دانلود کتاب Essentials of Geology with Access Code

فهرست مطالب :

Front Cover......Page 1
Title.........Page 5
...Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Dedication Page......Page 8
Brief Contents......Page 9
CONTENTS......Page 10
Preface......Page 20
See for Yourself — Using Google Earth™......Page 22
About the Author......Page 28
PRELUDE And Just What Is Geology?......Page 29
P.1 In Search of Ideas......Page 30
P.2 The Nature of Geology......Page 31
P.3 Themes of This Book......Page 32
Box P.1 Heat and Heat Transfer......Page 33
Box P.2 The Scientific Method......Page 35
Key Terms......Page 36
CHAPTER 1 The Earth in Context......Page 37
1.1 Introduction......Page 38
1.2 An Image of Our Universe......Page 39
1.3 Forming the Universe......Page 42
Box 1.1 The Nature of Matter......Page 45
1.4 We Are All Made of Stardust......Page 46
Box 1.2 Meteors and Meteorites......Page 49
1.5 Welcome to the Neighborhood......Page 50
Geology At A Glance: Forming the Planets and the Earth-Moon System......Page 51
1.6: Looking Inward—Introducing the Earth’s Interior......Page 55
1.7: What Are the Layers Made Of?......Page 58
Key Terms......Page 61
On Further Thought......Page 62
CHAPTER 2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics......Page 63
2.1 Introduction......Page 64
2.2 Wegener’s Evidence for Continental Drift......Page 65
2.3 Paleomagnetism and the Proof of Continental Drift......Page 68
2.4 The Discovery of Sea-Floor Spreading......Page 72
2.5 Evidence for Sea-Floor Spreading......Page 74
2.6 What Do We Mean by Plate Tectonics?......Page 78
2.7 Divergent Plate Boundaries and Sea-Floor Spreading......Page 81
2.8 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction......Page 83
2.10 Special Locations in the Plate Mosaic......Page 86
2.11 How Do Plate Boundaries Form and Die?......Page 90
2.12 What Drives Plate Motion, and How Fast Do Plates Move?......Page 92
Geology At A Glance: Theory of Plate Tectonics......Page 93
Key Terms......Page 97
On Further Thought......Page 98
CHAPTER 3 Patterns in Nature: Minerals......Page 99
3.1 Introduction......Page 100
3.2 What Is a Mineral?......Page 101
3.3 Beauty in Patterns: Crystals and Their Structure......Page 102
Box 3.1 Some Basic Concepts from Chemistry......Page 103
3.4 How Can You Tell One Mineral From Another?......Page 106
3.5 Organizing Our Knowledge: Mineral Classification......Page 110
3.6 Something Precious—Gems!......Page 112
Box 3.2 Where Do Diamonds Come From?......Page 113
Review Questions......Page 115
On Further Thought......Page 116
INTERLUDE A Rock Groups......Page 117
A.3 The Basis of Rock Classification......Page 118
A.4 Studying Rock......Page 120
Key Terms......Page 124
CHAPTER 4 Up from the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks......Page 125
4.1 Introduction......Page 126
4.2 Why Does Magma Form, and What Is It Made of?......Page 128
4.3 Movement and Solidification of Molten Rock......Page 131
4.4 How Do Extrusive and Intrusive Environments Differ?......Page 133
Box 4.1 Bowen\'s Reaction Series......Page 134
4.5 How Do You Describe an Igneous Rock?......Page 138
Geology At A Glance: Formation of Igneous Rocks......Page 141
4.6 Plate-Tectonic Context of Igneous Activity......Page 142
Review Questions......Page 145
On Further Thought......Page 146
CHAPTER 5 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions......Page 147
5.1 Introduction......Page 148
5.2 The Products of Volcanic Eruptions......Page 149
5.3 The Structure and Eruptive Style of Volcanoes......Page 153
Box 5.1 Volcanic Explosions to Remember......Page 159
Geology At A Glance: Volcanoes......Page 161
5.4 Relation of Volcanism to Plate Tectonics......Page 163
5.5 Beware: Volcanoes Are Hazards!......Page 166
5.6 Protection From Vulcan’s Wrath......Page 170
5.7 Effect of Volcanoes on Climate and Civilization......Page 172
5.8 Volcanoes on Other Planets......Page 173
Review Questions......Page 175
On Further Thought......Page 176
INTERLUDE B A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Soils......Page 177
B.1 Introduction......Page 178
B.2 Weathering: Forming Sediment......Page 179
Geology At A Glance: Weathering, Sediment, and Soil Production......Page 183
B.3 Soil......Page 186
Key Terms......Page 190
CHAPTER 6 Pages of Earth\'s Past: Sedimentary Rocks......Page 191
6.1 Introduction......Page 192
6.2 Classes of Sedimentary Rocks......Page 193
6.3 Sedimentary Structures......Page 202
6.4 How Do We Recognize Depositional Environments?......Page 206
Geology At A Glance: The Formation of Sedimentary Rocks......Page 209
6.5 Sedimentary Basins......Page 213
Review Questions......Page 215
On Further Thought......Page 216
