دانلود کتاب Exploring Sociology: A Canadian Perspective

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Brief Contents
Contents
Dedication
Chapter 1 Understanding the Sociological Imagination
Learning Objectives
The Sociological Perspective
Charles Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination
Peter Berger: Seeing the General in the Particular
Seeing the Strange in the Familiar
What Makes You, You? Engaging the Sociological Imagination
Minority Status
Gender
Socioeconomic Status
Family Structure
Urban–Rural Differences
The Origins of Sociology
Three Revolutions: The Rise of Sociology
The Scientific Revolution
Positivism
Anti-Positivism
Quantitative and Qualitative Sociology
The Political Revolution
The Industrial Revolution
Macro- and Microsociology
Early European Macrotheorists: Marx, Durkheim, Weber
Early American Microtheorists: Mead, Cooley, Blumer
Sociology in Canada
Four Defining Features
Geography and Regionalism
Focus on Political Economy
Canadianization Movement
Radical Nature
Early Canadian Sociologists
Annie Marion Maclean (1870–1934)
Sir Herbert Brown Ames (1863–1954)
Carl Dawson (1887–1964)
Harold Adams Innis (1894–1952)
Aileen D. Ross (1902–1995)
S. D. (Samuel Delbert) Clark (1910–2003)
Helen Abell (1919–2003)
Kathleen Herman (1920–)
John Porter (1921–1979)
Ruth Rittenhouse Morris (1933–2001)
Sociology in a Global Perspective
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 2 Classical Social Theories
Learning Objectives
“Seeing” the World Theoretically
Philosophical Roots of Classical Sociological Theory
Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
John Locke (1632–1704)
Charles de Montesquieu (1689–1755)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)
The Enlightenment
Conservative Reaction to Enlightenment Thinking: The Birth of Sociology
Legacy of the Conservative Reaction for Sociological Theory
Functionalism
Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)
Émile Durkheim (1858–1917)
Talcott Parsons (1902–1979)
Robert K. Merton (1910–2003)
Critiquing Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Marx and Engels
Critiquing Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Max Weber (1864–1920)
Georg Simmel (1858–1918)
George Herbert Mead (1863–1931)
Charles H. Cooley (1864–1929)
Erving Goffman (1922–1982)
Critiquing Symbolic Interactionism
Marginalized Voices and Social Theory
Contributions by Women
Contributions by Minorities
Contributions by Non-Western Scholars
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 3 Contemporary Social Theories
Learning Objectives
What Are Contemporary Social Theories?
Western Marxism
Gramsci’s Concept of Hegemony
Feminist Theories
Second-Wave Feminism
Dorothy Smith
Third-Wave Feminism
Bell Hooks
Post-Structuralist Theory
Michel Foucault
Power, Knowledge, and Discourse
Discipline
Queer Theory
Desire
Language
Identity
Post-Colonial Theory
Said’s Concept of Orientalism
Canada and Colonialism
Canada and Gendered Orientalism
Anti-Racist Theories
Critical Race Theory
Theorizing Whiteness
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 4 Research, Methodology, and Ethics
Learning Objectives
Connecting Theory to Research Questions
Avenues to Knowledge and Reasoning
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches
Quantitative Approaches
Qualitative Approaches
Systems of Reasoning
Inductive Logic
Deductive Logic
Overall Research Process
Essential Research Concepts
Hypotheses
Independent and Dependent Variables
Validity and Reliability
Correlation and Causality
Research Population
Research Methods
Surveys
Self-Administered Questionnaires
Telephone Surveys
In-Person Surveys
Interviews
Interviews in Qualitative Studies
Interviews in Quantitative Studies
Interviews and Relations of Power
Participant Observation
Content Analysis
Secondary Analysis
Participatory Action Research
Multiple Research Methods
Connecting Research Questions to Methods
Sexist Bias in Social Research
The Ethics of Research
Ethical Debates in Research
Milgram’s Obedience Study
The Stanford Prison Experiment
Russell Ogden’s Study on Assisted Suicide
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 5 Culture
Learning Objectives
What Is Culture?
