دانلود کتاب Essentials of Geology (Sixth Edition)

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Publisher’s Notice Halftitle Page Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Brief Contents Special Features Contents Preface Prelude: And Just What Is Geology? P.1 In Search of Ideas P.2 Why Study Geology? P.3 Themes of This Book Prelude Review Chapter 1: The Earth in Context 1.1 Introduction 1.2 An Image of Our Universe 1.3 Forming the Universe 1.4 Forming the Solar System 1.5 The Earth’s Moon and Magnetic Field 1.6 The Earth System 1.7 Looking Inward—Discovering the Earth’s Interior 1.8 Basic Characteristics of the Earth’s Layers Chapter 1 Review Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift 2.3 The Discovery of Seafloor Spreading 2.4 Paleomagnetism—Proving Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading 2.5 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics? 2.6 Divergent Boundaries and Seafloor Spreading 2.7 Convergent Boundaries and Subduction 2.8 Transform Boundaries 2.9 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic 2.10 How Do Plate Boundaries Form, and How Do They Die? 2.11 Moving Plates Chapter 2 Review Chapter 3: Patterns in Nature: Minerals 3.1 Introduction 3.2 What Is a Mineral? 3.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structures 3.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral from Another? 3.5 Organizing Your Knowledge: Mineral Classification 3.6 Something Precious—Gems! Chapter 3 Review Interlude A: Introducing Rocks A.1 Introduction A.2 What is Rock? A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification A.4 Studying Rock Interlude A Review Chapter 4: Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Why Does Magma Form, and What Is It Made of? 4.3 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock 4.4 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock? 4.5 Plate-Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity Chapter 4 Review Chapter 5: The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions 5.3 Structure and Eruptive Style 5.4 Geologic Settings of Volcanism 5.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards! 5.6 Protection from Vulcan’s Wrath 5.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization 5.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets Chapter 5 Review Interlude B: A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils B.1 Introduction B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment B.3 Soil Interlude B Review Chapter 6: Pages of the Earth’s Past: Sedimentary Rocks 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks 6.3 Sedimentary Structures 6.4 Recognizing Depositional Environments 6.5 Sedimentary Basins Chapter 6 Review Chapter 7: Metamorphism: A Process of Change 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism 7.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks 7.4 Where Does Metamorphism Occur? Chapter 7 Review Interlude C: The Rock Cycle C.1 Introduction C.2 Rock Cycle Paths C.3 A Case Study of the Rock Cycle C.4 Cycles of the Earth System Interlude C Review Chapter 8: A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Causes of Earthquakes 8.3 Seismic Waves and Their Measurement 8.4 Defining the Size of Earthquakes 8.5 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur? 8.6 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage? 8.7 Can We Predict the “Big One”? 8.8 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning Chapter 8 Review Interlude D: The Earth’s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics D.1 Introduction D.2 The Basis for Seismic Study of the Interior D.3 Seismic Study of the Earth’s Interior D.4 The Earth’s Gravity D.5 The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited Interlude D Review Chapter 9: Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Geologic Structures and Mountain Building 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Rock Deformation in the Earth’s Crust 9.3 Brittle Structures 9.4 Folds and Foliations 9.5 Causes of Mountain Building 9.6 Other Consequences of Mountain Building 9.7 Basins and Domes in Cratons Chapter 9 Review Interlude E: Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution E.1 The Discovery of Fossils E.2 Fossilization E.3 Taxonomy and Identification E.4 The Fossil Record E.5 Evolution and Extinction Interlude E Review Chapter 10: Deep Time: How Old Is Old? 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Concept of Geologic Time 10.3 Relative Age 10.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record 10.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation 10.6 The Geologic Column 10.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Ages? 10.8 Numerical Age and Geologic Time Chapter 10 Review Chapter 11: A Biography of the Earth 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Hadean and Archean Time: The Earth’s Early Days 11.3 The Proterozoic: The Earth in Transition 11.4 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble, and Life Gets Complex 11.5 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled 11.6 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be Chapter 11 Review Chapter 12: Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System 12.3 Introducing Hydrocarbon Resources 12.4 Conventional Hydrocarbon Systems 12.5 Unconventional Hydrocarbon Reserves 12.6 Coal: Energy from the Swamps of the Past 12.7 Nuclear Power 12.8 Other Energy Sources 12.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems 12.10 Mineral Resources 12.11 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources 12.12 Global Mineral Needs Chapter 12 Review Interlude F: An Introduction to Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle F.1 Introduction F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets Interlude F Review Chapter 13: Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Mass Movement 13.3 Why Do Mass Movements Occur? 13.4 How Can We Protect Against Mass-Movement Disasters? Chapter 13 Review Chapter 14: Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Draining the Land 14.3 The Work of Running Water 14.4 Streams in the Landscape 14.5 The Evolution of Drainage 14.6 Raging Waters 14.7 Human Impact on Rivers Chapter 14 Review Chapter 15: Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Landscapes Beneath the Sea 15.3 Ocean Water Characteristics 15.4 Tides and Wave Action 15.5 Currents: Rivers in the Sea 15.6 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms 15.7 Causes of Coastal Variability 15.8 Coastal Problems and Solutions Chapter 15 Review Chapter 16: A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside? 16.3 Groundwater Flow 16.4 Tapping Groundwater Supplies 16.5 Hot Springs and Geysers 16.6 Groundwater Problems 16.7 Caves and Karst Chapter 16 Review Chapter 17: Dry Regions:The Geology of Deserts 17.1 Introduction 17.2 The Nature and Locations of Deserts 17.3 Producing Desert Landscapes 17.4 Deposition in Deserts 17.5 Desert Landscapes 17.6 Desert Problems Chapter 17 Review Chapter 18: Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers 18.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice 18.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation 18.5 Consequences of Continental Glaciation 18.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age 18.7 The Causes of Ice Ages Chapter 18 Review Chapter 19: Global Change in the Earth System 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Unidirectional Changes 19.3 Cyclic Changes 19.4 Human Impact on Land and Life 19.5 Global Climate Change 19.6 Contemporary Global Warming 19.7 The Future of the Earth Chapter 19 Review Additional Charts Glossary Photo Credits Index