CHAPTER 7 Metamorphism: A Process of Change......Page 217
7.1 Introduction......Page 218
7.2 Consequences and Causes of Metamorphism......Page 219
7.3 Types of Metamorphic Rocks......Page 222
7.4 Where Does Metamorphism Occur?......Page 227
Box 7.1 Metamorphic Facies......Page 229
Box 7.2 Pottery Making—An Analog for Thermal Metamorphism......Page 231
Geology At A Glance: Environments of Metamorphism......Page 233
Review Questions......Page 237
On Further Thought......Page 238
INTERLUDE C The Rock Cycle......Page 239
C.1 Introduction......Page 240
C.3 What Drives the Rock Cycle in the Earth System?......Page 241
Geology At A Glance: Rock-Forming Environments and the Rock Cycle......Page 243
CHAPTER 8 A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes......Page 245
8.1 Introduction......Page 246
8.2 What Causes Earthquakes?......Page 247
Geology At A Glance: Faulting in the Crust......Page 251
8.3 Seismic Waves......Page 253
8.4 How Do We Measure and Locate Earthquakes?......Page 254
8.5 Defining the “Size”of Earthquakes......Page 257
8.6 Where and Why Do Earthquakes Occur?......Page 260
Box 8.1 The 2010 Haiti Catastrophe......Page 263
8.7 How Do Earthquakes Cause Damage?......Page 265
8.8 Can We Predict the “Big One”?......Page 274
8.9 Earthquake Engineering and Zoning......Page 276
Review Questions......Page 279
On Further Thought......Page 280
INTERLUDE D The Earth\'s Interior Revisited: Insights from Geophysics......Page 281
D.2 Setting the Stage for Seismic Study of the Interior......Page 282
D.3 The Movement of Seismic......Page 283
D.4 Seismic Study of Earth’s Interior......Page 284
D.5 Earth’s Gravity......Page 289
D.6 Earth’s Magnetic Field, Revisited......Page 291
Key Terms......Page 292
CHAPTER 9 Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building......Page 293
9.1 Introduction......Page 294
9.2 Rock Deformation......Page 295
9.3 Brittle Structures......Page 299
Box 9.1 Describing the Orientation of Geologic Structures......Page 301
9.4 Folds and Foliations......Page 304
9.5 Mountain Building......Page 308
Geology At A Glance: The Collision of India with Asia......Page 311
9.6 Mountain Topography......Page 314
Review Questions......Page 319
On Further Thought......Page 320
INTERLUDE E Memories of Past Life: Fossils and Evolution......Page 321
E.2 Fossilization......Page 322
E.3 Taxonomy and Identification......Page 326
E.4 The Fossil Record......Page 328
E.5 Evolution and Extinction......Page 329
Key Terms......Page 331
CHAPTER 10 Deep Time: How Old Is Old?......Page 333
10.1 Introduction......Page 334
10.3 Geologic Principles for Defining Relative Age......Page 335
10.4 Unconformities: Gaps in the Record......Page 338
10.5 Stratigraphic Formations and Their Correlation......Page 341
10.6 The Geologic Column......Page 344
Geology At A Glance: The Record in Rocks: ReconstructingGeologic History......Page 348
10.7 How Do We Determine Numerical Age?......Page 349
10.8 Numerical Age and Geologic Time......Page 352
Review Questions......Page 355
On Further Thought......Page 356
CHAPTER 11 A Biography of Earth......Page 357
11.1 Introduction......Page 358
11.2 The Hadean Eon: Before the Rock Record......Page 359
11.3 The Archean Eon: Birth of the Continents and Life......Page 360
11.4 The Proterozoic: The Earth in Transition......Page 362
11.5 The Paleozoic Era: Continents Reassemble, and Life Gets Complex......Page 365
11.6 The Mesozoic Era: When Dinosaurs Ruled......Page 370
11.7 The Cenozoic Era: The Modern World Comes to Be......Page 374
Geology At A Glance: The Evolution of Earth......Page 375
Review Questions......Page 379
On Further Thought......Page 380
CHAPTER 12 Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources......Page 381
12.1 Introduction......Page 382
12.2 Sources of Energy in the Earth System......Page 383
12.3 Oil and Gas......Page 384
12.4 Oil Exploration and Production......Page 386
Box 12.1 Types of Oil and Gas Traps......Page 388
12.6 Coal: Energy from the Swamps of the Past......Page 391
Box 12.2 The Marcellus Gas Play......Page 392
12.7 Nuclear Power......Page 396
12.8 Other Energy Sources......Page 398
12.9 Energy Choices, Energy Problems......Page 400
Box 12.3 Offshore Drilling and the Deepwater Horizon Disaster......Page 403
12.11 Metals and Ores......Page 404
12.12 Ore-Mineral Exploration and Production......Page 408
12.13 Nonmetallic Mineral Resources......Page 409
12.14 Global Mineral Needs......Page 411
Review Questions......Page 413
On Further Thought......Page 414
INTERLUDE F An Introduction to Landscapes and the Hydrologic Cycle......Page 415
F.2 Shaping the Earth’s Surface......Page 416
F.3 Factors Controlling Landscape Development......Page 417
