دانلود کتاب Evaluating Environment in International Development

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Foreword
Preface
List of contributors
Part I: Introduction and conceptual background
Chapter 1: Evaluating environment in international development: An introduction
Introduction
The potential of evaluation
Sustainable development and the environment
Valuing natural capital
Evaluating the environment beyond projects
Themes
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 2: A global public goods perspective on environment and poverty
Redefining international cooperation
Defining public goods
Public action on public goods
Ending poverty: a global public good?
Ensuring environmental services: a global public good
Linkages between poverty and the environment
Local, national, regional and global public goods
From trade-offs to win–win options
Conclusions for evaluators
From ex ante to ex post “relevance”
From impact as relationship to impact as final goal
From sustainability to adaptability
Notes
References
Chapter 3: Evaluation at the nexus: Evaluating sustainable development in the 2020s
Sustainability-ready evaluation
Theory of Change for sustainability-ready evaluation
Is evaluation ready for sustainability?
Some implications of ignoring sustainability and the natural system
Key elements of evaluation at the nexus
Value the natural system
Value is multi-dimensional: Economic, social, cultural, spiritual, traditional and above all political
Attend to core technical differences
Scales and units of account
Connect to natural and broader human systems
Emphasise use
Summary
Notes
References
Chapter 4: Poverty, climate change and disaster risk reduction: Too complex to evaluate?
Climate change and poverty
Background
Poverty–climate interactions
Responding to climate change
Disaster risk reduction
Disaster risk reduction and the SDGs
The Sendai Framework for disaster risk reduction 2015–2030
Climate change and disaster risk reduction across regions
Disasters in the Asia-Pacific region
South Asia
The Caribbean region
Overview of climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
Evaluation challenges of interventions in overlapping areas
The evaluation repertoire
Evaluation among international agencies
Can evaluation adequately address the increasing complexity posed by climate change and disasters?
Refining theory-based approaches
Notes
References
Websites
Part II: Approaches and challenges in evaluating environment and sustainable development
Chapter 5: Using big data and geospatial approaches in evaluating environmental interventions
Introduction and background
Applications of geospatial analysis in environmental evaluation
Case 1. Geospatial analysis to assess the relevance of GEF support to protected areas
Case 2. Geospatial analysis to assess socio-economic co-benefits of GEF-supported interventions
Case 3. Geospatial analysis in measuring the sustainability of environmental outcomes in the Ba Be protected area
Case 4. Geospatial analysis in ecological forecasting in Kenya
GEF supported protected areas in Kenya
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Note
References
Chapter 6: Multiple actors and confounding factors: Evaluating impact in complex social-ecological systems
The GEF and its support in the South China Sea 1
Assessing direct impact
Determining the extent of change
Establishing a chain of causality
Discounting rival hypotheses
Assessing progress towards impact
Conclusion
Postscript, 2020
From evaluating static long-term goals to evaluating development trajectories
Notes
References
Chapter 7: Assessing progress towards impacts in environmental programmes using the field Review of Outcomes to Impacts methodology
Impacts in the context of environmental programmes and projects
The elements of a Theory of Change for environmental interventions
The field Review of Outcomes to Impacts methodology
Desk research
Key informants
Step 1: Validating project logic
Step 2: Assessing Intermediate States
Step 3: Assessing the impact delivery process
Field investigations
Reporting of the assessment findings
Not achieved – (0)
Poorly achieved – (1)
Partially achieved – (2)
Fully achieved – (3)
Background: the Seychelles Marine Ecosystem Management Project
The impacts towards which the SEYMEMP would contribute
Outlining the outcomes–impacts Theory of Change for SEYMEMP
Evaluating progress against the Theory of Change
Assessment of progress towards Intermediate State 3: implementation and mainstreaming of enabling marine policies at national and regional levels
Theory of Change overview
Theory of Change assessment
Outcomes
Impact drivers/external assumptions
Overview of progress towards Intermediate State 3
Assessment of progress towards Intermediate State 1: coping mechanisms addressing major threats to marine ecosystems are rolled out nationally 11
Theory of Change overview
Overview of progress towards achieving Intermediate State 1
Assessment of progress towards Intermediate State 2: marine protected area network is being managed effectively to achieve conservation goals
Theory of Change overview
Current status of progress towards the intended impacts
Overall conclusions on progress towards impacts of the SEYMEMP
Overall conclusions on assessing progress towards impacts in environmental programmes using the field Review of Outcomes to Impacts (ROtI) methodology
Notes
References
Chapter 8: Meta-analysis of climate mitigation evaluations
Introduction
Some persistent climate mitigation evaluation questions
Objective and methodology of the meta-analysis
Programme logic for climate change mitigation: the Theory of No Change
The evaluation framework of Tokle and Uitto (2009)
Evaluation framework
An abstract description of the potential barrier types
The stakeholder–barrier matrix
A mapping tool for barriers and interventions
The barrier circle
The intervention circle
Putting the two together
Summary and outlook
Notes
References
Chapter 9: A programme theory approach to evaluating normative environmental interventions
Introduction
The nature of normative environmental work
Evaluation approaches
Discussion of evaluation methods
Theory-based approaches: causal pathways – theory of change
Does the linear nature of Theory of Change constrain its validity and application?
