دانلود کتاب Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Steps Towards Drug Discovery (Exploring Medicinal Plants)

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Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction to Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Diversity, Biogeographic Distribution and Conservation Status
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Diversity of MAPs Worldwide
1.3 Biogeographic Distribution of MAPs
1.4 MAPs of America and their Importance
1.5 MAPs of Africa and their Importance
1.6 MAPs of Asia and their Importance
1.7 MAPs of Australia and their Importance
1.8 MAPs of Europe and their Importance
1.9 Conservation Status
1.10 In Situ Conservation
1.11 Ex Situ Conservation
1.12 Botanic Gardens
1.13 Practices Related to Cultivation
1.14 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
1.15 Utilization With Sustainability
1.16 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Botanical Bases of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
2.1 Introduction
2.2 An Overview of MAPs\' History
2.2.1 An Overview of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
2.2.2 Application of MAPs in Alternative Medicine
2.3 Taxonomical Systematics in MAPs
2.3.1 Lavandula Angustifolia Mill
2.3.1.1 Medicinal Uses of Lavender
2.3.1.2 Chemical Constituents
2.3.1.3 Chemical Structure
2.3.1.4 Taxonomical Characteristics
2.3.1.5 Pharmacological Action of Lavender
2.4 Ocimum Sanctum L
2.4.1 Medicinal Uses of Ocimum Sanctum (Tulsi)
2.4.2 Chemical Constituents
2.4.3 Chemical Structure
2.4.4 Taxonomical Characteristics
2.4.5 Pharmacological Action
2.5 Rosmarinus Officinalis L
2.5.1 Medicinal Uses
2.5.2 Chemical Constituents
2.5.3 Chemical Structure
2.5.4 Morphological Characters
2.5.5 Pharmacological Activity
2.6 Thymus Vulgaris L
2.6.1 Medicinal Uses
2.6.2 Chemical Constituents
2.6.3 Chemical Structure
2.6.4 Morphological Characters
2.6.5 Pharmacological Activities
2.7 Origanum Vulgare L
2.7.1 Medicinal Uses
2.7.2 Chemical Constituents
2.7.3 Chemical Structure
2.7.4 Morphological Characters
2.7.5 Pharmacological Activity
2.8 Salvia Officinalis L
2.8.1 Medicinal Uses
2.8.2 Chemical Constituents
2.8.3 Chemical Structure
2.8.4 Morphological Character
2.8.5 Pharmacological Activities
2.9 Mentha Spicata L
2.9.1 Medicinal Uses
2.9.2 Chemical Constituents
2.9.3 Chemical Structure
2.9.4 Morphological Characters
2.9.5 Pharmacological Characters
2.10 Matricaria Chamomilla L
2.10.1 Medicinal Uses
2.10.2 Chemical Constituents
2.10.3 Chemical Structure
2.10.4 Morphological Characters
2.10.5 Pharmacological Activities
2.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Trends in Sustainable Use and Management of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Utilization and Development
3.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
3.2 Current Trends in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
3.3 Thermochemical Routes for Biomass Conversion to Fuels
3.3.1 Sexual Propagation
3.3.2 Asexual Propagation
3.3.3 Micropropagation
3.4 Future Remarks
3.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4 Threatened and Endangered Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Diversity of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used Worldwide
4.2.1 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in China
4.2.2 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India
4.2.3 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Indonesia
4.2.4 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Malaysia
4.2.5 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Nepal
4.2.6 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Pakistan
4.2.7 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Philippines
4.2.8 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Sri Lanka
4.2.9 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Thailand
4.2.10 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in United States
