دانلود کتاب Emerging Anti-Aging Strategies

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Foreword Preface Contents Editors and Contributors 1: Genetics and Epigenetics of Aging and Age-Associated Diseases 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Genetics of Aging 1.3 Epigenetics of Aging 1.4 Case Studies of Age-Associated Diseases 1.4.1 Obesity 1.4.2 Type 2 Diabetes 1.4.3 Neurodegeneration 1.4.4 Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) 1.5 Therapeutic Strategies to Modulate Aging References 2: Coenzyme Q as an Antiaging Strategy 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Importance of CoQ in Aging 2.2.1 Mitochondrial Functions 2.2.2 Cell Membrane CoQ10, the Forgotten Key Function 2.2.3 Plasma Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Protection 2.2.4 Secondary CoQ Deficiency Is Associated with Aging and Age-Related Diseases 2.3 Supplementation with CoQ10, a Great Problem 2.4 Use of CoQ-Derived Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants 2.5 Induction of CoQ10 Synthesis 2.5.1 Nutritional Interventions 2.5.2 Physical Activity and Exercise 2.5.3 Bioactivenutritional Compounds: Nutraceuticals 2.5.4 Use of Pharmacological Compounds 2.6 Conclusions References 3: Autophagy as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Molecular Mechanisms Governing the Aging Process 3.2.1 Insulin Signaling Pathway and Aging 3.2.2 mTOR/AMPK Signaling Pathway and Aging 3.2.3 Sirtuin Pathway and Aging 3.3 What is Autophagy? 3.3.1 Regulators of Autophagy 3.3.1.1 mTOR/AMPK 3.3.1.2 Sirtuins 3.3.2 Correlation Between Autophagy and Aging 3.4 Role of Autophagy in Age-Associated Neurodegenerative Disorders 3.4.1 Alzheimer´s Disease 3.4.2 Parkinson´s Disease 3.5 Strategies to Induce Autophagy as a Therapeutic Approach to Mitigate Neurodegenerative Disorders (NDDs) 3.5.1 Caloric Restriction as a Therapeutic Approach for NDDs 3.5.2 Intermittent Fasting as a Therapeutic Approach for NDDs 3.5.3 Caloric Restriction Mimetics as a Therapeutic Approach for NDDs 3.6 Conclusion References 4: Glycolytic Inhibitors as Caloric Restriction Mimetics (CRM) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Glycolytic Inhibitors 4.2.1 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-DG) 4.2.2 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BP) 4.2.3 d-Allulose 4.2.4 Mannoheptulose 4.2.5 d-Glucosamine 4.2.6 Iodoacetate 4.2.7 Chrysin, Genistein, Astragalin, and Resveratrol 4.3 Conclusion 4.4 Future Perspective References 5: Anti-aging and Rejuvenation Based on Stem Cell Therapy 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Definition and Classification of the SCs 5.3 The Biological Role of Stem Cells and Metabolic Features of SCs 5.4 Intracellular Signaling Pathway in Stem Cells (Self-Renewal and Differentiation) 5.5 Effect of Aging on Stem Cells 5.6 Stem Cell Therapeutic Strategies 5.7 Molecular Mechanisms of the Regenerative Effect of SCs 5.8 Routes of Administration of the SCs 5.9 Stem Cells in the Control of Aging References 6: Novel Strategies for Metformin as an Anti-aging Drug in Skin Aging 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Dermal Aging 6.2.1 NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway: A Master Regulator of Skin Aging 6.3 Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Skin Aging 6.3.1 The Therapeutic Effect of Metformin as an NF-kB Inhibitor in Skin Aging References 7: Anti-inflammatory-Dependent Anti-aging Strategies 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Aging 7.1.2 Inflammation 7.1.3 New Mechanisms of Inflammation in Aging 7.2 Health Benefits of Anti-inflammatory-Dependent Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.1 Anti-inflammatory Immune Modulators Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.2 