دانلود کتاب ENCLOSURE FIRE DYNAMICS

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Symbols
Preface
Acknowledgments
Authors
1. Introduction
1.1 Terminology
1.2 Background
1.3 Core Curriculum in Fire Safety Engineering
1.4 Background on Performance-Based Building Codes
1.5 The Fire Safety Engineering Design Process and Code Demands
1.6 Engineering Models for Enclosure Fires
1.6.1 Energy Evolved and Species Generated
1.6.2 Fire-Induced Environment
1.6.3 Heat Transfer
1.7 Contents of This Textbook
1.8 A Note on Dimensions, Units, and Symbols
References
2. A Qualitative Description of Enclosure Fires
2.1 Terminology
2.2 Introduction
2.2.1 General Description of the Process of Combustion
2.2.2 General Description of Fire Growth in an Enclosure
2.2.3 General Description of Different Enclosure Characteristics
2.3 Stages in Enclosure Fire Development
2.3.1 Fire Development in Terms of Enclosure Temperatures
2.3.2 Fire Development in Terms of Flow through Openings
2.3.3 Other Common Terms Describing Enclosure Fire Stages
2.4 Factors Influencing Fire Development in an Enclosure
2.5 Summary
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
3. Energy Release Rates
3.1 Terminology
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Factors Controlling Energy Release Rates in Enclosure Fires
3.3.1 Burning Rate and Energy Release Rate
3.3.2 Enclosure Effects
3.4 Energy Release Rates Based on Free Burn Measurements
3.4.1 Measurement Techniques and Parameters Measured
3.4.2 Pool Fires
3.4.3 Various Products
3.4.4 The t-Squared Fire
3.5 The Design Fire
3.5.1 Background
3.5.2 The Fire Location
3.5.3 The Growth Phase
3.5.4 The Steady Phase
3.5.5 The Decay Phase
3.5.6 Presenting the Design Fire
3.6 A More Complex Design Fire
3.6.1 Fuel Packages
3.6.2 Modeling Flame Spread
3.7 Energy Release Rates Used in This Book
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
4. Fire Plumes and Flame Heights
4.1 Terminology
4.2 Introduction
4.2.1 Flame Characteristics
4.2.2 Turbulent Fire Plume Characteristics
4.3 The Ideal Plume
4.3.1 Assumptions
4.3.2 Initial Considerations
4.3.3 The Continuity Equation for Mass
4.3.4 The Momentum and Buoyancy Equation
4.3.5 Solution of the Two Differential Equations
4.3.6 Inserting the Constants and Concluding
4.4 Plume Equations Based on Experiments
4.4.1 The Zukoski Plume
4.4.2 The Heskestad Plume
4.4.3 The McCaffrey Plume
4.4.4 The Thomas Plume
4.4.5 Guidance on Choosing Plume Equations
4.5 Line Plumes, Balcony Plumes, and Bounded Plumes
4.5.1 Wall and Corner Interactions with Plumes and Flames
4.5.2 Line-Source Plumes
4.5.3 Balcony Spill Plumes
4.6 Ceiling Jets
4.6.1 Ceiling Jet Temperatures and Velocities
4.6.2 Flame Extensions under Ceilings
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
5. Pressure Profiles and Vent Flows for Well-Ventilated Enclosures
5.1 Terminology
5.2 Introduction
5.2.1 Some Characteristics of Pressure
5.2.2 Application to a Simple Example
5.2.3 Mass Flow Rate through Vents
5.2.4 Summary
5.3 Examples of Pressure Profiles in a Fire Room with a Vent
5.4 The Well-Mixed Case
5.4.1 Mass Flow Rates and the Height of the Neutral Plane
5.4.2 A Simplified Expression for the Mass Flow Rate in through an
Opening, Stage D
5.4.3 Taking into Account the Mass Produced in the Room (the Burning Rate)
5.4.4 Summary
5.5 The Stratified Case
5.5.1 Mass Flow Rates into and Out of the Vent
5.5.2 A Simplified Expression for the Mass Flow Rate in through
an Opening, Stage C
5.5.3 Special Case: Mass Flow Out through a Ceiling Vent
5.6 Influence of Wind on Pressure Profiles and Vent Flows
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
6. Gas Temperatures in Ventilated Enclosure Fires
6.1 Terminology
6.2 Introduction
