دانلود کتاب Evolution Second edition

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Cover (Evolution) Front Matter Half Title Title Page Dedication Copyright Brief Contents Contents About the Authors Preface Part I - Foundations of Evolutionary Biology Chapter 1 - An Overview of Evolutionary Biology 1.1 - A Brief Introduction to Evolution, Natural Selection, and Phylogenetics 1.2 - Empirical and Theoretical Approaches to the Study of Evolution Chapter 2 - Early Evolutionary Ideas and 2.1 - The Nature of Science: Natural versus Supernatural Explanations 2.2 - Time and a Changing World 2.3 - The Origins and Diversity of Life 2.4 - Organisms Are Well-Suited to Their Environments 2.5 - Darwin’s Theory 2.6 - Darwin on Natural Selection 2.7 - Darwin on Common Ancestry 2.8 - Problems with Darwin’s Theory 2.9 - The Reaction to Darwin and Early History of the Modern Synthesis Chapter 3 - Natural Selection 3.1 - The Components of Natural Selection 3.2 - Adaptations 3.3 - Natural Selection in the Field 3.4 - Natural Selection in the Laboratory 3.5 - Origin of Complex Traits 3.6 - Constraints on What Natural Selection Can Achieve Chapter 4 - Phylogeny and Evolutionary History 4.1 - Phylogenies Reflect Evolutionary History 4.2 - Reading Phylogenetic Trees 4.3 - Traits on Trees 4.4 - Homology and Analogy 4.5 - Using Phylogenies to Generate and Test Evolutionary Hypotheses Chapter 5 - Inferring Phylogeny 5.1 - Building Trees 5.2 - Parsimony 5.3 - Distance Methods 5.4 - Rooting Trees 5.5 - How Many Different Trees Are There? 5.6 - Phylogenies and Statistical Confidence 5.7 - Fossil Evidence of Evolutionary History 5.8 - Phylogeny, Natural Selection, and the Comparative Method Part II - Evolutionary Genetics Chapter 6 - Transmission Genetics and the 6.1 - Mendel’s Laws 6.2 - Transmission Genetics 6.3 - Variation and Mutation 6.4 - Mutation Rates and Fitness Consequences Chapter 7 - The Genetics of Populations 7.1 - Individual-Level versus Population-Level Thinking 7.2 - The Hardy–Weinberg Model: A Null Model for Population Genetics 7.3 - Natural Selection 7.4 - Mutation 7.5 - Nonrandom Mating 7.6 - Migration 7.7 - Consequences on Variation within and between Populations Chapter 8 - Evolution in Finite Populations 8.1 - Random Change and Genetic Drift 8.2 - Coalescent Theory and the Genealogy of Genes 8.3 - Demography, Biogeography, and Drift 8.4 - The Interplay of Drift, Mutation, and Natural Selection 8.5 - The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution Chapter 9 - Evolution at Multiple Loci 9.1 - Polygenic Traits and the Nature of Heredity 9.2 - Population Genetics of Multiple Loci 9.3 - Adaptive Landscapes 9.4 - Quantitative Genetics Chapter 10 - Genome Evolution 10.1 - Whole-Genome Sequencing 10.2 - Resolving the Paradoxes of Genome Size 10.3 - Content and Structure of Viral Genomes 10.4 - Content and Structure of Bacterial and Archaeal Genomes 10.5 - Content and Structure of Eukaryotic Nuclear Genomes Part III - The History of Life Chapter 11 - The Origin and Evolution of Early Life 11.1 - What Is Life? 11.2 - The Origin and Evolution of the Building Blocks of Life 11.3 - The Evolution of Protocells 11.4 - The RNA World 11.5 - Genetic Information and Genetic Exchange 11.6 - Metabolic Networks, Minimal Gene Sets, and Cell Evolution Chapter 12 - Major Transitions 12.1 - Overview of Major Transitions 12.2 - Major Transition: The Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell 12.3 - Major Transition: The Evolution of Multicellularity 12.4 - Major Transition: The Evolution of Individuality 12.5 - Major Transition: Solitary to Group Living Chapter 13 - Evolution and Development 13.1 - Evo–Devo: A Brief History 13.2 - Regulation, Expression, and Switches 13.3 - Evo–Devo and Gene Duplication 13.4 - Evo–Devo and Neural Crest Cells Chapter 14 - Species and Speciation 14.1 - The Species Problem 14.2 - Modes of Speciation 14.3 - Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms and the Genetics of Speciation Chapter 15 - Extinction and Evolutionary Trends 15.1 - The Concept of Extinction 15.2 - Background Extinction 15.3 - Mass Extinction 15.4 - Factors Correlated with Extinction 15.5 - Rates of Evolutionary Change and Evolutionary Trends Part IV - Evolutionary Interactions Chapter 16 - Sex and Sexual Selection 16.1 - Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 16.2 - The Costs of Sexual Reproduction 16.3 - The Benefits of Sexual Reproduction 16.4 - Sexual Reproduction Leads to Sexual Selection 16.5 - Intersexual Selection 16.6 - Intrasexual Selection and Sexual Conflict Chapter 17 - The Evolution of Sociality 17.1 - Cooperation 17.2 - Conflict 17.3 - Information and Communication Chapter 18 - Coevolution 18.1 - Coevolution and Mutualism 18.2 - Antagonistic Coevolution 18.3 - Mosaic Coevolution 18.4 - Gene–Culture Coevolution Chapter 19 - Human Evolution 19.1 - Evolutionary Relationships among the Great Apes 19.2 - The Hominin Clade 19.3 - The Emergence of Anatomically Modern Humans 19.4 - Interbreeding among Humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans 19.5 - Migration of Modern Humans Chapter 20 - Evolution and Medicine 20.1 - Vulnerability to Disease 20.2 - Fever 20.3 - Coevolutionary Arms Races between Pathogens and Hosts 20.4 - Phylogenetic Constraint and Vulnerability to Choking 20.5 - Senescence Answers to Key Concept Questions Glossary References Credits Index