4.2.11 The Status of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Vietnam
4.3 Threats to Medicinal Plants Biodiversity
4.3.1 Habitat Destruction
4.3.2 Over-Exploitation
4.3.3 Genetic Erosion
4.3.4 Bioprospecting and Biopiracy
4.3.5 Lack of Effective Regulation
4.4 Examples of Threatened Species
4.4.1 Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga Racemosa)
4.4.2 Goldenseal (Hydrastis Canadensis)
4.4.3 Hawaiian Sandalwood (Santalum Ellipticum)
4.4.4 American Ginseng (Panax Quinquefolius, Panacis Quinquefolis)
4.4.5 Asian Ginseng (Panax Ginseng)
4.4.6 Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Candadensis)
4.4.7 Wild Yam (Dioscorea Villosa)
4.4.8 Rosy Periwinkle (Catharanthus Rosea)
4.4.9 Eyebright (Euphrasia Officinalis)
4.4.10 Slippery Elm (Ulmus Rubra)
4.5 Need for Conservation
4.6 Conservation Strategies for Medicinal Plant Resources
4.6.1 In Situ Conservation Approach
4.6.1.1 Protected Areas
4.6.1.2 On-Farm Conservation
4.6.2 Ex Situ Conservation Approach
4.6.2.1 Botanical Gardens
4.6.2.2 Gene Banks
4.6.3 Cultivation Practice
4.6.3.1 Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
4.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology, and Traditional Uses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ethnobotany
5.3 Ethnopharmacology
5.4 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
5.5 Herbal Medicine
5.6 Traditional Healers
5.7 Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Modern Medicine
5.8 Trade of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
5.9 Conservation and Sustainable Uses of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
5.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Wild Edible Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Ancient Traditions
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Worldwide History of the Use of Aromatic Plants
6.3 Wild Edible Plants in the Indian Tradition
6.4 Wild Edible Plants in Chinese Tradition
6.5 Wild Edible Plants in Arabian Tradition
6.6 Use of MAPs: Current Perspective in Human and Veterinary Medication, Plant Longevity, and Safety Concerns
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Ethnopharmacology and Ethnopharmacognosy: Current Perspectives and Future Prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Safety in Ethnopharmacology and Ethnopharmacognosy and Importance of Double-Blind Clinical Trials
7.3 Useful Plant Substances in Ethnopharmacology and Ethnopharmacognosy: Primary and Secondary Metabolites
7.4 From Ethnopharmacology and Ethnopharmacognosy to Drug Design
7.5 Pharmaceutical Effects of Medicinal Plants
7.5.1 Anticancer Effects
7.5.2 Antioxidant Effects
7.5.3 Anti-Inflammatory Effects
7.6 Future Directions in Ethnopharmacology and Ethnopharmacognosy
References
Chapter 8 Phytochemistry and Biosynthesis of Phytochemicals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosynthesis of Phytochemicals
8.2.1 Acetate Pathway
8.2.2 Mevalonate Pathway
8.2.3 Shikimate Pathway
8.3 Drugs From Phytochemicals
8.3.1 Antimalarial From Phytochemicals
8.3.2 Anticancer From Phytochemicals
8.3.3 Painkiller From Phytochemicals
8.3.4 Potential Phytochemicals for Drug Development
8.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Phytochemicals as Immunomodulators, Nutraceuticals, and Pharma Foods
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of Phytochemicals
9.2.1 Alkaloids
9.2.2 Flavonoids and Glycosides
9.2.3 Phenolic Acids
9.2.4 Carotenoids
9.3 Role of Phytochemicals in Immunomodulation
9.4 Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals and Pharma Food
9.4.1 Role of Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals and theirs Health-Promoting Action
9.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Phytochemotaxonomy: Role of Phytochemicals in Plant Classification
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Phytochemicals in Phytochemotaxonomy
10.2.1 Primary Metabolites
10.2.1.1 Fatty Acids
10.2.1.2 Protein and Amino Acids
