دانلود کتاب Endocrine Pathophysiology

فهرست مطالب :

ENDOCRINE Pathophysiology
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: Basic Endocrinology and Function
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Endocrine Glands
Hormone–Receptor Interactions
Hormone Classification
ENDOCRINE HOMEOSTASIS AND FEEDBACK REGULATION
HORMONE EXCESS, DEFICIENCY, AND RESISTANCE
CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
2: Hypothalamic and Pituitary Disorders
HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY GLAND PHYSIOLOGY
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe
Pituitary Gland: Posterior Lobe
HYPOPITUITARISM
Congenital Hypopituitarism
Acquired Hypopituitarism
Individual Pituitary Hormone Deficiencies
PITUITARY HORMONE EXCESS STATES
Hyperprolactinemia
Acromegaly
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
3: Thyroid Pathophysiology
THYROID GLAND ANATOMY AND EMBRYOLOGY
THYROID GLAND PHYSIOLOGY
Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Regulation of Thyroid Hormone
Thyroid Hormone Transport
Target Organ Action
Biochemical Testing
Euthyroid States: Abnormal Clinical Findings
Euthyroid States: Abnormal Biochemical Findings
HYPOTHYROIDISM
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Prognosis
PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM: CONGENITAL CAUSES
PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM: ACQUIRED CAUSES
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Iodine Deficiency and Goitrogens
Pharmacologic Agents
Thyroid Gland Removal
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone Receptor Antibodies
CENTRAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: CONGENITAL CAUSES
CENTRAL HYPOTHYROIDISM: ACQUIRED CAUSES
Serious Consequence of Hypothyroidism: Myxedema Coma
HYPERTHYROIDISM
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prognosis
Graves Disease
Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Toxic Adenoma
Thyroiditis
Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis
Serious Consequence of Hyperthyroidism: Thyroid Storm
THYROID NODULES
Solitary Thyroid Nodule
THYROID CANCER
Thyroid Neoplasms
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
4: Hypocalcemia
PHYSIOLOGY: CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS HOMEOSTASIS
Regulators of Calcium Balance
HYPOCALCEMIA
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
HYPOCALCEMIA WITH LOW OR NORMAL PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVELS
Congenital Causes
Acquired Causes
HYPOCALCEMIA WITH ELEVATED PARATHYROID HORMONE LEVELS
Congenital Causes
Acquired Causes
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
5: Hypercalcemia
OVERVIEW
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment
Causes
HYPERCALCEMIA WITH NORMAL OR ELEVATED PARATHYROID HORMONE
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Syndromes of Hereditary Primary Hyperparathyroidism
HYPERCALCEMIA WITH LOW PARATHYROID HORMONE
Hypercalcemia Associated with Malignancy
Granulomatous Diseases
HYPERCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER ENDOCRINE CONDITIONS
Thyrotoxicosis
Adrenal Insufficiency
HYPERCALCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH NONENDOCRINE CONDITIONS
Pharmacologic Agents
Vitamin and Mineral Toxicity
Immobilization
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
6: Glucose Metabolism and Hypoglycemia
PHYSIOLOGY
Glucose Transition from Intrauterine to Extrauterine Life
Regulation of Blood Glucose
Fuel Metabolism (Carbohydrates)
Fuel Metabolism (Fats)
Insulin Secretion after Glucose Delivery
Hormonal Effects
Counterregulation
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Etiology
Symptoms
Evaluation
Treatment
NONKETOTIC HYPOGLYCEMIA
Hyperinsulinism (Congenital)
Hyperinsulinism (Acquired)
Disorders in Fatty Acid Oxidation
KETOTIC HYPOGLYCEMIA
Substrate-Limited Disorders
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (Branched-Chain Ketonuria)
Hormone Deficiency
Glycogen-Storage Diseases
Gluconeogenesis Disorders
Pharmacologic Agent-Induced Disorders
Systemic Disorders
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READING
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
7: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
OVERVIEW
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Genetic Susceptibility
Autoimmunity
