دانلود کتاب Engineering Translational Models of Lung Homeostasis and Disease (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1413)

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Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Engineering and Modeling the Lung
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Broader Impacts of Understanding Lung Biology in Health and Disease
1.3 Lung Physiology in Homeostasis and Disease
1.4 Engineering Translational Models of Lung Homeostasis and Disease
1.5 Conclusion
References
Part I: Engineering and Modeling the Developing Lung
Chapter 2: Simple Models of Lung Development
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Basics of Lung Development
2.2 Models to Study Lung Development
2.3 Models of Early Lung Development (Airways)
2.3.1 Explant Cultures
2.3.2 2D and 3D Imaging of Branching Morphogenesis
2.3.3 Time-Lapse Imaging
2.3.4 Organoids
2.4 Models of Late Lung Development
2.4.1 Saccular Phase Models
2.4.2 Alveologenesis
2.4.3 Other 3D Models of Alveologenesis
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Lung Development in a Dish: Models to Interrogate the Cellular Niche and the Role of Mechanical Forces in Development
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Self-Assembled Organoid and Spheroid Models
3.2.1 Creating Lung Organoid Models That Represent Regional Composition and Heterogeneity
3.2.2 Advancing the Complexity of Organoids to Investigate Tissue Crosstalk
3.2.3 Induction of Lung Organoids to Create Multiple Tissue Compartments
3.3 Microfluidic and Organ-on-a-Chip Models to Study Lung Development
3.3.1 Moving Toward More Complex Physiology with Multiple Channels
3.3.2 Integration of Dimensionality and Biomaterials into Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms
3.4 Whole Organ Models to Understand the Mechanics of Lung Development
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Multipotent Embryonic Lung Progenitors: Foundational Units of In Vitro and In Vivo Lung Organogenesis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Overview of Embryonic Lung Progenitors
4.2.1 Stage-Specific Epithelial Progenitors (Primordial, Distal Tip, Basal)
Lung Primordial Progenitors
Distal Tip Progenitors
Airway Basal Cells
4.2.2 Stage-Specific Mesenchymal Progenitors
4.3 Ex Vivo Culture of Multipotent Embryonic Lung Progenitors
4.3.1 Ex Vivo Culture of Mouse Embryonic Progenitors
4.3.2 Ex Vivo Culture of Human Embryonic Progenitors
4.4 In Vitro Derivation of Multipotent Embryonic Lung Progenitors
4.5 Progenitor Cell Similarity Models
4.6 Conclusion
References
Part II: Engineering and Modeling Large Airways
Chapter 5: Basic Science Perspective on Engineering and Modeling the Large Airways
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Proximal Airways: Composition and Function
5.3 Regeneration of the Airways
5.3.1 Endogenous Stem Cells
5.3.2 The Stem Cell Niche
5.3.3 Stem Cell Attrition with Disease and Aging
5.4 Developing Cellular Therapies for Regeneration of Airway Tissues
5.5 In Vitro Models of the Human Airways
5.5.1 Transwell Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) Cultures
5.5.2 Airway Spheroids: Tracheo/Bronchospheres
5.5.3 Organoids
5.5.4 Lung-on-a-Chip
5.5.5 Xenografts
5.6 Cell-Matrix Interactions
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Computational, Ex Vivo, and Tissue Engineering Techniques for Modeling Large Airways
6.1 Large Airways: Structure-Function Relationship
6.2 Pathologies and the Need for Modeling the Large Airways
6.2.1 Conditions That Cause Large Airway Dysfunction
6.2.2 Need for Computational and Physiological Models of the Large Airways
6.3 Computational Modeling
6.4 Ex Vivo Testing
6.5 Tissue Engineering Techniques for Modeling the Large Airways
6.5.1 Biomaterial Scaffolds
Decellularized Scaffolds
Cellular, Synthetic, or Hybrid Biomaterial Approaches
6.5.2 Manufacturing Techniques for Large Airway Models
6.6 Tools for Functional Assessment of Large Airway Models
6.7 Limitations and Future Considerations
References
Chapter 7: Engineering Large Airways
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Forces During Respiration and How They Can Influence Construct Design
7.3 The Structure of the Trachea and Its Mechanical Properties
7.3.1 Tracheal Cartilage
7.3.2 Trachealis Muscle
7.3.3 Annular Ligament
7.4 Mechanical Properties of the Whole Trachea and the Implications of Mechanical Property Mismatch
7.4.1 Compliance
7.4.2 Extension and Bending
7.5 Key Considerations and Summary of Recommended Mechanical Tests
7.6 Conclusion
References
Part III: Engineering and Modeling the Mesenchyme and Parenchyma
Chapter 8: Engineering and Modeling the Lung Mesenchyme
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advancing the Discovery of Fibroblast Heterogeneity
8.3 The Organization and Heterogeneity of Lung Fibroblasts
8.3.1 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha (PDGFRα)-Expressing Alveolar Fibroblasts 1 and 2
8.3.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Beta (PDGFRβ)-Expressing Pericytes
8.3.3 Airway and Vascular Smooth Muscle (ASM and VSM)
8.4 Other Fibroblast Subtypes
8.4.1 Developmental Secondary Crest Myofibroblasts (SCMF)
8.4.2 Fibrotic Disease-Associated Myofibroblasts (MyoF)
8.5 Bioengineering Approaches to Characterize Complex Fibroblast Behaviors
8.5.1 Organoids to Model Mesenchymal-Epithelial Interactions
8.5.2 Lung-on-a-Chip to Model Human Lung Architecture and Environmental Forces
