دانلود کتاب Environmental geology

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Cover Environmental Geology © Contents Preface Contents SECTION I: Foundations CHAPTER 1 An Overview of Our Planetary Environment Earth in Space and Time Geology, Past and Present Nature and Rate of Population Growth Impacts of the Human Population Case Study 1 Earth’s Moon SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 2 Rocks and Minerals—A First Look Atoms, Elements, Isotopes, Ions, and Compounds Minerals—General Types of Minerals Rocks Case Study 2 Asbestos—A Tangled Topic SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES SECTION II: Internal Processes CHAPTER 3 Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics—Underlying Concepts Plate Tectonics—Accumulating Evidence Types of Plate Boundaries How Far, How Fast, How Long, How Come? Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle Case Study 3 New Theories for Old—Geosynclines and Plate Tectonics SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 4 Earthquakes Earthquakes—Terms and Principles Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity Earthquake-Related Hazards and Their Reduction Case Study 4.1 Megathrust Makes Mega-Disaster Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting Case Study 4.2 Understanding Faults Better—Parkfield and SAFOD Earthquake Control? Future Earthquakes in North America? SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 5 Volcanoes Magma Sources and Types Styles and Locations of Volcanic Activity Hazards Related to Volcanoes Case Study 5.1 Living with Lava on Hawaii Issues in Predicting Volcanic Eruptions More on Volcanic Hazards in the United States Case Study 5.2 Redoubt Volcano, Alaska SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES SECTION III: Surface Processes CHAPTER 6 Streams and Flooding The Hydrologic Cycle Streams and Their Features Flooding Case Study 6.1 How Big Is the One Hundred-Year Flood? Consequences of Development in Floodplains Strategies for Reducing Flood Hazards Case Study 6.2 Life on the Mississippi: A History of Levees SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 7 Coastal Zones and Processes Nature of the Coastline Emergent and Submergent Coastlines Coastal Erosion and “Stabilization” Especially Difficult Coastal Environments Case Study 7 Hurricanes and Coastal Vulnerability Costs of Construction—and Reconstruction—in High-Energy Environments SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 8 Mass Movements Factors Influencing Slope Stability Types of Mass Wasting Consequences of Mass Movements Case Study 8 Vaiont Dam Possible Preventive Measures SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 9 Ice and Glaciers, Wind and Deserts Glaciers and Glacial Features Case Study 9 Vanishing Glaciers, Vanishing Water Supply Wind and Its Geologic Impacts Deserts and Desertification SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 10 Climate—Past, Present, and Future Major Controls on Global Climate; The Greenhouse Effect Climate and Ice Revisited Oceans and Climate Other Aspects of Global Change Evidence of Climates Past Case Study 10 Taking Earth’s Temperature Whither for the Future? Climate Feedbacks, Predictive Uncertainty SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES SECTION IV: Resources CHAPTER 11 Water as a Resource Fluid Storage and Mobility: Porosity and Permeability Subsurface Waters Aquifer Geometry and Groundwater Flow Consequences of Groundwater Withdrawal Impacts of Urbanization on Groundwater Recharge Karst and Sinkholes Water Quality Case Study 11 What’s in the Water? Water Use, Water Supply Case Studies in Water Consumption Extending the Water Supply SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 12 Soil as a Resource Soil Formation Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils Soils and Human Activities Case Study 12.1 Plantations in Paradise: Unintended Consequences Case Study 12.2 Suspects and Soils SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 13 Mineral and Rock Resources Ore Deposits Types of Mineral Deposits Mineral and Rock Resources—Examples Mineral Supply and Demand Minerals for the Future: Some Options Considered Case Study 13 Mining Your Cell Phone? Impacts of Mining-Related Activities SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 14 Energy Resources—Fossil Fuels Formation of Oil and Natural Gas Deposits Supply and Demand for Oil and Natural Gas Case Study 14.1 The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge—To Drill or Not to Drill? Oil Spills Case Study 14.2 Energy Prices, Energy Uses Coal Environmental Impacts of Coal Use Oil Shale Tar Sand SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 15 Energy Resources—Alternative Sources Nuclear Power—Fission Case Study 15.1 Crisis at Chernobyl Nuclear Power—Fusion Solar Energy Geothermal Energy Hydropower Energy from the Oceans Wind Energy Biofuels Case Study 15.2 Electricity’s Hidden Energy Costs SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES SECTION V: Waste Disposal, Pollution, and Health CHAPTER 16 Waste Disposal Solid Wastes—General Municipal Waste Disposal Reducing Solid-Waste Volume Toxic-Waste Disposal Case Study 16.1 Decisions, Decisions . . . Sewage Treatment Case Study 16.2 The Ghost of Toxins Past: Superfund Radioactive Wastes SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 17 Water Pollution General Principles Organic Matter Industrial Pollution Case Study 17.1 Lessons from Minamata Case Study 17.2 The Long Shadow of DDT Agricultural Pollution Reversing the Damage—Surface Water Groundwater Pollution Reversing the Damage—Ground Water New Technology Meets Problems from the Past: California Gulch Superfund Site, Leadville, Colorado SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 18 Air Pollution Atmospheric Chemistry—Cycles and Residence Times Types and Sources of Air Pollution Acid Rain Case Study 18 Indoor Air Pollution? Air Pollution and Weather Toward Air-Pollution Control SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES SECTION VI: Other Related Topics CHAPTER 19 Environmental Law and Policy Resource Law: Water Resource Law: Minerals and Fuels International Resource Disputes Pollution and Its Control Cost-Benefit Analysis Laws Relating to Geologic Hazards The National Environmental Policy Act (1969) Case Study 19 Impact Analysis and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES CHAPTER 20 Land-Use Planning and Engineering Geology Land-Use Planning—Why? Land-Use Options The Federal Government and Land-Use Planning Maps as a Planning Tool Case Study 20.1 How Green Is My—Golf Course? Engineering Geology—Some Considerations The Role of Testing and Scale Modeling Case Histories, Old and New Dams, Failures, and Consequences Case Study 20.2 Three Gorges Dam (It’s Not Only About Safety) SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS EXERCISES Appendix A: Geologic Time, Geologic Process Rates Introduction Relative Dating How Old Is the Earth? Radiometric Dating The Geologic Time Scale Geologic Process Rates SUMMARY KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS Appendix B: Mineral and Rock Identification Mineral Identification Rock Identification GLOSSARY INDEX