10.2.1.3 Carbohydrates
10.2.1.4 Alkanes and Alkynes
10.2.1.5 Carotenoids
10.2.2 Secondary Metabolites
10.2.2.1 Phenolics
10.2.2.2 Non-Flavonoids and Flavonoids
10.2.2.3 Essential Oils and Volatile Terpenes
10.2.2.4 Sesquiterpene
10.2.2.5 Diterpenes
10.2.2.6 Triterpene Saponins
10.2.2.7 Alkaloids
10.2.2.8 Glycosides
10.2.2.9 Non-Protein (Non-Proteinogenic) Amino Acids
10.2.3 Macromolecules
10.2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Biological Roles and Mechanism of Phytochemicals in Disease Prevention and Treatment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biological Activities of Phytochemicals
11.3 Bioavailability of Phytochemicals
11.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Phytochemicals
11.5 Antioxidant Activity of Phytochemicals
11.6 Anti-Cancer Activity of Phytochemicals
11.7 Neuroprotective Effect of Phytochemicals
11.8 Protective Action on Cardiovascular Diseases
11.9 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 12 Metabolomics of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Value of MAPs as Raw Materials
12.2.1 Aegle Marmelos
12.2.2 Prunus Africana
12.2.3 Ficus Religiosa
12.2.4 Mangifera Indica
12.2.5 Ananas Comosus
12.2.6 Ocimum Sanctum
12.2.7 Allium Sativum
12.2.8 Curcuma Longa
12.3 Biochemical and Physiological Features
12.4 Active Substances of MAPs
12.4.1 Alkaloids
12.4.2 Glycosides
12.4.3 Essential Oils
12.4.4 Miscellaneous Substances
12.5 Bioactive Properties of MAPs
12.5.1 Antioxidant Activity
12.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity
12.5.3 Antitumor Activity
12.6 Thermo-Chemical Routes for Biomass Conversion to Fuel
12.7 Pyrolysis
12.8 Types of Pyrolysis
12.8.1 Slow Pyrolysis
12.8.2 Fast Pyrolysis
12.8.3 Flash Pyrolysis
12.9 Products of Pyrolysis
12.9.1 Bio-Char
12.9.2 Syngas
12.9.3 Bio-Oil
12.10 Use of MAPs
References
Chapter 13 Methods in Ethnopharmacology: Phytochemical Extraction, Isolation, and Detection Techniques
13.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
13.2 Extraction: A Key Step in Phytochemical Analysis
13.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
13.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
13.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
13.2.4 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)
13.2.5 Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE)
13.3 Analytical Spectroscopic Techniques
13.3.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
13.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy
13.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
13.3.4 Mass Spectrometry for Chemical Compounds Identification
13.3.5 Solid-State Techniques for the Analysis of the Separated Components
13.4 Analytical Separative Techniques
13.4.1 Liquid Chromatography (LC)
13.4.2 High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC)
13.4.3 Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography (2D LC)
13.4.4 Gas Chromatography (GC)
13.4.5 Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (2D GC)
13.4.6 High-Speed Counter-Current-Chromatography (HSCCC)
13.4.7 Capillary Electrophoresis
References
Chapter 14 Chromatographic Techniques in Phytochemistry and Analytical Techniques in Elemental Profiling
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Antioxidant Screening Using Hyphenated Chromatographic Techniques
14.3 Antioxidants Found in Flowers, Seeds, and Peels
14.4 Elemental Profiling
14.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 NMR-Based Metabolomics and Hyphenated NMR Techniques
15.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
15.2 Applications of [sup(1)]H NMR-Based Metabolomic Techniques
15.2.1 Metabolic Profiling/Monitoring
15.2.1.1 Identification of Bioactive Metabolites
15.3 Hyphenated NMR Techniques
15.3.1 Application of Hyphenated [sup(1)]H NMR Techniques
15.3.1.1 Ethnopharmacological
15.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 Animal Models in Phytopharmacology and Toxicological Testing of Plant Products