Origins of Culture
Defining Features of Culture
Values, Norms, Folkways, Mores, Laws, and Sanctions
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Language and Culture
Language Extinction
Does Language Define Thought?
Nonverbal Communication
Cultural Diversity
Subcultures: Maintaining Uniqueness
Countercultures: Challenging Conformity
Defining Features of Canadian Culture
Cultural Change
Sociological Approaches to Culture and Culture Change
Functionalism
Critiquing the Functionalist Approach to Culture
Conflict Theory
Critiquing the Conflict Approach to Culture
Symbolic Interactionism
Critiquing the Symbolic Interactionist Approach to Culture
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 6 Socialization and Social Interaction
Learning Objectives
Becoming “Human”
The Nature Argument: Being Born You
The Nurture Argument: Learning to Be You
Effects of Social Isolation
Development of Self: Sociological Insights
Imagining How Others See Us: C. H. Cooley
Understanding Ourselves and Others: G. H. Mead
Preparatory Stage (Birth to Age Three)
Play Stage (Ages Three to Five)
Game Stage (Elementary-School Years)
Double-Consciousness: W. E. B. Du Bois
Agents of Socialization
Families
Peers
Education
Mass Media
Socialization across the Life Course
Early to Middle Adulthood
Later Adulthood
“Old” Age
Socialization into Dying and Death
Resocialization: The Total Institution
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 7 Social Inequality
Learning Objectives
What Is Social Stratification?
What Is Social Inequality?
Classism
Blaming the Victim
Blaming the System
From Perception to Policy
Closed and Open Social Systems
Closed Systems: Caste
India
Japan
Open Systems: Class
Property and Occupational Prestige: Two Components of Inequality
Property
Occupational Prestige
Sociological Approaches to Social Stratification
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Karl Marx
Max Weber
Class
Status Groups
Party
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
The Canadian Class System
The Upper Class
The Upper-Middle Class
The Lower-Middle Class
The Working Class
The “Underclass”
Factors Influencing Social Inequality in Canada
Colonization
Geographic Location
Gender and Family Structure
Age
Visible Minority Status
Education
Disability
Global Inequality
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 8 Gender*
Learning Objectives
Sex and Gender
The Biological Female and Male?
Gender as Socially Constructed
Transgender and Transsexual
Dominant Forms of Masculinity and Femininity
Hegemonic Masculinity
Emphasized Femininity
Reproducing Gender: Families, Education, and Media
Families
Education
Student–Teacher Interactions
The “Chilly Climate”
Media
Television Shows
Television Commercials
Gendered Bodies
Television Programming
Plastic Surgery
Men’s Bodies and the NFL Draft
Gender and Work
The Gendered Labour Force
The Gendered Wage Gap
The Feminization of Poverty
Families and Unpaid Work
Intersectionality: Gender, Race, and Social Class
Sociological Approaches to Gender
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
Gender Equality and Social Change
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 9 Sexualities
Learning Objectives
The Social Construction of Sexualities
Sexual Identities
Homosexuality
The Emergence of Homosexual Identities in the West
The Gay Liberation Movement
Heterosexuality
Bisexuality
Pansexuality
Asexuality
Sexual Relationships
Monogamy
Serial Monogamy
Non-Monogamy
Polyamory
Sexuality and Gender: The Sexual Double Standard
The Construction of “Masculinity”
The Construction of “Femininity”
Use of the Term Slut
Use of the Term Promiscuous
The Racialized Sexual Double Standard
Theoretical Approaches to Sexuality
Essentialist Theories
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Post-Structuralist Theory
Feminist Post-Structuralism
Queer Theory
The “Heterosexual Questionnaire”
Sexual Health
Sexually Transmitted Infections
HIV/AIDS
Safer Sex
Safer Sex and Monogamy
Safer Sex and Power Imbalances
Sex Education
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 10 Race and Racialization
Learning Objectives
What Is a Minority?
Race: The Social Construction of Difference
Ethnicity: The Social Construction of Group Identity
Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination
Prejudice
Racism
Discrimination
Is Prejudice the Same as Discrimination?
