دانلود کتاب Ethical Evidence and Policymaking: Interdisciplinary and International Research

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Front Cover\nEthical Evidence and Policymaking: Interdisciplinary and International Research\nCopyright information\nTable of contents\nList of figures, tables and boxes\nNotes on contributors\nIntroduction: Ethical evidence and policymaking\n Beyond academia: from RPOs to EGOs\n Ethics and method\n Caring for ‘subjects’\n Research motives\n Research ethics review\n Context\n The theme\n The target\n Notes\n References\nPart I Fundamentals of evidence and ethical dimensions in policymaking\n 1 Ethical research in a global context\n Introduction\n The search for universal values and principles in research ethics and research integrity\n What counts as ethical research?\n Where do these values and principles come from?\n Disagreements on the conceptual level of ethics\n What is the difference between virtues, values, norms and principles?\n Pluralism in research ethics and research integrity\n Pluralism in research ethics\n Plurality of ethical frameworks\n Pluralism in research integrity\n How can the plurality of values be maintained at the level of norms?\n Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n References\n 2 One size fits all? The problems of offering ethical guidance to everyone\n Introduction\n Conventional ethical guidance, and where it has gone wrong\n Competence\n Voluntary participation\n Informed consent\n Exemptions and exceptions\n Ethical research\n Rethinking ethical research\n References\n 3 Trust in institutions or the scientist?\n Introduction\n Phase 1: The components of mistrust\n Data collection and the background literature\n Trust and distrust in different contexts\n Trust and its components as described in literature.\n Findings\n Lack of trust in scientific results: a question of neglect?\n Lack of trust in scientific results: a question of conflict of interest?\n Lack of trust in scientific results: a question of societal demands?\n Limited and unreliable sanctions against unethical research or unethical use of research\n Trust indicators\n Responses to the confidence crisis\n Limitations of current governance structures\n Testing the ‘misplaced response to the question asked’ hypothesis: case study on academic orientation choices and trust impacts\n Preliminary conclusion\n The issue of trust also arises as a result of societal demands\n Phase 2: The mechanism of trust within the knowledge ecosystem and validation of the demands of the civil society\n Methodology\n The question of trust: the knowledge economy and knowledge ecosystem, a fundamental distinction\n Conflicting approaches in the knowledge ecosystem\n Does trust in the field of science imply trust in the different players concerned with the subject matter?\n What component of the ecosystem receives the most positive and negative feedback from citizens? Hence, which level of trust is placed in the various players making up the knowledge economy?\n Conclusion\n Note\n References\n 4 Modes of influence: what can we learn from international codes of ethics for health-related research?\n Introduction\n The CIOMS guidelines on research ethics\n Theorising modes of influence\n Production, representativeness and legitimacy\n Discussion\n Conclusion\n Notes\n References\n 5 Interdisciplinary perspectives on ethics and integrity in Europe\n Introduction\n Institutional structures and constraints\n Existing ethics appraisal procedures and the ways RECs/IRBs work\n The collection, analysis and handling of data\n Informed consent and the protection of privacy\n Accountability and transparency\n Vulnerability regarding research areas and people involved\n Open access and open science\n Publishing procedures, review systems and dissemination practices\n Peer-review processes\n The importance of publishing negative results\n Science journals and publishing\n The education of young researchers on RE & RI and the creation of a new research culture\n Types of incentivisation supporting this research culture\n Challenges of research in international contexts\n Challenges emerging with innovation and the latest technological developments\n Ethics principles and the ‘sustainability’ of doing no harm\n Technology assessment\n Conclusion\n Notes\n References\n 6 An ethical framework for think tanks: easier drafted than done?