6.3 The Pre-flashover Fire
6.3.1 A Simplified Energy Balance
6.3.2 Calculation of the Heat Transfer Coefficient
6.3.3 Simplified theoretical Method
6.3.4 Method by McCaffrey, Quintiere, and Harkleroad
6.3.5 Limits of Applicability
6.3.6 Predicting Time to Flashover
6.3.7 Some Related Expressions for Special Cases
6.3.8 Temperatures in Adjacent Spaces
6.4 The Post-flashover Fire
6.4.1 Definitions of Some Terms
6.4.2 The Energy and Mass Balance
6.4.3 Method of Magnusson and Thelandersson
6.4.4 Eurocode Method
6.4.5 Other Related Methods
6.5 Fires in Large Enclosures and Tunnels
6.5.1 Fires in Large Enclosures
6.5.2 Fires in Tunnels
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
7. Heat Transfer in Compartment Fires
7.1 Terminology
7.2 Introduction
7.2.1 Background
7.2.2 Modes of Heat Transfer
7.2.3 Measurements
7.3 Convective Heat Transfer in Fire
7.3.1 Specific Convective Studies: Fire Plume Heat Transfer to Ceilings
7.4 Radiative Heat Transfer in Fire
7.4.1 Two Approximate Methods for Calculating Radiation from Flame to Target
7.4.2 Basic Principles of Radiative Transfer
7.5 Enclosure Applications
7.5.1 Electrical Circuit Analogy
7.5.2 First Example: Heat Flux to a Sensor at Ceiling Level
7.5.3 Second Example: Heat Flux to a Sensor at Floor Level
7.6 Summary
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
8. Conservation Equations and Smoke Filling
8.1 Terminology
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Conservation Equations for a Control Volume
8.3.1 The Conservation of Mass
8.3.2 Some Thermodynamic Properties
8.3.3 The Conservation of Energy
8.4 Pressure Rise in Closed Rooms
8.4.1 Pressure Rise in a Closed Volume
8.4.2 Pressure Rise in a Leaky Compartment
8.5 Smoke Filling of an Enclosure with Leaks
8.5.1 Small Leakage Areas at Floor Level
8.5.2 Small Leakage Areas at Ceiling Level
8.5.3 Estimating Gas Temperatures for the Floor Leak Case
8.5.4 Limitations
8.6 Smoke Control in Large Spaces
8.6.1 Smoke Filling: The Non-Steady Problem
8.6.2 Smoke Control: The Steady-State Problem
8.6.3 Case 1: Natural Ventilation from Upper Layer
8.6.4 Case 2: Mechanical Ventilation from Upper Layer
8.6.5 Case 3: Lower-Layer Pressurization by Mechanical Ventilation
8.6.6 Examples of Special Design Situations
8.7 Summary
8.7.1 Stage A
8.7.2 Stage B
8.7.3 Stage C
8.7.4 Stage D
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
9. Combustion Products
9.1 Terminology
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Fuel Chemistry
9.3.1 Stoichiometry and Species
9.3.2 Specific Yields
9.4 Conservation Equation for Species
9.4.1 Control Volume Formulation
9.4.2 Application to a Compartment
9.5 Using Experimental Data for Estimating Yields
9.5.1 Data from Bench-Scale Tests
9.5.2 Data from Hood Experiments
9.5.3 Data from Compartment Fires
9.6 Predicting Species Concentrations in Compartment Fires
References
Problems and Suggested Answers
10. Computer Modeling of Enclosure Fires
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Probabilistic Models
10.1.2 Deterministic Models
10.2 Zone Models
10.2.1 Conservation Equations
10.2.2 Source Term Submodels
10.2.3 Mass Transport Submodels
10.2.4 Heat Transport Submodels
10.2.5 Embedded Submodels and Unresolved Phenomena
10.2.6 Limitations with Respect to Building Geometry
10.3 Computational Fluid Dynamics Models
10.3.1 General on CFD Models for Fire Applications
10.3.2 Turbulence Submodels
10.3.3 Grid Independence
10.3.4 Radiation Submodels
10.3.5 Combustion Submodels
10.4 Computer Program Resources on the Internet
10.4.1 A Note on the Use of Computer Models
References
Appendix A: Suggestions for Experiments and Computer Labs
Appendix B: Fire Safety Engineering Resources on the Internet
Index