دانلود کتاب Explosion-Proof Equipment in Hazardous Area

فهرست مطالب :

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Author
1 Overview of Hazardous Locations
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Technological Approach
1.3 Area Classification
1.3.1 Categorization of Sources of Release
1.3.2 Area Classification as Per National Electrical Code of USA (NEC)
1.3.3 Area Classification as Per IEC
1.3.4 Parameters Affect the Extent of Hazards
1.4 Comparison Between IEC and NEC
1.5 Temperature Classification
1.5.1 Temperature Classification as Per IEC 60079-0:2017
1.5.2 Temperature Classification as Per NEC
1.5.3 Temperature Classification as Per NEC 503 [12] for Class III Apparatus
1.5.4 Harmonization of NEC Codes with IEC
1.6 Product Code
1.7 Testing and Certification of Products
1.8 Quality Control of Product
1.9 Selection of Ex Equipment
1.10 Equipment Protection Level (EPL)
1.11 Ex Marking for Explosive Gas Atmospheres
1.11.1 Certificate and Marking Information
References
2 Type of Explosion Protection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Flameproof or Explosion-Proof, Ex ‘d’
2.2.1 Design Parameters of Flameproof Equipment
2.2.2 Joint Between External Atmosphere and Interior of Flameproof Enclosure
2.2.3 Construction of the Flameproof Enclosure
2.2.4 Lamp Holder
2.2.5 Material of Construction of Flameproof Product
2.2.6 Test for a Flameproof Apparatus
2.3 Intrinsic Safety Ex ‘i’
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Principles of Intrinsic Safety
2.3.3 Methods to Avoid Spark and Hot Surfaces
2.3.4 Level of Protection of I.S. Apparatus
2.3.5 Assessment for Compliance as Per IEC60079-11
2.3.6 Construction Requirement of I.S. Apparatus as Per IEC60079-11
2.3.7 Components on Which I.S. Depends
2.3.8 Infallible Components Requirements
2.3.9 Specific Test Requirements as Per IEC60079-11
2.3.10 Simple Apparatus
2.3.11 Associated Apparatus
2.3.12 Marking
2.4 Increased Safety Ex ‘e’
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Limiting Temperature
2.4.3 Ratio Starting Current
2.4.4 Safe Time tE
2.4.5 General Requirements for Ex ‘e’ Equipment
2.4.6 Drop Test
2.4.7 Terminals and Wiring
2.4.8 Temperature Class
2.4.9 Cable and Cable Entry
2.4.10 Increased Safety Lightings
2.4.11 Increased Safety Fluorescent Fitting
2.4.12 Requirement for Increased Safety Luminaries
2.4.13 Increased Safety Motor
2.4.14 Battery Box for Moving Vehicle
2.4.15 Electrical Heating Device (EHD)
2.5 Non-sparking
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Construction of Type ‘n’ Enclosure
2.5.3 Mechanical Strength of the Type ‘n’ Enclosure
2.5.4 Non-sparking Lightings
2.5.5 Restricted Breathing Type of Enclosure
2.5.6 Non-sparking Fluorescent Tube Light Fitting
2.5.7 Temperature Class
2.5.8 Non-sparking Rotating Machines
2.6 Purge-Protected Ex ‘p’
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Condition for Pressurization
2.6.3 Methods of Pressurization
2.6.4 Overpressure and Rate of Flow of Protective Gas
2.6.5 Construction of Enclosure and Associated Ducts
2.6.6 Graphical Presentation of Level of Overpressure
2.6.7 Safety Provisions
2.7 Encapsulation Ex ‘m’
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 The Encapsulation Process
2.7.3 Level of Protection
2.7.4 Requirements of Encapsulation Protection
2.7.5 Properties of Compounds for Encapsulation Protection
2.8 Oil Immersion Ex ‘o’ IEC60079-6:2015
2.8.1 Oil Container
2.8.2 Protective Fluid (Oil)
2.8.3 Design Requirement of Oil-Immersed Transformer
2.8.4 Safety Requirement
2.9 Sand Filling Ex ‘q’
2.9.1 The Enclosure
2.9.2 Electrical Components and Circuits Inside the Filling
2.9.3 Type Testing
References