Environmental Factors
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Complications
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
8: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
OVERVIEW
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnostic Studies
Management
Complications
METABOLIC SYNDROME
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Studies
Therapy/Management
Prevention
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
9: Obesity
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLASSIFICATION
PHYSIOLOGY
Energy Homeostasis
Adipose Tissue: An Endocrine Organ
CAUSES OF OBESITY
Primary Causes: Environmental
Primary Causes: Genetic
Secondary Causes
ENDOCRINOLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY
Metabolic Syndrome
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Dyslipidemia
NONENDOCRINOLOGIC COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY
ASSESSMENT OF OBESITY
Screening
Clinical Evaluation
MANAGEMENT OF OBESITY
Lifestyle Modifications
Pharmacologic Management
Surgical Treatment
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
10: Adrenal Gland Disorders
PHYSIOLOGY
Adrenal Medulla
Adrenal Cortex
ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
PRIMARY ADRENAL GLAND INSUFFICIENCY (CONGENITAL)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Adrenal Hypoplasia Congenita
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Wolman Disease
Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency
Allgrove Syndrome (Triple A Syndrome)
PRIMARY ADRENAL GLAND INSUFFICIENCY (ACQUIRED)
Addison Disease
Other Causes of Acquired Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
CENTRAL ADRENAL GLAND INSUFFICIENCY (CONGENITAL)
Hypopituitarism
Pseudohypoaldosteronism
CENTRAL ADRENAL GLAND INSUFFICIENCY (ACQUIRED)
Hypothalamic/Pituitary Tumors
Iatrogenic Causes
ACUTE ADRENAL CRISIS
ADRENAL GLAND EXCESS
Cushing Syndrome
Carney Complex
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
11: Endocrine Hypertension
PHYSIOLOGY
Blood Pressure Physiology and the Endocrine System
Renal and Mineralocorticoid Physiology
ADRENAL CORTEX AND MEDULLA
ENDOCRINE STATES OF HYPERTENSION
ADRENAL CORTEX MINERALOCORTICOID HORMONES
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Excess Deoxycorticosterone
Pseudohyperaldosteronism
ADRENAL CORTEX GLUCOCORTICOID HORMONES
11-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Hypercortisolism
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE–DEPENDENT DISORDERS
Familial Glucocorticoid Resistance
Dexamethasone-Suppressible Hyperaldosteronism
SODIUM-REABSORPTION DISORDERS
Liddle Syndrome
Gordon Syndrome
MUTATIONS OF THE MINERALOCORTICOID RECEPTOR
ADRENAL MEDULLARY HORMONES
Pheochromocytoma
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
12: Female Reproductive Disorders
ANATOMY
EMBRYOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGY
Female Gonadal Differentiation
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
Female Reproductive Hormones
Menstrual Cycle
Puberty
Menopause
MENSTRUAL CYCLE ABNORMALITIES
Amenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
FEMALE HYPOGONADISM
Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism
CONGENITAL OUTFLOW TRACT ABNORMALITIES
Imperforate Hymen
Transverse Vaginal Septum and Cervical Atresia
Müllerian Agenesis
ACQUIRED OUTFLOW TRACT ABNORMALITIES
Leiomyomas
Endometriosis
Asherman Syndrome
Cervical Stenosis
OVARIAN DISORDERS
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Ovarian Stromal Hyperthecosis
Theca Lutein Cysts
Luteomas
Neoplasias
ADRENAL GLAND DISORDERS
Virilizing Disorders
Evaluation and Management
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
13: Male Reproductive Disorders
PHYSIOLOGY
Male Gonadal Differentiation
Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
Androgen Functions
HYPOGONADISM
Etiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
PRIMARY HYPOGONADISM (CONGENITAL)
Klinefelter Syndrome
Anorchia
Cryptorchidism
Leydig Cell Aplasia
Gonadotropin-Receptor Mutation
Defects in Testicular Biosynthesis
Androgen-Receptor Defects
PRIMARY HYPOGONADISM (ACQUIRED)
Infection
Trauma
Autoimmune Destruction
CENTRAL HYPOGONADISM (CONGENITAL)
Gene Mutations
Kallmann Syndrome
Prader-Willi Syndrome
CENTRAL HYPOGONADISM (ACQUIRED)
Gonadotropin Cell Destruction or Disruption
