دانلود کتاب Essays in Animal Behaviour: Celebrating 50 Years of Animal Behaviour

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Marine Mammals: Evolutionary Biology......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
CONTENTS......Page 6
Preface......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 11
1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life......Page 12
1.4. Time Scale......Page 13
1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals......Page 14
1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science......Page 18
References......Page 20
2.1. Introduction: Systematics—What Is It and Why Do It?......Page 23
2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts......Page 24
2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics?......Page 28
2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses......Page 30
2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework: Elucidating Evolutionary and Ecological Patterns......Page 32
2.6. Taxonomy and Classification......Page 33
References......Page 35
3.2. Origin and Evolution......Page 38
3.3. Summary and Conclusions......Page 57
References......Page 58
4.2. Origin and Evolution......Page 62
4.4. Further Reading......Page 92
References......Page 93
5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians......Page 100
5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives—Desmostylia......Page 109
5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos......Page 111
5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris......Page 113
5.8. Summary and Conclusions......Page 116
References......Page 118
6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals......Page 122
6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution......Page 128
6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns......Page 130
6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution......Page 132
6.6. Summary and Conclusions......Page 138
6.7. Further Reading and Resources......Page 139
References......Page 140
7.2. Integumentary System......Page 143
7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs......Page 159
7.4. Summary and Conclusions......Page 167
References......Page 168
8.2. Pinnipeds......Page 176
8.3. Cetaceans......Page 189
8.4. Sirenians......Page 206
8.5. Sea Otter......Page 211
8.7. Summary and Conclusions......Page 214
8.8. Further Reading......Page 216
References......Page 217
9.2. Metabolic Rates......Page 224
9.3. Thermoregulation......Page 228
9.4. Energetics of Locomotion......Page 234
9.5. Osmoregulation......Page 240
9.6. Summary and Conclusions......Page 242
References......Page 243
10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders......Page 248
10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving......Page 250
10.4. Diving Response......Page 263
10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns......Page 265
References......Page 273
11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water......Page 281
11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception......Page 283
11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds......Page 295
11.5. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate and Low-Frequency Military Sonars......Page 313
11.6. Summary and Conclusions......Page 314
11.7. Further Reading......Page 315
References......Page 316
12.1. Introduction......Page 323
12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance......Page 324
12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds......Page 325
12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans......Page 335
12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians......Page 355
12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals......Page 361
12.7. Summary and Conclusions......Page 365
References......Page 366
13.1. Introduction......Page 374
13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System......Page 376
13.3. Mating Systems......Page 388
13.4. Lactation Strategies......Page 406
13.5. Reproductive Patterns......Page 413
13.6. Summary and Conclusions......Page 416
13.7. Further Reading......Page 417
References......Page 418
14.1. Introduction......Page 427
14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals......Page 428
14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations......Page 430
14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics......Page 443
14.5. Summary and Conclusions......Page 455
References......Page 456
15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals......Page 467
15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection......Page 471
15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals......Page 477
15.5. Environmental Contaminants......Page 483
15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings......Page 486
15.7. Ecotourism......Page 489
15.8. Progress and the Future......Page 491
15.10. Further Reading......Page 494
References......Page 495
Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals......Page 502
Glossary......Page 524
Index......Page 532