3 Explosion-Proof Equipment and the Generation of Explosion Pressure Inside It
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Hazardous Area—History
3.3 Origin of Concept of Flameproof and Intrinsically Safe Electrical Equipments
3.4 Maximum Experiment Safe Gap (MESG)
3.5 Mechanism of Development of Pressure in Closed Vessel
3.6 An Analysis of the Effect of Internal Components and the Ignition Source on the Development of Explosion Pressure in a Flameproof Apparatus
3.7 Results and Discussion
3.8 Factors Influencing Cooling of Flame and Combustible Products
3.8.1 Inhibition of Chain Carrier
3.8.2 Effect of Adiabatic Expansion
3.8.3 Influence of Lag on Ignition and Turbulence
3.8.4 Effect of Flamepath and Gap
3.8.5 The Effect of the Point of Ignition
References
4 Concept of Protection Against Explosion in Flammable Dust Atmosphere
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Dust Explosion
4.3 History of the Dust Explosion
4.4 How is the Behavior of Combustible Dust Different from Gases and Vapors
4.5 Industries that Produce Ignitable Dust
4.6 Source of Ignition
4.7 Dust Fires
4.8 Apparatus for Combustible Dust
4.9 Functional Requirement/Performance Requirement
4.10 Requirement for Dust Ignition Protection
4.10.1 Type of Method
4.10.2 Ingress Protection (IP)
4.10.3 Maximum Surface Temperature
4.10.4 Minimum Ignition Temperature of Dust Cloud
4.10.5 Hazard Possibilities
4.11 Ignition Protected by Product
4.11.1 Design and Construction of Dust-Protected Products
4.11.2 Material of Construction (MOC)
4.11.3 Joints and FlamePath (Dust Path) with Gap
4.11.4 By Fastening Methods
4.11.5 Light Transmitting Parts
4.11.6 Terminal and Conductors
4.11.7 Cable and Conduit Entries
4.11.8 Shaft and Spindle
4.11.9 Maximum Surface Temperature (MST) of Enclosure
4.12 Minimum Ignition Temperature of Coal
References
5 Explosion-Proof Motors
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Flameproof Motors (Ex ‘d’)
5.2.1 Design Consideration
5.2.2 Test Procedure
5.2.3 Explosion Pressure Test
5.2.4 Overpressure Test
5.2.5 Non-transmission of an Internal Ignition
5.2.6 Maximum Surface Temperature Rise Classification
5.2.7 Installation of Flameproof Motor
5.3 Increased Safety Motor
5.4 Testing Requirements for Increased Safety Motors as Per IEC 60079-7:2015
5.4.1 Stator
5.4.2 Rotor
5.5 Development of Test Facility by BHEL with Consultation of CSIR-CIMFR, Dhanbad, India
5.5.1 Stator Winding Discharge Risk Assessment
5.6 Rotor Air Gap Sparking Assessment
5.6.1 Use of Motor with VFD
5.6.2 Cable Length and Size
5.6.3 Combined Testing of the Motor with Drive
5.6.4 Separate Terminal Boxes
5.6.5 High-Efficiency Motors
5.7 Non-sparking Motor
5.8 Harmonization of Indian Standard
5.9 Purge-Protected Motor Ex ‘p’
5.9.1 Pressurized Ex ‘p’ Motor
References
6 Testing and Certification of Explosion-Proof Equipment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Testing and Certifying Agencies
6.3 Application
6.4 General Criteria
6.5 Test Report and Certificate
6.6 Types of Certificate
6.6.1 Testing of Prototype/Type Test
6.7 Approving Authority
6.8 ISI Certification Mark
6.9 Time Factor Involved in Testing, Certification, and Approval
6.10 For Avoiding Delay
6.11 Testing, Certification, and Approval of Imported Product
6.12 Global Testing and Certification Requirement
6.12.1 Harmonization of Indian Standards and IECEx Scheme
6.12.2 IECEx Certification Scheme
6.12.3 Objective of IECEx Scheme
6.13 IECEx Product Certification
6.13.1 Flowchart for IECEx Certification
6.13.2 Flowchart for IECEx Quality Assurance Record (QAR)
6.14 Using the IECEx Certification Scheme for Medium Voltage Motors (MV Motors)
6.14.1 Product Design Approval