Box F.1 Topographic Maps and Profiles......Page 418
F.4 The Hydrologic Cycle......Page 419
F.5 Landscapes of Other Planets......Page 420
Geology At A Glance: The Hydrologic Cycle......Page 421
Key Terms......Page 424
CHAPTER 13 Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements......Page 425
13.1 Introduction......Page 426
13.2 Types of Mass Movement......Page 427
Box 13.1 What Goes Up Must Come Down......Page 431
13.3 Why Do Mass Movements Occur?......Page 434
Geology At A Glance: Mass Movement......Page 437
13.4 How Can We Protect Against Mass-Movement Disasters?......Page 440
Review Questions......Page 443
On Further Thought......Page 444
CHAPTER 14 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water......Page 445
14.1 Introduction......Page 446
14.2 Draining the Land......Page 447
14.3 Describing Flow in Streams: Discharge and Turbulence......Page 450
14.4 The Work of Running Water......Page 451
14.5 How Do Streams Change Along Their Length?......Page 453
14.6 Streams and Their Deposits in the Landscape......Page 454
14.7 The Evolution of Drainage......Page 460
14.8 Raging Waters......Page 462
Geology At A Glance: River Systems......Page 467
14.9 Vanishing Rivers......Page 469
Review Questions......Page 471
On Further Thought......Page 472
CHAPTER 15 Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts......Page 473
15.2 Landscapes Beneath the Sea......Page 474
15.3 Ocean Water and Currents......Page 477
Box 15.1 The Coriolis Effect......Page 479
15.4 Tides......Page 480
15.5 Wave Action......Page 481
15.6 Where Land Meets Sea: Coastal Landforms......Page 483
15.7 Causes of Coastal Variability......Page 489
15.8 Coastal Problems and Solutions......Page 490
Geology At A Glance: Oceans and Coasts......Page 491
Review Questions......Page 499
On Further Thought......Page 500
CHAPTER 16 A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater......Page 501
16.1 Introduction......Page 502
16.2 Where Does Groundwater Reside?......Page 503
16.3 Groundwater Flow......Page 506
Box 16.1 Darcy’s Law for Groundwater Flow......Page 508
16.4:Tapping Groundwater Supplies......Page 509
16.5 Hot Springs and Geysers......Page 510
16.6 Groundwater Problems......Page 513
16.7 Caves and Karst......Page 516
Geology At A Glance: Caves and Karst Landscapes......Page 519
Review Questions......Page 523
On Further Thought......Page 524
CHAPTER 17 Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts......Page 525
17.1 Introduction......Page 526
17.2 The Nature and Locations of Deserts......Page 527
17.3 Weathering and Erosional Processes in Deserts......Page 529
17.4 Deposition in Deserts......Page 532
17.5 Desert Landscapes and Life......Page 533
17.6 Desert Problems......Page 537
Geology At A Glance: The Desert Realm......Page 539
Review Questions......Page 541
On Further Thought......Page 542
CHAPTER 18 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages......Page 543
18.1 Introduction......Page 544
18.2 Ice and the Nature of Glaciers......Page 545
Box 18.1 Polar Ice Caps on Mars......Page 548
18.3 Carving and Carrying by Ice......Page 552
18.4 Deposition Associated with Glaciation......Page 555
Geology At A Glance: Glaciers and Glacial Landforms......Page 559
18.5 Other Consequences of Continental Glaciation......Page 561
18.6 The Pleistocene Ice Age......Page 563
18.7: The Causes of Ice Ages......Page 567
Review Questions......Page 571
On Further Thought......Page 572
CHAPTER 19 Global Change in the Earth System......Page 573
19.1 Introduction......Page 574
19.2 Unidirectional Changes......Page 575
19.3 Physical Cycles......Page 576
Geology At A Glance: The Earth System......Page 577
19.4 Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 579
19.5 Global Climate Change......Page 580
Box 19.1 The Role of Greenhouse Gases......Page 581
19.6 Human Impact on the Earth System......Page 586
19.7 The Future of the Earth......Page 593
Review Questions......Page 595
On Further Thought......Page 596
A......Page 599
B......Page 600
C......Page 601
D......Page 604
E......Page 605
F......Page 607
G......Page 608
H......Page 609
I......Page 610
L......Page 611
M......Page 612
N......Page 614
O-P......Page 615
Q-R......Page 618
S......Page 619
T......Page 623
V......Page 624
W-X-Y-Z......Page 625
Credits......Page 626
A......Page 630
B......Page 631
C......Page 632
D......Page 634
E......Page 635
F......Page 636
G......Page 637
H......Page 638
J-K......Page 639
M......Page 640
N......Page 642
O......Page 643
P......Page 644
Q-R......Page 645
S......Page 646
T......Page 648
U......Page 649
W......Page 650
X-Y-Z......Page 651
Metric Conversion Chart......Page 597
Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 598