دانلود کتاب Engineering Physics, Volume - II

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Cover Engineering Physics, Volume-II Copyright ©Author ISBN 978-81-907505-6-1 Contents Unit I: Wave Mechanics and X-ray Diffraction Chapter 1 Wave Mechanics 1.1 de Broglie's Hypothesis 1.1.1 Concept of Wave Packet 1.1.2 Expression for group velocity 1.1.3 Derivation of de Broglie relationship 1.1.4 Group velocity of de Broglie wave and particle velocity 1.1.5 Insignificance of phase Velocity for Matter Waves 1.1.6 Davisson and Germer's experiment 1.1.7. Application of de Broglie's Relation 1.2 Heisenberg's Uncertainty Particle 1.2.1 Statement 1.2.2 Derivation of Uncertainty Principle 1.2.3 Thought Experiment 1.2.4 Application of Heipenberg's Uncertainty Principle 1.3 Quantum Mechanics 1.3.1 Schrodinger's wave equation 1.3.2 Time independent equation 1.3.3 Physical Interpretation of Wave Function (\psi) 1.3.4 Normalization 1.3.5 Definition of Expectation Values 1.3.6 Operator 1.3.7 Postulates of Quantum Mechanics 1.3.8 Orthogonality of Schrodinger Wave Function 1.3.9 Position Probability Density 1.3.10 Ehrenfest Theorem 1.3.11 Applications of Schrodinger's wave equation Questions and Problems Obj ective Questions Answers Chapter 2 X-Rays 2.1 Properties of X-rays 2.2 Origin of X-rays 2.3 Properties of X-Ray spectrum 2.4 Mosley's Law 2.5 Absorption of X-rays 2.6 Importance of Mosley Law 2.7 Derivation of Mosley's Law from Bohr's Theory 2.8 Control on the Intensity and Penetrating Power of X-rays 2.9 Diffraction of X-rays 2.10 Bragg's Law 2.11 Bragg's X-rays Spectrometer 2.12 Application of X-rays 2.13 Compton Effect 2.14 Expression for change in Wavelength \lambda 2.14.1 Conservation of momentum 2.14.2 Conservation of energy 2.15 Compton Wavelength 2.16 Maximum change in wavelength 2.17 Impossibility of observation of Compton effect with visible light 2.18 Presence of Unmodified Radiations 2.19 Direction of recoil Electron 2.20 K.E. of the Recoil Electron Questions and Problems Objective Questions Answers Unit II: Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Materials Chapter 3 Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Materials 3.1 Some Preliminary Concepts 3.1.1 Dielectric Constant or Relative permittivity or Specific inductive capacitance 3.1.2 Polar and nonpolar Materials 3.1.3 Dipole Moment 3.1.4 Polarization Mechanism 3.1.5 Field Vectors 3.2 Types of Polarization 3.2.1 Total Polarization 3.3 Behaviour of Dielectric in Static fields 3.3.1 The internal Field in solids 3.3.2 Lorentz- Lorenz Relation 3.4 Properties of Dielectric in Alternating Fields 3.4.1 Dipolar dispersion: frequency dependence of dipolar polarization 3.4.2 Frequency dependence of Ionic Polarisability 3.4.3 Frequency dependence of Electronic Polarizalbility 3.5 Absorption of Energy and Dielectric loss 3.6 Properties of good Insulting Materials 3.6.1 General Properties of Insulators 3.7 Dielectric Strength 3.8 Ferroelectric Materials (Existence of Spontaneous Polarisation) 3.9 Piezoelectrics 3.10 Electrostriction 3.11 Smart or Intelligent Materials 3.11.1 Electroactive 3.11.2 Thermo-Active 3.11.3 Magneto-Active 3.11.1.1 Piezoelectric Materials 3.11.1.2 Ionic and Conductive Polymer 3.11.2 Thermo-Active Shape-Memory Alloys 3.11.3.1 MagnetolElectro-Rhological Fluids 3.11.3.2. Magnetostrictive Materials 3.12 Pyroelectricity 3.13 Langevin's Theory of Diamagnetism 3.14 Langevin's Theory of paramagnetism 3.15 Failure of Langevin Theory 3.16 Weiss Molecular Field Theory of Paramagnetism 3.17 Spontaneous Magnetization 3.18 Hysteresis 3.19 Hysteresis Loop and its Use in Calculating Hysteresis Loss 3.20 Application of Hysteresis 3.21 CRO -Method for B-H Curve 3.22 Effect of Temperature of dielectric constant Questions and Problems Objective Questions Answers Chapter 4 Ultrasonic 4.1 Generation of Ultrasonic Waves 4.1.1. Mechanical Methods 4.1.2. Piezoelectric Methods 4.1.3. Magnetostriction Methods 4.1.4. Laser Method 4.2. Application of ultrasonic Questions and Problems Objective Questions Answers Unit III: Electromagnetics Chapter 5 Electromagnetics 5.1 Ampere's Law 5.2 Maxwell's Equations 5.3 Derivation of Maxwell's Equations 5.3.1 Gauss's Law of Electrostatics 5.3.2 \Div B= 0, Gauss's Law of Magnetostatics 5.3.3 Faraday's Law of E.M. Induction 5.3.4 Curl H=j Ampere's Law. 5.4 Propagation of E.M. Wave Through Free Space 5.5 Plane E.M. Wave in a Conducting Medium 5.6 Transverse Nature of Electromagnetic Waves 5.7 Conservation of Energy in Electromagnetic Field (Poynting Theorem) 5.7.1 Physical Interpretation 5.8 Relation Between E and H in a uniform plane wave 5.9 Displacement Current Questions and Problems Objective Questions Answers Unit IV: Superconductivity and Science and Technology of Nanomaterials Chapter 6 Superconductivity 6.1 Properties of Superconductor 6.2 Critical Field 6.3 Critical Current 6.4 Meissner Effect 6.5 Types of Super Conductors 6.5.1 Type -I And Type -II Superconductors 6.6 Peneration Depth 6.7 Basic Concepts of BCS Theory of superconductivity 6.7.1 Formation of Cooper pair. 6.B London Equation 6.9 Characteristic Lengths In Superconductors 6.10 London Penetration Depth in Superconductors 6.11 Characteristic Lengths In Superconductors 6.12 Meissner Effect From London Equation 6.13 Applications 6.14 High Field Magnets 6.15 Application of HTSC Compounds 6.15.1 Uses for Superconductors Questions and Problems Objective Questions Answers Chapter 7 Science and Technology of Nano Material 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Concept of scaling 7.3 Characteristic Lengths In Mesoscopic Systems 7.4 Carbon Nanostructures 7.4.1 Nomenclature of nanostructures 7.4.2 Role of Carbon 7.4.3 Nature of the Carbon Bond 7.5 New Carbon Structures 7.5.1 Discovery of C60 7.5.2 Structure of C60 and Its Crystal 7.5.3 Alkali-Doped C60 7.5.4 Superconductivity in C60 7.5.5 Larger and Smaller Fullerenes 7.5.6 Other Buckyballs 7.6 Carbon Nanotubes 7.6.1 Fabrication 7.6.2 Multi Walled Carbon Nano Tubes 7.6.3 Structure 7.6.4 Electrical Properties 7.6.5 Vibrational Properties 7.6.6 Mechanical Properties 7.6.7 Applications of carbon nanotubes Questions and Problems Index