Explaining Prejudice and Discrimination
Psychological Theories
Scapegoat Theory
Authoritarian Personality Theory
Sociocultural Theories
Culture Theory
Functionalist Theory
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionist Theory
Multiracial Feminist Theory
Post-Colonial Theory
The Five Categories of Minority Relations
Genocide
Expulsion or Population Transfer
Segregation and Separatism
Assimilation
Cultural Pluralism or Multiculturalism
The Changing Demographic Picture of Immigration
Minority Groups in Canada
Special Status Groups
Aboriginal Peoples2
Québécois
Other Minority Groups
South Asian Canadians
Chinese Canadians
Black Canadians
The Charter and Minority Rights
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 11 Families
Learning Objectives
Developing a Definition of Family
The Changing Face of Families
The Expanding Boundaries of Family
Marriage and Divorce Trends in Canada
Marriage
Divorce
Sociological Approaches to Families
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Industrialization and the Family
Social Reproduction and the Family
Symbolic Interactionism
Roles in Families
Feminist Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
Queer Theory
Competing Demands: Income Generation and Household Management
Domestic Labour
Family Violence: A Social Issue
Intimate Femicide
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 12 Education
Learning Objectives
Education in Canada
Origins of Public Schooling in Canada
The Indian Residential School System
Mass Education
Rising Postsecondary Participation Rates
Sociological Approaches to Education
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Tuition Rates and Class Inequality
Symbolic Interactionism
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: A Classic Study
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Contemporary Studies
Feminist Theory
Early Feminist Studies
Contemporary Studies
Gendered Postsecondary Enrolment Trends
Educational Institutions as Gendered Workplaces
Anti-Racist Approaches
Anti-Racism Versus Multiculturalism
Racism, Curriculum, Perception, and Pedagogy
Cultural Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
Racism in History Textbooks: A Post-Structural Study
Higher Education: Contemporary Issues
Research Funding
Quality and Accountability
University of McDonald’s?
Academic Integrity
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 13 Religion
Learning Objectives
Religious Belief Systems
Types of Religious Groups
New Religious Movement
Sect
Church
World Religions
Christianity
Islam
Judaism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Sikhism
Fundamentalism
Agnosticism and Atheism
Religion in Canada
Theoretical Insights into Religion
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Religious Indoctrination and Identity
Feminist Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
The Future of Religion
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 14 Crime, Law, and Regulation
Learning Objectives
What Is Criminology?
The Relationship between Crime and Deviance
Deviance
Classical Criminology: Rational Choice Theory
Biological Perspectives in Understanding Crime
Sociological Approaches to Crime
Functionalism
Strain Theory
Illegitimate Opportunity Theory
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Differential Association Theory
Labelling Theory
Feminist Theory
Perceptions of Female Criminals
The Sociology of Law
Canadian Law
Theorizing the Law
Critical Legal Studies
Feminist Legal Theory
Critical Race Theory
Crime, Risk, and Regulation in Canada
“At Risk” for Crime?
Women’s Fear of Crime
Moral Regulation
The Social Purity Movement
Welfare Recipients
Sex and Sexual Relationships
Crime Victims
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 15 Health, Aging, and Disabilities
Learning Objectives
What Is Health?
Social Determinants of Health
Income Inequality and Health
Minority Status and Health
Gender and Health
Principles of the Canadian Health Care System
Health Care Issues
Access
Costs
Alternative Health Care
Theoretical Perspectives on Health Care
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
Aging
Seniors’ Life Satisfaction Level
Issues Facing Seniors
Transition to Retirement
Financial Pressures
Age Discrimination
Vulnerability to Crime
Long-Term Care and Chronic Pain
Preparing to Die
Theoretical Approaches to Aging
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
Disabilities
What Is a Disability?