16.1 Animal Models: Historical Perspective
16.1.1 The Mouse
16.1.2 The Rat
16.1.3 The Rabbit
16.1.4 Zebrafish
16.2 Plant Products: What is their Origin and Importance?
16.3 Animal Models in Phytopharmacology and Toxicological Testing
16.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 17 Computational Phytochemistry in Drug Discovery: Databases and Tools
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Databases
17.2.1 Protein Data Bank (PDB)
17.2.2 UniProt
17.2.3 TarFisDock
17.2.4 Potential Drug Target Database
17.2.4.1 PharmMapper
17.2.4.2 SuperPred
17.2.4.3 PharmTargetDB
17.2.4.4 DrugBank
17.2.4.5 BindingDB
17.2.4.6 PDBBind
17.2.4.7 Techniques
17.2.4.8 Miscellaneous
17.2.4.9 Notable Findings
References
Chapter 18 Nanoformulations and Herbal Drug Development
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Herbal Medicines
18.3 Pharmacokinetics in Herbal Medicine
18.4 Importance of Pharmacokinetics
18.5 Nanoformulations
18.6 Liposomes
18.7 Lipid Nanoparticles
18.8 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
18.9 Phytosomes
18.10 Nanoemulsions
18.10.1 Advantages of Nanoemulsion
18.10.2 Transferosomes
18.10.3 Features and Limitation of Transferosomes
18.10.4 Niosomes
18.10.5 Ethosomes
18.10.6 Cyclodextrins
18.10.7 Structure of Cyclodextrins
18.10.8 Polymeric Nanomicelles
18.10.9 Surfactant Nanomicelle
18.10.10 Polyionic Nanomicelle
18.10.11 Safety Considerations
18.10.12 Herbal Drug Loading
18.10.13 High-Pressure Homogenization Techniques
18.10.14 Application of Nanoformulations
References
Chapter 19 Novel Phytochemicals Targeting the Signaling Pathways of Anticancer Stem Cell: A Novel Approach Against Cancer
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Origin, Key Characteristics of CSCs, and Their Similarities and Differences with
Normal Stem Cells
19.2.1 Origin of CSCs
19.2.2 Key Characteristics of a CSC
19.2.3 Similarities of Cancer and Normal Stem Cells
19.2.4 Differences Between Normal Stem Cells and CSCs
19.3 Signaling Pathways of CSCs/Self-Renewal Pathways
19.3.1 Notch
19.3.2 Wnt/β-catenin
19.3.3 Hedgehog
19.3.4 Hippo
19.3.5 Other Signaling Pathways
19.3.5.1 PI3K/Akt
19.3.5.2 MAPK/ERK
19.3.5.3 JAK-STAT
19.3.5.4 NF-κB
19.3.5.5 TGF-β/SMAD
19.3.5.6 PPAR
19.4 Markers Involved in CSCs
19.4.1 Cluster of Differentiation as Surface Markers for CSCs
19.4.1.1 CD44
19.4.1.2 CD24 and CD29
19.4.1.3 CD133
19.4.1.4 CD90
19.4.1.5 Effect of Other CD CSC Markers
19.4.2 Markers Other Than CDs
19.4.2.1 EpCAM
19.4.2.2 CLL-1
19.4.2.3 TIM3, Galactin-9, and BMI-1
19.4.3 Intracellular Markers
19.4.3.1 ALDH
19.4.3.2 NANOG
19.4.3.3 Oct-3/4
19.4.3.4 SOX2
19.4.3.5 LGR5
19.5 Phytochemicals as CSCs Modulators
19.5.1 Curcumin
19.5.2 Lycopene
19.5.3 Berberine
19.5.4 Quercetin
19.5.5 Sulforaphane
19.5.6 Resveratrol
19.5.7 Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG)
19.5.8 Genistein
19.5.9 Silibinin
19.5.10 Parthenolide
19.5.11 Kaempferol
19.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 Evolving Challenges and Opportunities in Plant-Based Drug Discovery and Development
20.1 Plant-Derived Small Molecules
20.1.1 Decline and Rise, Pitfalls, and Chance of Plant-Based Drug Discovery
20.2 Selection of Botanical Sources
20.2.1 Experimental Approaches
20.2.2 In Silico Approaches
20.2.3 \'Omics\' Approaches
20.3 Plant Extracts Preparation
20.3.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
20.3.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
20.3.3 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
20.3.4 Super-Critical Fluid Extraction
20.3.5 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction and Ionic Liquid-Based Extraction
20.3.6 Micellar Extraction
20.3.7 Analytical Fingerprint of Crude Extracts
20.4 Identification of Secondary Metabolites Endowed With Biological Activity
20.4.1 Bio-Guided Fractionation
20.4.2 Direct Phytochemical Isolation
20.4.3 Cell-Based Screening
20.4.4 Equilibrium Dialysis, Microdialysis, and Ultrafiltration
20.4.5 Chromatographic-Based Approaches
20.4.6 Structural Elucidation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
20.5 Plant-Derived Recombinant Proteins
20.6 Production and Screening Approaches
20.7 Extraction Techniques
20.8 Pre-Purification Procedures
20.8.1 Clarification
20.8.2 Other Procedures
20.9 Purification Technologies
20.9.1 Chromatographic Methods
20.10 Analytical Characterization Procedures
20.10.1 Primary Sequence and Stability
20.10.2 Glycosylation Profiling
20.10.3 Aggregation
20.11 Conclusion
References
Index