\n Introduction\n Why ethical conduct in think tanks matters\n Barriers arising from the nature of the market\n The additional challenge of COVID-19\n Implications of structural differences\n Cornerstones of an ethical framework for non-academic research organisations\n An ethical framework for academic and non-academic research\n A ‘European Alliance of Independent Think Tanks’\n Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n Notes\n Reference\nPart II Ethical evidence in specific policy domains\n 7 Ethical research in public policy\n Introduction\n Policy analysis as an ethical activity\n Human subjects in policy research\n Ethical policy research\n Conclusion\n References\n 8 Bitter harvests\n Introduction\n The embodiment of evil\n Back to the future\n Frankenfoods\n The ethics of insecurity\n The ownership of life\n The $640 war\n Conclusion\n References\n 9 Ethics in smart information systems\n Introduction\n Privacy and data protection\n Anonymity by randomisation\n Anonymity by indistinguishability\n Anonymity by encryption and cryptography\n The right to explanation\n The five dimensions of a valid explanation\n Towards ethics by design and Trustworthy AI\n How to reconcile ethical and industrial objectives\n Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n Notes\n References\n 10 The AI industry and regulation:\n Introduction\n The case of the EU proposal: transparency, ethics and responsibility\n A closer analysis of the EC proposal\n The counterfactual argument\n Citizens and AI\n AI applies to regulated industries: do more rules mean more costs for the industry?\n The ethical perspective: the EU proposals as a beacon to set standards for other countries.\n Conclusion\n Notes\n References\n 11 Cardiovascular disease prevention and health promotion in times of a pandemic\n Introduction\n Methodology\n Findings\n Theme 1: Ethical challenges for the SPICES research project due to the COVID-19 pandemic\n Remodelling the interventions\n Impact on research design and data collection\n Resilience within the teams\n Opportunities\n Theme 2: Ethical dilemmas of continuing to conduct research within the SPICES site communities during the pandemic\n Impact of the pandemic on our SPICES project communities\n Impact on the research communities/stakeholders\n Lessons learned\n Discussion\n Conclusion\n Acknowledgement\n References\n 12 Conducting ethical research in crisis situations: COVID-19\n Introduction\n Choosing a methodology\n Randomised controlled trials and the pandemic\n Research rigour during pandemics\n Good research during the pandemic\n Conclusion\n References\n 13 Ethics in research for resilience and societal collapse\n Introduction\n Future studies\n Societal collapse and apocalypse\n Limits to growth and research into possible collapse\n Extinction Rebellion\n Deep Adaptation Forum (DAF)\n Prepper movement, delinkers and escape to Mars\n Existential risks\n Power and control\n The dilemmas of future studies\n Self-fulfilling prophecy\n The Cassandra Matrix\n Crying wolf\n Parzival’s dilemma\n Precautionary principle\n The ideology of violation or security through obscurity\n Adopt conspiracy?\n Optimism and the Evel Knievel dilemma\n Future generations\n The effect on the individual\n Research, knowledge and future studies\n Researcher as expert\n Research ethics\n Setting the research agenda\n Types of ethics\n Ethics in reporting on research\n Conclusion\n Notes\n References\n 14 Research relationships and positionality\n Introduction\n The three adult–child power relations\n Ethics and positionality in research with children\n Ethics, positionality and the law\n Ethics, positionality and education\n Conclusion\n Recommendation 1\n Recommendation 2\n Recommendation 3\n Recommendation 4\n Recommendation 5\n Recommendation 6\n Acknowledgements\n References\nPart III Case studies\n 15 What is good evidence?\n Introduction\n What do we mean by ‘evidence’?\n What do we mean by ‘good’?\n So what is good evidence?\n What are the limitations of good evidence?\n How should good evidence be used?\n Conclusion\n References\n 16 Black Lives Matter\n Introduction\n Racism in schools, universities and government\n Black Lives Matter\n COVID-19\n At government level, the Windrush Scandal\n Where did we go wrong?\n White privilege\n What should be done about it?\n Education\n Curriculum\n Representation\n Conclusion\n Notes\n References\n 17 The state of scientific policy advice\n Introduction\n An overview over the field of foreign policy think tanks\n Times of crisis: what are the challenges for the work of foreign policy think tanks?\n The crises in international relations amid rising populism and political polarisation\n A changing, more competitive ‘knowledge market’\n A changed relationship vis-à-vis politics and the public\n How to move forward: current discussions on strategies vary widely\n Conclusion\n Notes\n References\n 18 Increasing the impact of research through policy\n Introduction\n Past efforts to reach policymakers\n Policy briefs\n Blogs\n Podcasts\n Pre-existing relationships with policymakers\n Understanding the needs of policymakers\n Shaping content to the needs of policymakers\n Developing policy briefs\n Finding a home for policy briefs\n Getting new content to policymakers\n Bridging the gap between research and policy\n Building networks\n Supporting researchers in reaching policymakers\n Measuring success\n Conclusion\n Acknowledgements\n Notes\n References\nIndex\nBack Cover