Application of the Theory of Change approach to evaluating normative environmental projects and programmes
The ‘Synergies Decisions’ of the Stockholm, Basel and Rotterdam conventions
The Global Environment Facility joint geothermal imaging project
Forest certification: normative work leading to quantified benefits through a regulatory framework
Programme theory and results-based monitoring and evaluation
Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of normative work
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 10: From evaluation of joint programmes to joint evaluation of SDGs-ready interventions: Lessons from the Joint GEF-UNDP Evaluation of the Small Grants Programme
Introduction
Overview of joint evaluations
SDGs and joint evaluation
The joint GEF-UNDP evaluation of the Small Grants Programme
Lessons from the joint evaluation of the SGP
#1 Deciding on a joint evaluation
#2 Partnership arrangements
#3 Timing
#4 Management structure
#5 Scope
#6 Multidimensional analysis
#7 Methods and tools
#8 Reducing multiple messages while multiplying use
Conclusions
Notes
References
Chapter 11: Evaluating the poverty–environment nexus in Africa
Background
Why might poverty and environment be linked in Africa?
Why evaluate the poverty–environment nexus?
Scope and method of the poverty–environment nexus evaluation
Relevance
Effectiveness
Efficiency
Sustainability
Challenges and limitations
Findings: country case studies
Mali
Morocco
Rwanda
The United Republic of Tanzania
Overall findings: the retrospective
1. UNDP ’ s focus area structure promotes a ‘silo effect ’ that makes cooperation across sectors difficult.
2. UNDP ’ s dependence on external funding, especially for environmental activities, reinforces the institutional focus on area-specific work and makes it more difficult to articulate the connections among UNDP priorities.
3. A systemic impediment to effective integration of poverty and environment in UNDP’s work is the absence of monitoring processes and indicators, which affects both the initiation and the design of programmes and projects and the determination of their
4. UNDP ’ s efforts to highlight the importance and potential of poverty–environment linkages have been mixed, with significant achievements but considerable variation in direction and priority.
5. UNDP ’ s cooperation with other institutions on the poverty–environment nexus varies based on opportunities and on the level of interaction between organizations in a particular context.
6. Country studies and interviews have shown that when nexus issues are recognized as critical to achieving sustainable development, there is strong support to address them in programmes and projects.
7. There is evidence that positive results at country level can be replicated.
8. Country-specific circumstances regarding the nexus play a major role in how poverty–environment linkages are understood and addressed.
Conclusion: the prospect
Notes
References
Chapter 12: Small grants, big impacts: Aggregation challenges
Introduction
GEF small grants programme
SGP structure 2
Global-level management
Country-level management
SGP operational challenges
Challenge to coordinate country programmes for coherent global objectives
Tension between community needs and global environmental mandate
SGP evaluations
Aggregation challenges: measuring local actions through global lenses
Focal area-based environmental indicators versus inclusive community development
Project-based evaluation versus programming approach
Unit of analysis: community project versus country programme
Non-environmental impacts of SGP
Baseline and scale of measurement
Decentralized operation of SGP versus global aggregation
Standardization versus diversification
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 13: Green economy performance of environmental initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean
Introduction
Methodological framework for assessing green economy performance of environmental initiatives in developing countries
Evidence-based criteria
Ecosystem protection
Economic growth
Social equity
Grade system to assess green performance
Environmental initiatives in Latin America and the Caribbean
Forest: national forestry financing fund in Costa Rica
Background
The initiative
Functioning
Freshwater: water protection fund, Quito, Ecuador
Background
The initiative
Functioning
Renewable energy: solar water heaters in Barbados
Background
The initiative
Cities: sustainable urban planning in Curitiba, Brazil
Background
The initiative
Functioning
Assessment of the initiatives
Major themes: enabling conditions and financing
Enabling conditions
Financing
Green economy performance
National forestry financing fund, Costa Rica
Water protection fund, Quito, Ecuador
Solar water heaters in Barbados
Sustainable urban development in Curitiba, Brazil
Lessons learned and opportunities for improvement
Strengths
Weaknesses
Challenges
Opportunities
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 14: Evaluating international support for transboundary aquifer management programmes
Introduction
Significance of transboundary aquifers
International community engagement
International law and conventions
Official financial flows and international support for water and sanitation
UN and multilateral agency attention to groundwater and aquifer management
The global environment facility
Evaluating GEF transboundary aquifer projects
Iullemeden aquifer system
Northwest Sahara
Guaraní aquifer
Dinaric Karst aquifer system
Southern African development community groundwater and drought management project
Future considerations for transboundary aquifer projects
Notes
References
Chapter 15: Disaster risk management in the SDG era
Introduction
Poverty, vulnerability and disaster risk
National initiatives
Intergovernmental response
Approach, data and methods
UNDP response
Findings
Working with national systems
Addressing multiple and interlinking crises
Climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction
Promoting gender equality
Building local-level capacities
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 16: The Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research approach to evaluation of climate change, environment, and natural resource management
Introduction
CGIAR and its role in climate change, environment, and natural resource management
Environmental, climate change, and natural resource management activities in CGIAR: development and sustainability
Notable examples of CGIAR studies on natural resource management and environmental impacts
CGIAR approaches to evaluation and impact assessment
Qualitative and quantitative methods
Baseline data
Counterfactuals
Valuation methods
The rise of climate change investments and evaluation
Global context in climate change research and policy
Evaluation of climate change and CCAFS in the new setting of the CGIAR
Conclusion
Notes
References
Index