دانلود کتاب Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1418)

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Contents
Part I: Extraction Methods
1: Updated Methods of Extracellular Vesicles Isolation
1.1 Background
1.2 The Regular Methods of EVs Isolation
1.2.1 Ultracentrifugation (UC)
1.2.2 Density Gradient Centrifugation (DGC)
1.2.3 Size-Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
1.2.4 Ultrafiltration (UF)
1.2.5 Immunoaffinity Capture (IAC)
1.2.6 Precipitation
1.3 Novel Method of EVs Extraction
1.3.1 Microfluidics-Based EVs Isolation Technique
1.3.2 Creative Combination of Different Methods
1.3.3 Newly Emerging Methods for EVs Isolation
1.4 Recommended Methods for EVs Isolation from Biofluids
1.4.1 Plasma or Serum
1.4.2 Urine
1.4.3 Milk
1.4.4 Saliva
1.5 Recommended Protocols for EVs Extraction from Tissues
1.5.1 Brain
1.5.2 Intestinal Tissue
1.5.3 Muscles
1.5.4 Heart
1.6 Perspective
References
Part II: Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease
2: Extracellular Vesicles and Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.1 Background
2.2 Cardiomyocyte-Derived EVs on Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.3 Cardiac Fibroblast-Derived EVs on Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.4 EVs from Other Cell Types in Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.5 Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.6 Exosomes from Cardiosphere-Derived Cells on Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy
2.7 Translational Perspective
2.8 Conclusion
References
3: Extracellular Vesicles and Cardiac Aging
3.1 Background
3.2 Accumulation of Cellular Injury and Cell Senescence
3.2.1 EVs, Aging, and Cell Senescence
3.3 Cardiac Aging and Cell Senescence
3.3.1 Cardiomyocytes
3.3.2 Fibroblasts
3.3.3 Endothelial Cells
3.3.4 Stem and Progenitor Cells
3.4 Promising Approaches: Mitochondria-Enriched Vesicles
3.5 Perspectives
References
4: Extracellular Vesicles and Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases
4.1 Background
4.2 Different Sources of Extracellular Vesicles for Therapy of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases
4.3 Native Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Cardiovascular Therapeutics
4.4 Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles for Ischemic Cardiovascular Therapeutics
4.5 EVs as Potential Biomarkers of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases
4.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
5: Extracellular Vesicles and Hypertension
5.1 Background
5.2 Extracellular Vesicles and Essential Hypertension
5.2.1 Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
5.2.2 Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular Endothelial Cells
5.2.3 Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
5.2.4 Roles of Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular Fibroblasts
5.3 Extracellular Vesicles and Secondary Hypertension
5.3.1 Extracellular Vesicles and Acute Kidney Injury
5.3.2 Extracellular Vesicles and Renal Parenchymal Diseases
5.3.3 Extracellular Vesicles and Kidney Transplantation
5.3.4 Extracellular Vesicles and Secretory Hypertension
5.3.5 Extracellular Vesicles and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
5.4 Perspective
References
6: Extracellular Vesicles in Coronary Artery Disease
6.1 Background
6.2 Methodological Challenges
6.3 Pathogenesis
6.3.1 Endothelial Dysfunction
6.3.2 Vascular Wall Inflammation
6.3.3 Plaque Rupture
6.4 Diagnosis
6.5 Prognosis Prediction
6.6 Antiplatelet Therapy Monitoring
6.7 Therapy
6.7.1 Therapeutic Targets
6.7.2 Therapeutic Agents
6.7.3 Drug Delivery Vehicles
6.8 Future Directions
References
7: Extracellular Vesicles and Vascular Inflammation
7.1 Part 1 Background
7.1.1 Mechanism of Inflammation
7.1.2 Vascular and Inflammation
Endothelial Cells
Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Monocytes
Macrophages
7.2 Part 2 Extracellular Vesicles
7.3 Part 3 Biological Roles of EVs on Vascular Inflammation
7.3.1 Endothelium Cell-Derived EVs
7.3.2 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell-Derived EVs in Vascular Inflammation
7.3.3 Macrophage-Derived EVs in Vascular Inflammation
7.3.4 Monocyte-Derived EVs in Vascular Inflammation
7.3.5 Platelet-Derived EVs in Vascular Inflammation
7.3.6 Other Cell-Derived EVs in Vascular Inflammation
7.4 Part 4 Perspective
References
8: Extracellular Vesicles for Muscle Atrophy Treatment
8.1 Major Components of Extracellular Vesicles
8.1.1 Proteins
8.1.2 MRNAs
8.1.3 MicroRNAs
8.2 Signaling Pathways Controlling the Secretion of Exosomes
8.3 Linkages Between Extracellular Vesicles and Muscle Atrophy
8.4 Potential Mechanisms Whereby Stem Cell EVs Can Prevent Muscle Atrophy
8.5 Extracellular Vesicles: Therapeutic Tools for Muscle Atrophy
8.6 Perspective
References
Part III: Extracellular Vesicles in Metabolic Diseases
9: Extracellular Vesicles and Fatty Liver
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Fatty Liver
9.1.2 Extracellular Vesicles
9.2 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in ALD