6.14.2 Factory Approval
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Appendix IV
Appendix V
Appendix VI
Appendix VIA
Appendix VII
References
7 Initiation and Prevention of Explosion Through Non-electrical Means
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Flame Arrester
7.2.1 Flame Arrester and Its Operation
7.2.2 Different Types of Flame Arrester
7.3 Applications of Flame Arresters
7.4 Selection of a Flame Arrester
7.5 Installation of Flame Arrester
7.6 Maintenance of a Flame Arrester
7.7 In-Line Flame Arrester (Deflagration Test)
7.8 End-of-Line Flame Arrester
7.9 Non-sparking Tools
7.9.1 Introduction
7.10 Selection of Tools
7.10.1 Material
7.11 Non-sparking Tools Test
7.11.1 Use of Non-sparking Tools
7.12 Frictional Incendivity Test
7.12.1 Introduction
7.12.2 Light Metal
7.12.3 Laboratory Studies on Light Metal Alloy
7.12.4 Different Coating Material
7.12.5 Present Status Regarding Use of (LM-6) Light Metal Alloys
7.12.6 Frictional Incendivity Test
References
8 Selection and Installation of Electrical Equipment in Hazardous Areas
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Electrical Apparatus Selection (Excluding Cables and Conduits)
8.2.1 Selection of Ex Equipment for Hazardous Areas Based on Explosion Probability
8.2.2 Equipment Protection Level (EPL)
8.2.3 Selection Based on Temperature Classification
8.2.4 Selection as Per Gas Group
8.2.5 Environmental Condition
8.3 Electrical Apparatus Installation (Excluding Cables and Conduits)
8.3.1 General Requirements
8.3.2 Documentation in Order to Ensure Proper Installation of Ex Equipment, the Following Documents May Be Required
8.3.3 Installation of Intrinsically Safe Products
8.4 Safety Requirements
8.4.1 Potential Equalization
8.4.2 Electrical Protection
8.4.3 Emergency Switch Off
8.4.4 Electrical Isolation
8.4.5 Overhead Lines
8.4.6 Cable and Conduit System
8.4.7 Types of Cables
8.4.8 Conduit System
8.4.9 Additional Requirement for Type of Protection Ex ‘d’
8.4.10 Cable Glands for Ex ‘d’ Equipments
8.4.11 Additional Requirements for Motors
8.4.12 Installation of Electrical Equipment in Gassy Coal Mines
References
9 Inspection and Maintenance of Explosion-Proof Equipment
9.1 Introduction
9.2 General Requirements
9.2.1 Documentation
9.2.2 Qualification of Personnel
9.3 Type of Inspection
9.3.1 Initial Inspection
9.3.2 Periodic Inspection
9.3.3 Sample Inspection
9.4 Grades of Inspection
9.4.1 Visual Inspection (V)
9.4.2 Close Inspection (C)
9.4.3 Detailed Inspection (D)
9.5 Important Points During Inspection
9.6 Inspection in Operating Unit
9.7 Inspection of Various Types of Protected Equipment
9.7.1 Flameproof Ex ‘d’
9.7.2 Intrinsically Safe Ex ‘i’
9.7.3 Increased Safety Ex ‘e’
9.8 Maintenance
9.8.1 Basic Requirement of Maintenance
9.8.2 Maintenance of Flameproof Equipment Ex ‘d’
9.8.3 Maintenance of Intrinsically Safe Circuits
9.8.4 Maintenance of Increased Safety Ex ‘e’ and Non-sparking Ex ‘n’ Equipment
9.8.5 Maintenance of Pressurized Equipment Ex ‘p’
9.8.6 Important Points for Maintenance of Ex Equipment
9.9 List of IEC Code Related to Inspection and Maintenance of Ex Equipment
References
10 Frictional Ignition Hazard
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Known Facts Concerning Cutting Pick Ignition
10.2.1 Ignition Mechanisms
10.2.2 Rock Types Involved in Frictional Ignition
10.2.3 Effect of Cutting Speed
10.2.4 Effect of Water
10.2.5 Cutter Pick Forces
10.2.6 Optimum Pick Design
10.2.7 Powell Has Summarized the Known Facts on Pick
10.2.8 Rock on Rock (Ignition During Roof Falls)
10.2.9 Metal on Metal as in Mechanical Equipment
10.3 Brief Survey Report of Coal Mining of Four Countries
References