دانلود کتاب Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries (Countries in Crisis)

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Contents\r......Page 5
List of Genealogical Tables and Maps\r......Page 8
Preface\r......Page 9
Acknowledgements\r......Page 13
1 - The Sources\r......Page 14
Narrative sources\r......Page 15
Public records and private papers\r......Page 19
Involuntary evidence\r......Page 24
The economic geography of Europe at the beginning of the fourteenth century\r......Page 27
The peoples of Europe in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 32
The political scene\r......Page 36
The eve of the fourteenth century\r......Page 40
The economic crisis of the fourteenth century\r......Page 45
The peasants\' revolts\r......Page 49
Recovery and change\r......Page 52
East-west contrasts\r......Page 54
Population trends in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 57
4 - Society and its Structure: 2. Clergy, Nobility, Townsmen\r......Page 60
The clergy\r......Page 62
The secular clergy\r......Page 65
The regular clergy\r......Page 70
The military orders\r......Page 75
The nobility and gentry\r......Page 77
The higher nobility\r......Page 79
Lesser nobility and gentry\r......Page 81
Chivalry and war\r......Page 84
Townsmen\r......Page 86
Slavery in Mediterranean towns\r......Page 90
The size of towns\r......Page 92
Political speculation\r......Page 94
The place of the king\r......Page 97
Conciliar thought\r......Page 103
Kings and administration in western Europe: France and England\r......Page 105
Local government\r......Page 109
Royal administration in other parts of western Europe\r......Page 111
Innovations of the later Middle Ages\r......Page 114
The apanage\r......Page 115
War and finance in France\r......Page 117
Law and representation in France\r......Page 123
England: taxation and parliament\r......Page 126
Scotland\r......Page 129
Spain\r......Page 130
Councils and administration\r......Page 132
Government in urban areas\r......Page 135
German towns: the Hanseatic League\r......Page 141
The Swiss\r......Page 142
6 - Political Development in Western Europe\r......Page 145
England in the fourteenth century\r......Page 146
England in the fifteenth century\r......Page 151
Scotland\r......Page 154
France in the fourteenth century\r......Page 156
France after the Treaty of Arras\r......Page 160
Spain in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 163
The Hundred Years War\r......Page 170
Crown and subject at the end of the fifteenth century\r......Page 178
7 - Italians and Italy\r......Page 180
North Italy: Milan, Genoa, Venice\r......Page 182
Tuscany\r......Page 188
The states of the Church and Rome\r......Page 192
Naples and Sicily\r......Page 194
Italian ideals and realities\r......Page 196
8 - Germany and her Northern Neighbours\r......Page 202
The Empire: institutions and rulers\r......Page 203
Princes, nobles, knights and towns: the Estates in Germany\r......Page 210
The shrinking perimeter of Germany in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 217
The kingdoms of Scandinavia\r......Page 221
9 - East-Central Europe\r......Page 227
The rise of the central monarchies\r......Page 229
A short-lived Bohemian-Hungarian empire (1301-1306)\r......Page 230
Restoration of the Polish monarchy (1305-1333)\r......Page 231
Angevin victory over oligarchs in Hungary (1308-1342)\r......Page 232
The establishment of the Romanian principalities\r......Page 235
Territorial expansion and aristocratic rule under John of Bohemia (1310-1346)\r......Page 236
Consolidation of the Polish monarchy: Casimir the Great (1333-1370)\r......Page 238
Monarchy based on loyal magnates: Lewis the Great of Hungary (1342-1382)\r......Page 240
Golden decades of Bohemia under Emperor Charles IV (1346-1378)\r......Page 242
Baronial gains in the late fourteenth century\r......Page 246
Origin and growth of noble power\r......Page 247
Bohemia on the road to revolution\r......Page 249
The Hussite revolution (1419-1436)\r......Page 252
The joint reign of Sigismund and his barons in Hungary (1387-1437)\r......Page 254
Emerging noble liberty in the Polish-Lithuanian union (1386-1444)\r......Page 257
The noble diets\' coming of age during interregna (1437-1457)\r......Page 260
The \'Hussite king\': George of Bohemia (1457-1471)\r......Page 264
The \'new monarchy\' of Matthias Corvinus in Hungary (1458-1490)\r......Page 266
Casimir IV of Poland: monarchical reaction and territorial gains (1447-1492)\r......Page 270
The victory of the noble republics\r......Page 272
Byzantium in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 276
Byzantine civilization\r......Page 282
The advance of the Ottoman Turks\r......Page 287
The west and the Crusade\r......Page 292
The inheritor of Byzantium: Russia\r......Page 296
11 - The Papal Monarchy: The Church as a State\r......Page 301
The clergy and the pope\r......Page 302
The curia at Avignon\r......Page 307
The college of cardinals\r......Page 311
The Great Schism\r......Page 313
The councils of Constance, Basle, and Ferrara-Florence-Rome\r......Page 318
The re-established papacy\r......Page 325
Christendom after the councils\r......Page 329
12 - The Bonds of Religion\r......Page 333
The quality of Latin Christianity\r......Page 335
Reform and the clergy\r......Page 344
Mysticism and the laity\r......Page 348
Orthodox reform\r......Page 352
Heresy\r......Page 357
Repression of heresy: The Inquisition\r......Page 365
Religious regionalism\r......Page 369
Education during the later Middle Ages\r......Page 371
Traditional scholarship\r......Page 377
The rise of vernacular literature\r......Page 384
The Italian Renaissance\r......Page 387
North-south cultural contacts in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 394
14 - The Bonds of Trade\r......Page 400
Communications and trade\r......Page 401
Local trade and local fairs\r......Page 405
Metropolitan and intercontinental trade\r......Page 408
The commodities of long-distance trade\r......Page 410
Commercial techniques\r......Page 416
Industrial activity\r......Page 423
Trends in European commerce in the later Middle Ages\r......Page 428
The bonds of trade\r......Page 432
15 - The Future: Europe and the World\r......Page 436
Bibliography\r......Page 441
Genealogical Tables\r......Page 457
1 - The English royal family\r......Page 458
2 - The Valois kings of France\r......Page 459
3 - The rulers of Portugal, Castile, Aragon and Navarre\r......Page 460
4 - The rulers of Poland, Hungary and Bohemia\r......Page 462
5 - The Angevins in Naples and the Balkans\r......Page 463
6 - Visconti and Sforza rulers of Milan\r......Page 464
7 - The principal members of the Medici family\r......Page 465
8 - Rulers of the Scandinavian kingdoms\r......Page 466
9 - German emperors and kings of the Romans\r......Page 467
10 - The Popes\r......Page 468
11 - The Palaeologi emperors\r......Page 469
12 - Ottoman rulers\r......Page 470
1 - Europe: physical and languages\r......Page 471
2 - Britain and France in the fifteenth century\r......Page 472
3 - Burgundy and Switzerland\r......Page 474
4 - Spain and the west Mediterranean\r......Page 475
5 - Italy\r......Page 476
6 - Germany and Scandinavia\r......Page 477
7 - Central and east Europe\r......Page 478
Index\r......Page 480