Anti-inflammatory Pharmacological Agents Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.2.1 Anti-inflammatory Drugs with Anti-aging Effects 7.2.3 Anti-inflammatory Compounds Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.4 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules That Are Related to Genes on Skin Contributing to Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.5 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules on Bone Loss That Contribute to Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.6 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules on Endocrine System That Contribute to Anti-aging Strategies 7.2.7 Anti-inflammatory Effect of Some Molecules for COVID-19 That Contribute to Anti-aging Strategies 7.3 Conclusion References 8: Spermidine, an Autophagy Inducer, as a Therapeutic Antiaging Strategy 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Spermidine: Structure, Sources, and Biosynthesis 8.3 Spermidine and Brain 8.4 Spermidine as an Autophagy Inducer in Aging 8.5 Spermidine as an Epigenetic Regulator of Autophagy and Connection with Aging 8.6 Crosstalk Between Mitochondrial Metabolism and Autophagy 8.7 Anti-inflammatory Effects 8.8 Lipid Metabolism 8.9 Cardioprotection in Aging and Hypertensive Heart Failure 8.10 Circadian Rhythm and Aging 8.11 Conclusion References 9: Melatonin in Aging and Aging-Related Disorders 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Hallmarks of Aging and Melatonin 9.2.1 Genomic Instability 9.2.2 Telomere Attrition 9.2.3 Epigenetic Alterations 9.2.4 Loss of Proteostasis 9.2.5 Cellular Senescence 9.2.6 Mitochondrial Dysfunction 9.2.7 Deregulated Nutrient Sensing 9.2.8 Stem Cell Exhaustion 9.2.9 Altered Intercellular Communication 9.3 Aging-Related Disorders and Oxidative Stress 9.4 Is Melatonin a Miraculous Indolamine 9.5 Melatonin in Aging 9.5.1 Melatonin in Alzheimer´s Disease 9.5.2 Melatonin in Parkinson´s Disease 9.5.3 Melatonin in Huntington´s Disease 9.5.4 Melatonin in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 9.5.5 Melatonin in Multiple Sclerosis 9.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 10: Intermittent Fasting as an Anti-Aging Strategy 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Dietary Restriction as an Anti-Aging Intervention 10.1.2 Types of Dietary Restriction 10.1.2.1 Caloric Restriction Caloric Restriction Mimetics (CRMs) 10.2 Intermittent Fasting 10.2.1 Metabolic Switch During Fasting and Its Mechanism 10.2.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Intermittent Fasting 10.2.3 Fasting and Circadian Rhythm 10.2.4 Time-Restricted Feeding and Circadian Rhythm 10.2.5 Beneficial Effects of Intermittent Fasting 10.2.5.1 Hormonal Changes During Intermittent Fasting 10.2.5.2 Obesity and Body Weight 10.2.5.3 Fasting and Cardiovascular Diseases 10.2.5.4 Fasting and Cancer 10.2.5.5 Fasting and Neurodegeneration 10.2.5.6 Fasting and Metabolic Syndrome 10.2.5.7 Fasting and Inflammation 10.3 Intermittent Fasting in Model Organisms 10.3.1 Mediterranean Diet 10.3.2 Ketogenic Diet 10.4 Conclusion References 11: The Role of Curcumin as an Anti-Aging Compound 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellular Senescence 11.3 Age-Related Diseases and Senescence 11.4 Intervention Against Aging 11.5 Curcumin 11.6 Curcumin and Its Anti-Aging Role 11.7 Curcumin and SASP 11.8 Curcumin´s Role in Autophagy 11.9 Cancer and Curcumin 11.10 Curcumin´s Senolytic Activity 11.11 The Microbiome and Bioavailability 11.12 Conclusion References 12: The Role of Telomerase Activators in Antiaging Strategies and their Clinical Potential 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Telomere, Telomerase Activity, and Telomeric Aging 