Biomathematics and Computational Biology Mathematics and Virology Database and Informatics Description of Databases The Most Common Types of Biological Data Access to Database Alignment and Phylogeny Local and Global Alignments Introduction to Phylogenetic Analysis Definitions and Terminology Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood of Phylogeny Phylodynamics Gene Prediction Methods Introduction to Molecular Modeling Protein Structure Modeling and Prediction Molecular Dynamics and Force Fields Molecular Docking References 9 Designing Antiviral Substances Targeting the Ebola Virus Viral Protein 24 Abbreviations Introduction Ebola Virus—Structure and Function Structure and Function of the Viral Protein 24 Energetics of Viral Protein 24: Karyopherin α5 Complex Design of Peptides Interfering Viral Protein 24–Karyopherin α Interaction Small Molecules as Inhibitors of Viral Protein 24 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 10 Application of Nanodiagnostics in Viral Infectious Diseases Abbreviations Introduction Conventional Diagnosis for Infectious Diseases and Limitations Application of Nanotechnology in Infectious Disease Nanoparticle-Based Diagnosis for Infectious Diseases Nanodevice-Based Diagnosis for Infectious Diseases Nanobiosensors Label-Free Biosensors Optical Transducer Electrical Transducer Mechanical Transducer Labeled Biosensors Biobarcode Metal Nanoparticles Magnetic Nanoparticles Conclusion Acknowledgments References 11 Baculovirus-Derived Vectors for Immunization and Therapeutic Applications Abbreviation Biology of Baculoviruses Genetic Engineering of Baculoviruses Expression of Heterologous Proteins for Diagnosis and Immunization The Baculovirus Expression Vector System for the Generation of Virus-Like Particles Baculovirus Surface Display Baculovirus Expression Vector System Platform for the Production of Adeno-Associated Viruses Baculoviruses as Mammalian Transduction Vectors Discussion References Further Reading 12 Recombinant Veterinary Vaccines Against Rabies: State of Art and Perspectives Abbreviations Introduction Viral-Vectored Vaccines Against Rabies Viral-Vectored Vaccines for Companion Animals Rabies in Wildlife: Control Strategies Rabies Vaccines for Livestock Concluding Remarks References 13 Epidemiology and Ecology of Emerging Viruses in Two Freshwater Lakes of the Northern Hemisphere Introduction Viral Community Structure Viral Pathogens Adenoviruses Noroviruses Other Human Enteroviruses Cyanophages Phycodnaviruses Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Giant Viruses Other Viruses Sources of Pathogenic Viruses Current Approaches for the Identification of Pathogens, Their Limitations and Scope Summary and Conclusion Acknowledgment References 14 Global Epidemiology and Genetic Variability of Rabies Viruses Introduction Etiology and Classification of Rabies Viruses Structure of the Rabies Virus Pathogenesis of Rabies Inoculation of the Virus to Tissues Migration of the Virus From the Periphery to the Central Nervous System Invasion of the Central Nervous System Centrifugal Release From the Central Nervous System Virulence Factors of Rabies Virus Human Antirabies Vaccines Nerve Tissue-Based Vaccines Cell-Culture Vaccines and Embryonated Egg-Based Rabies Vaccines Veterinary Antirabies Vaccines Injectable Vaccines Live Modified Injectable Vaccines Inactivated (Monovalent or Multivalent) Injectable Vaccines Recombinant Vectorized (Monovalent or Multivalent) Injectable Vaccines Control of Inactivated Vaccines Oral Vaccines Street Alabama Dufferin Vaccine Strains Monoclonal Antibody Selected Vaccine Strains Recombinant Live Vaccines Quality Criteria for Oral Rabies Vaccines DNA Vaccines References 15 Reemerging Virus: Case of Norovirus Introduction Epidemiology Norovirus in Morocco Norovirus in Spain Norovirus in India Norovirus in Indonesia Norovirus in Australia Norovirus in Argentina Norovirus and Reemerging Strains Norovirus Vaccine References 16 Risk Assessment and Biosecurity Considerations in Control of Emergent Plant Viruses Abbreviations Introduction Pepino Mosaic Virus: Review Pest Risk Assessment of Biological and Economic Impact Definitions Pest Risk Analysis Stage 1: Initiation Stage 2: Risk Assessment Step 1: Categorization Step 2: Assessment of Pest Entry, Establishment, and Spread Step 3: Assessment of Potential Consequences Stage 3: Risk Management Biological Risk Related to the Viral Pathogen: Pepino Mosaic Virus Stage 1: Initiation Stage 2: Risk Assessment of Pepino Mosaic Virus Stage 3: Risk Management of Pepino Mosaic Virus Management of Pepino Mosaic Virus Regulatory Framework Hygiene Measures Cross-Protection Genetic Resistance Phytosanitary Control Biological Risk Related to Plant Waste Biosafety Issues Associated With Virus-Resistant Transgenic Plants Agroterrorism Conclusion References Further Reading 17 Human Immunodeficiency Virus as Emergent Viral Infection With the Presence of the Immune Adaptive Response: Viral Dynamics Introduction Mathematical Analysis of the Basic Model Disease-Free and Endemic Equilibria Convergence Toward the Steady States Effect of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes on the Infection Dynamics Disease-Free and Endemic Equilibria Numerical Computations Analysis of the Adaptive Immune Response Effect Disease-Free and Endemic Equilibria Numerical Simulations Conclusion Acknowledgments References 18 Mathematical Modeling in Virology Introduction Modeling With Ordinary Differential Equations Modeling With Delay Differential Equations Modeling With Partial Differential Equations Conclusions References Index Back Cover