9.3 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in NAFLD
9.3.1 Extracellular Vesicles in Pathophysiology of NAFLD
9.3.2 Diagnostic Application of Extracellular Vesicles in NAFLD
9.4 Perspective
References
10: Extracellular Vesicles and Obesity
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Extracellular Vesicles
10.3 Obesity
10.4 Extracellular Vesicles in Obesity
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
11: Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Remodeling and Osteoporosis
11.1 Background
11.2 Proteins from EVs in Bone Loss
11.3 Biomarkers: The Influence of miRNA Derived from EVs on Bone Loss
11.4 Effect of EVs in Animal Models of Bone Loss
11.5 Role of EVs on Human Bone Loss
11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Part IV: Therapeutic Implications
12: Diagnosis of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
12.1 Background
12.2 Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis
12.3 Extracellular Vesicles in Metabolic Disease Diagnosis
12.3.1 Evs in Insulin Resistance, Hyperglycemia, and T2D
12.3.2 Obesity-Related Inflammation and EVs
12.3.3 Metabolic Syndrome
12.4 EVs in Assessment of CVD and Metabolic Disease Prognosis
12.4.1 EVs Increase Accuracy in CVD Prognosis Assessment
12.4.2 Proteins from EVs in CVD
12.4.3 miRNA from EVs in CVD
12.4.4 EV Content in Assessment of Metabolic Disease Prognosis
12.5 Application in Clinical Practice
12.5.1 Future Work
References
13: Therapeutics of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiocerebrovascular and Metabolic Diseases
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Extracellular Vesicles as Therapeutics: Natural or Engineered?
13.2.1 How the Natural EVs Can Be Used for Therapeutics
13.2.2 How the Engineered EVs Can Be Used for Drug Delivery Vehicles or Therapeutics
Endogenous Loading
External Loading
13.3 EV Therapeutics in Cardiocerebrovascular Diseases
13.3.1 Cardiovascular Ischemia/Reperfusion
13.3.2 Myocardial Infarction
13.3.3 Cardiac Hypertrophy
13.3.4 Atrial Fibrillation
13.3.5 Stroke
13.4 EV Therapeutics in Metabolic Diseases
13.4.1 Diabetes
13.4.2 Alzheimer´s Disease
13.4.3 Fatty Liver
13.4.4 Obesity
13.4.5 Osteoporosis
13.5 Challenges and Future Directions
References
14: Gene Therapy of Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
14.1 Background
14.2 Basic Principles
14.2.1 Forms of Gene Therapy
14.2.2 Current Pitfalls of Gene Therapy: Delivery, Durability, Off-Target Activity, Clinical-Scale Manufacturing
Vector-Associated Pitfalls
Lentiviral Vectors
AAV Vectors
Adenovirus (Ad) Vectors
Genetic Construct-Associated Challenges
Genome Editing via CRISPR-Cas System
Genome Editing Without Genomic Cleavage
14.2.3 Impact of Gene Therapy upon the Immune System
14.2.4 Safety Concerns
14.3 Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Gene Therapy
14.3.1 Benefits of EVs, as Vectors
14.3.2 Engineering EVs for Gene Therapy
14.3.3 Active Loading of Genetic Constructs into EVs
14.4 Snapshot at the Current Development of/Available Gene Therapies for Cardiovascular Diseases
14.5 Snapshot at the Current Development of/Available Gene Therapies for Metabolic Disorders
14.6 Outlook for the Near Future
References
Part V: Other Aspects and Future Prospects
15: Prospective Advances of Extracellular Vesicles Investigation in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research
15.1 Background
15.2 Current Knowledge of EVs Functions in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
15.2.1 EVs Functions in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
15.2.2 EVs Functions in Metabolic Diseases
15.2.3 EVs as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diseases
15.2.4 EVs as Therapeutic Agents for Diseases
15.3 Challenges in EVs Study
15.3.1 Challenges in Isolation and Identification of EVs
15.3.2 Challenges in Visualization and Tracking of EVs
15.4 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
16: Effects of Exercise on Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Cardiovascular Disease
16.1 Background
16.2 Acute Effects of a Single Bout of Exercise
16.2.1 Healthy Subjects
Exercise Characteristics
Sources of the EVs
16.2.2 Cardiovascular Disease
16.3 Chronic Effects of an Exercise Intervention
16.3.1 Healthy Subjects
16.3.2 Cardiovascular Disease
16.4 Summary and Future Perspectives
References
17: Platelet-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Arterial Thrombosis
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Platelet Activation in Arterial Thrombosis
17.3 Mechanisms of Extracellular Vesicle Formation and Release during Arterial Thrombosis
17.3.1 Microparticles
EV Shedding from the Plasma Membrane (Microparticles)
Roles of PS-Exposing Microparticles in Arterial Thrombosis
17.3.2 Exosomes
Formation of Exosomes
Platelet Exosome Release by Granule Secretion
Role of Platelet-Derived Exosomes in Arterial Thrombosis
17.3.3 Release of Free Mitochondria
17.3.4 Clearance of EVs
17.4 Perspectives: Pharmacological Inhibition of Platelet EV Release
References