8.5.3 Acellular Tissue Scaffolds to Model Fibroblast and ECM Interactions
8.6 Targeting Fibroblasts with Nanoparticles as Strategy for Intervention
8.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Engineering Dynamic 3D Models of Lung
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Building the Extracellular Microenvironment
9.2.1 Biomaterials
9.2.2 Lung Decellularization and Recellularization
9.2.3 dECM Hydrogels
9.2.4 Synthetic Hydrogels
9.2.5 Hybrid-Hydrogels
9.3 Constructing Relevant Tissue Geometries
9.3.1 Precision-Cut Lung Slices
9.3.2 Organoids
9.3.3 Engineered 3D Hydrogel Constructs
9.3.4 3D Bioprinting
9.4 Incorporating Dynamic Mechanical Forces
9.4.1 Biomechanical Modeling
9.4.2 Lung-on-a-Chip
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Lung-on-a-Chip Models of the Lung Parenchyma
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Lung Alveolar Cells and the Alveolar Environment
10.2.1 Lung Alveolar Cells and Their Environment
10.2.2 Lung Alveolar Epithelial Cells In Vitro
10.3 Reproducing the Alveolar Barrier with a Lung-on-a-Chip
10.3.1 Reproducing the Lung Alveolar Environment on Chip
Scaffolds for the Alveolar Barrier: Engineering a Thin, Flexible and Soft Basement Membrane
Mechanical Stress Induced by the Respiratory Movements
10.3.2 Effects of Biochemical and Physical Cues on the Lung Alveolar Barrier
Effects of Mechanical Forces on Alveolar Epithelial Cells
Effects of Mechanical Forces on Lung Endothelial Cells
Lung Alveolar Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Effects Induced by the Air-Liquid Interface
10.3.3 Read-Outs: Extracting Information from a Lung-on-a-Chip
10.4 Lung Disease-on-a-Chip Models
10.4.1 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
10.4.2 Emphysema
10.4.3 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
10.4.4 COVID
10.4.5 Lung Adenocarcinoma
10.5 Challenges of Lung-on-a-Chip Technologies
10.6 Perspectives for Lung-on-a-Chip Technologies
References
Chapter 11: Assessment of Collagen in Translational Models of Lung Research
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Quantification of Collagen
11.2.1 The Sircol Assay
11.2.2 Hydroxyproline Quantification
11.2.3 Immuno-Based Methods
11.3 Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Collagen
11.3.1 Assessment of Collagens in Proteomics Analyses of Pulmonary ECM
11.3.2 Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications of Collagen
11.3.3 Assessment of Enzymatic Crosslinks in Collagen
11.4 Assessment of Collagen Architecture In Situ
11.4.1 Masson’s Trichrome Staining
11.4.2 Picrosirius Red Staining
11.4.3 Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy
11.4.4 Immunohistochemistry
11.4.5 Transmission Electron Microscopy
11.4.6 Selected Complementary and Emerging Techniques
Confocal Reflection Microscopy (CRM)
Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
Imaging Probes for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
11.5 Monitoring Fibril Formation in Real Time Using Purified Collagen
11.6 Assessment of Collagen Turnover by Peripheral Markers
11.7 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Engineering and Modeling the Pulmonary Vasculature
Chapter 12: Understanding and Engineering the Pulmonary Vasculature
12.1 Pulmonary Vasculature in Development and Diseases
12.2 Pulmonary ECs and Their Angiocrine Functions
12.3 Engineering the Pulmonary Vasculature
12.3.1 Generation of Vascularized Organoids
12.3.2 Bioengineered Lung and Vasculature Using Acellular Native Lung Scaffold
12.3.3 Vascularized Lung-on-a-Chip
12.3.4 Guided Vascularization Through 3D Bioprinting
12.4 Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: An Overview of Organ-on-a-Chip Models for Recapitulating Human Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Microfluidics and Organ-on-a-Chip
13.2.1 Concepts
Microfluidics in Vascular Biology
Patterning Microvascular Networks
13.3 OoC for Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
13.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Clinical Translation of Engineered Pulmonary Vascular Models
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Brief Overview of Pulmonary Vascular Physiology
14.3 Reconstituting Microenvironmental Cues to Improve Model Fidelity
14.4 ECM Substrates
14.5 Cell-Cell Crosstalk
14.6 Shear Stress
14.7 Cyclic Stretch
14.8 Translational Potential of Current Models
14.9 Organ Chips
14.10 Organoids
14.11 Conclusion
References
Part V: Engineering and Modeling the Interface Between Medical Devices and the Lung
Chapter 15: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Set-up, Indications, and Complications
15.1 Introduction to Modes of ECMO
15.1.1 Veno-Venous ECMO
15.1.2 Veno-Arterial ECMO
15.1.3 VVA- and VAV-ECMO
15.1.4 ECCO2R ECMO
15.1.5 Other Components of the ECMO System
15.2 Thrombosis and Bleeding
15.3 Infection
15.4 Inflammatory Response
15.5 Bridge to Transplant
15.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Current and Future Engineering Strategies for ECMO Therapy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Blood Oxygen
16.3 Advances in ECMO Circuit
16.3.1 Cannula and Circuit Tubing
16.3.2 Pumps
16.3.3 Membrane Oxygenator
16.4 Experimental Strategies
16.5 Membrane Surface Coatings
16.5.1 Bioactive Coatings
16.5.2 Biopassive Coatings
16.6 Endothelialization of ECMO Membrane: Biohybrid Approach
16.7 Miniaturization of ECMO Circuit
16.8 Conclusion
References