Mental Health and Mood Disorders
Obesity
Discrimination against People with Disabilities
Theoretical Perspectives on Disabilities
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Critical Disability Studies
Post-Structuralist Theory
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 16 Work and the Political Economy
Learning Objectives
Economies through Time
Hunting and Gathering
Horticulturalism
Pastoralism
Agriculture
Industrialization
Post-Industrialization
The World of Work
The Three Sectors of the Economy
Professions and “McJobs”
Labour Unions
Self-Employment
Labour Force Participation and Education Level
Sociological Approaches to Work
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist Theory
Post-Structuralist Theory
Global Economic Systems
Capitalism
State/Welfare Capitalism
Socialism
The Political Economy
Weber’s Power, Domination, and Authority
Weber’s Three Types of Authority
Bureaucracies
Corporations
Global Political Systems
Monarchies
Authoritarian Regimes
Totalitarian System
Democracies
The Political System in Canada
The Division of Powers
Managing the Government
Elections in Canada
Indigenous Self-Government
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 17 Media
Learning Objectives
Media through Time
Prehistoric Cave Art
Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics, and the Alphabet
From Block Printing to Movable Type
Newspapers
The Telegraph
The Phonograph
Moving Pictures
Radio
Television
The Internet
Media Today
Streaming Television
Smartphones
Twitter
Blogs
Vlogs and YouTube
Wikis
Social Networking Sites
Facebook
Youtube
Canadian Insights into Mass Media: Innis and McLuhan
Harold Innis
Time Bias
Space Bias
Marshall McLuhan
The Medium is the Message
Hot and Cool Media
Canadian Content Legislation
The CanCon Debate
Sociological Approaches to Mass Media
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Feminist, Trans, and Queer Theory
Post-Structuralism
The Future of Mass Media
Homogenization of Culture
Internet Addiction
Internet Pornography
Increased Mobility and Access to Information
Democratic Potential and Potential to Build Online Communities
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 18 Social Change, Collective Behaviour, and Social Movements
Learning Objectives
What Is Social Change?
Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants
The Life Cycle of Social Change
Resistance to Social Change
Inspirations for Social Change
Physical Environment
Demographic Shifts
Economic Competition
War
Ideas
Governments
Individuals
Social Movements
Sociological Approaches to Social Change
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Evolutionary Theory
Cyclical Theory
Collective Behaviour
Localized Collectivities
Dispersed Collectivities
Rumour
Mass Hysteria
Disaster Behaviour
Fashion, Fads, and Crazes
Publics
Sociological Approaches to Collective Behaviour
Contagion Theory
Convergence Theory
Emergent Norm Theory
Social Movements
Types of Social Movements
Revolutionary Movements
Reformist Movements
Reactionary Movements
Religious Movements
Life Cycle of Social Movements
Emergence/Incipience
Coalescence
Bureaucratization/Institutionalization
Decline
Sociological Approaches to Social Movements
Relative Deprivation Theory
Mass Society Theory
Resource Mobilization Theory
Political Process Theory
New Social Movement Theory
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 19 Globalization
Learning Objectives
What Is Globalization?
The Origins of Globalization
Globalization Today
Defining Global Stratification
Global North
Global South
Factors Contributing to Globalization
Technological Change
Political Change
Economic Change
International Monetary Fund
World Bank
World Trade Organization
Transnational Corporations
Globalization and Poverty
Defining Poverty
Absolute Poverty
Relative Poverty
The Global Poverty Debate
Globalization and Inequality
GDP per Person
Foreign Aid
Theoretical Approaches to Globalization
Modernization Theory
Dependency Theory
World System Theory
Homogenization of Cultures?
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Chapter 20 Challenges to the Global Environment
Learning Objectives
What Is Environmental Sociology?
The Triple Bottom Line
The Triple Helix
Sociology of Food
Environmental Challenges: Today and Tomorrow
Natural vs. Technological Disasters
Climate Change
Biodiversity
Water
Air Pollution
Solid Waste
Population Growth/Urbanization
Environmental Racism
Sociological Approaches to the Environment
Environmental Paradigms
Treadmill of Production Theory
Ecological Modernization Theory
Ecofeminism
Deep Ecology
Summary
Reviewing the Concepts
Applying Your Sociological Imagination
Glossary
References
Credits
Text Credits
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 18
Chapter 20
Photo Credits
Frontmatter
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Name Index