Gonadotropin Suppression
MIXED PRIMARY AND CENTRAL HYPOGONADISM
Iatrogenic
Chronic Illness
Aging
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
14: Pediatric Growth and Development
PHYSIOLOGY
Normal Growth and Development
Puberty
SHORT STATURE: PHYSIOLOGIC CAUSES
Familial (Genetic) Short Stature
Constitutional Delay of Growth
SHORT STATURE: PATHOLOGIC CAUSES (ENDOCRINE)
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Growth Hormone Insensitivity
Hypothyroidism
Glucocorticoid Excess
SHORT STATURE : PATHOLOGIC CAUSES (NONENDOCRINE)
Malnutrition and Undernutrition
Chronic Disease States
Osteochondrodysplasias
Genetic Syndromes
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY
Etiology
Benign Variants
Central Precocious Puberty
Noncentral (Peripheral) Precocious Puberty
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
15: Pediatrics II: Disorders of Sexual Differentiation and Ambiguous Genitalia
EMBRYOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Steroidogenesis
AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA (VIRILIZED FEMALES)
Defects in Steroid Biosynthesis
Maternal Hyperandrogenism
AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA (UNDERVIRILIZED MALES)
Defects in Steroid Biosynthesis
Disorders of the Androgen Receptor: Androgen Insensitivity (Testicular Feminization) Syndrome
Disorders of Gonadal Differentiation: Testicular Dysgenesis
Disorders of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
OVOTESTICULAR DISEASE
Gender of Rearing
Evaluation and Management
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
16: Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
AUTOIMMUNE POLYGLANDULAR SYNDROMES
PHYSIOLOGY: IMMUNE SYSTEM
Central Tolerance
Peripheral Tolerance
PHYSIOLOGY: AUTOIMMUNITY
Human Leukocyte Antigen Genes
Nonhuman Leukocyte Antigen Genes
Environmental Triggers
Faulty Apoptosis
AUTOANTIBODIES IN ORGAN-SPECIFIC AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 2
Other Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndromes
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
17: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA
Characteristics
Proto-oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome Type 1
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome Type 2
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia of Mixed Type
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
18: Endocrine Assays
ASSAY BASICS
Bioassays
Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibody Production
Radioimmunoassay
Immunoradiometric and Immunochemiluminescent Assays
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay
Nonantibody-binding Assays
Beyond Antibody-based Assays
FACTORS THAT INTERFERE WITH IMMUNOASSAYS
Assay Limitations
Physiologic Factors
Antibodies
Hormone-binding Proteins
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
19: Stimulation and Suppression Testing
DYNAMIC ENDOCRINE TESTING OVERVIEW
DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS
Adrenal Insufficiency
Excess Secretion of Adrenal Hormones
DISORDERS OF GROWTH HORMONE
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Acromegaly
DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS
Hypothyroidism
DISORDERS OF THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY-GONADAL AXIS
Delayed Puberty
Precocious Puberty
DISORDERS OF WATER REGULATION
Diabetes Insipidus
COMBINED ANTERIOR PITUITARY TESTING
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
20: Nuclear Medicine Approaches to Endocrinology
NUCLEAR MEDICINE
RADIATION
Particles
Rate of Decay
Sources
Measurement
RADIONUCLIDES
Technetium-99m Pertechnetate
Iodine-131
Iodine-123
Technetium-99m Sestamibi
Iodine-123 and Iodine-131 Metaiodobenzlguanidine
18-Fluorodeoxyglucose
Indium-111 OctreoScan
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Neuroendocrine Tumors
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
21: Surgical Approaches to Endocrine Disorders
PITUITARY GLAND
Pituitary Gland Disorders
Pituitary Gland Surgery
THYROID GLAND
Thyroid Gland Disorders
Thyroid Gland Surgery
PARATHYROID GLAND
Parathyroid Gland Disorders
Parathyroid Gland Surgery
PANCREAS
Pancreatic Disorders
Pancreatic Surgery
ADRENAL GLAND
Adrenal Gland Disorders
Adrenal Gland Surgery
REFERENCES and SUGGESTED READINGS
CHAPTER REVIEW QUESTIONS
CHAPTER REVIEW ANSWERS
Index