12.3 Telomerase Activity and Antiaging 12.4 Telomerase Activators: Molecular Mechanism of Action 12.5 Telomerase Activators in Antiaging Clinical Aspects 12.6 Conclusion References 13: Clinical Laboratories and Their Role in Anti-Aging Strategies 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Cardio-metabolic Biomarkers 13.3 Immune-Related Biomarkers and Anti-aging 13.4 Nutrition-Related Biomarkers References 14: Antiaging Strategies Based on Sirtuin Activation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Role of Sirtuin in Lifespan of Organism 14.3 Antiaging Potential of Sirtuins 14.4 Caloric Restriction and Caloric Restriction Mimetics 14.5 Sirtuins and Cellular Senescence 14.6 Sirtuins as a Powerful Tool in Antiaging Medicine 14.7 Conclusion References 15: A Vaccine for the Pandemic of Aging? Conceptual and Ethical Issues 15.1 Introduction 15.2 A Revolutionary Proposal 15.2.1 A ``Vaccine for the Pandemic of Aging´´ 15.3 Is Aging a Pandemic? 15.3.1 What Is a Pandemic? 15.3.2 Is Aging a Pandemic? 15.3.3 Is Aging a Disease? 15.3.4 A Broader Understanding of ``Pandemic´´ 15.4 A Vaccine for Aging? 15.4.1 What Is a Vaccine? 15.4.2 A Vaccine for Aging? 15.5 Ethical Implications 15.5.1 Would Extending Lifespan Using Makropulos Vaccines Be Harmful to the Individual? 15.5.2 Would the Makropulos Vaccine Be Harmful to Society? 15.5.3 Should Life-Extending Vaccines Be Fairly Distributed? 15.6 Conclusion References 16: Cognitive and Emotional Aging Across the Life Span: Implications for Building the Cognitive Reserve and Resilience 16.1 Introduction 16.1.1 Cognitive Aging 16.1.2 Cognitive-Affective-Behavioral Changes with Aging 16.1.3 Emotional Aging 16.1.3.1 Theoretical Accounts of Emotional Aging Socioemotional Selectivity Theory The Selection, Optimization, and Compensation (SOC) Model Dynamic Integration Theory Discrete Emotions Perspective 16.2 Positivity Effect in Old Age 16.2.1 Neuroscientific Evidence on Positivity Effect 16.3 Interaction Between Cognitive and Affective Aging 16.4 The Life Span Perspective of Cognitive and Emotional Aging 16.4.1 Examining Emotion Regulation for Positive and Negative Affect Across the Life Span: East Asian and Indian Context 16.4.1.1 Shift in Affective Bias Through Cognitive Control: Effect of Aging on Emotion Regulation 16.4.1.2 Effect of Aging on Emotion Regulation, Affect Representation, and Affective Experience 16.5 Why Do We Find Positivity Effect with Aging? 16.6 Implications and Strategies for Building Resilience and Cognitive Reserve as a Function of the Interaction Between Cognit... 16.6.1 The Cognitive Reserve Hypothesis 16.6.1.1 Lifetime Experiences and Cognitive Reserve 16.6.1.2 Bilingualism and Cognitive Reserve 16.6.2 Cognitive Interventions and Resilience 16.6.3 Emotional Aging and Cognitive Reserve 16.6.4 Implications of Emotional Aging for Cognitive Reserve 16.6.5 The Affective Reserve Hypothesis 16.7 Conclusion References 17: Tissue Reconstructive and Regenerative Medicine Approach as an Anti-Aging Intervention: Relevance to Age-Induced Osteoarth... 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Changes in Articular Cartilage Joints Associated with Age-Induced Osteoarthritis 17.2.1 Structure, Component, and Function of Articular Cartilage 17.2.2 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Articular Cartilage Formation and Its Degeneration in Osteoarthritic Joints 17.3 Conventional Osteoarthritis Treatments and Their Limitations 17.4 Tissue Engineering Applications for Osteoarthritis References 18: Age-Adjustment Expertise in Rat Models of Human Diseases 18.1 Prologue 18.1.1 Rats and Humans: Lifecycle of Two Species 18.1.2 The Gompertz Makeham Law 18.1.3 The Phenomenon of Late-Life Mortality Deceleration References