دانلود کتاب Fiber Bragg Gratings, Second Edition (Optics and Photonics Series)

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cover......Page 1
Software Package......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 7
Introduction......Page 9
Historical Perspective......Page 10
Materials for Glass Fibers......Page 12
Origins of the Refractive Index of Glass......Page 14
Overview of Chapters......Page 16
References......Page 19
Photosensitivity and Photosensitization of Optical Fibers......Page 22
Photorefractivity and Photosensitivity......Page 23
Defects in Glass......Page 25
General Comments on FGLs......Page 362
Photosensitization Techniques......Page 28
Germanium-Doped Silica Fibers......Page 29
Germanium-Boron Codoped Silicate Fibers......Page 33
Tin-Germanium Codoped Fibers......Page 35
Cold, High-Pressure Hydrogenation......Page 36
Hydrogen Loading of Optical Fibers......Page 38
Densification and Stress in Fibers......Page 41
Summary of Photosensitive Mechanisms in Germanosilicate Fibers......Page 42
Summary of Routes to Photosensitization......Page 44
Summary of Optically Induced Effects......Page 45
Chemical Composition Gratings......Page 48
References......Page 51
The Bulk Interferometer......Page 59
The Phase Mask......Page 61
Fabrication of the Phase Mask......Page 63
The Phase-Mask Interferometer......Page 65
Slanted Grating......Page 71
The Scanned Phase-Mask Interferometer......Page 72
The Lloyd Mirror and Prism Interferometer......Page 75
Higher Spatial Order Masks......Page 78
Point-by-Point Writing......Page 80
Gratings for Mode and Polarization Conversion......Page 81
Single-Shot Writing of Gratings......Page 83
Long-Period Grating Fabrication......Page 84
Ultralong-Fiber Gratings......Page 85
Tuning of the Bragg Wavelength, Moiré, Fabry-Perot, and Superstructure Gratings......Page 87
Fabrication of Continuously Chirped Gratings......Page 92
Fabrication of Step-Chirped Gratings......Page 97
Techniques for Continuous Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 99
Tunable Phase Masks......Page 107
Fabrication of Long-Period Gratings......Page 109
Sources for Holographic Writing of Gratings......Page 110
Low Coherence Sources......Page 111
High Coherence Sources......Page 112
References......Page 117
Theory of Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 125
Wave Propagation......Page 126
Waveguides......Page 128
Coupled-Mode Theory......Page 130
Spatially Periodic Refractive Index Modulation......Page 132
References......Page 602
Mode Symmetry and the Overlap Integral......Page 136
Types of Mode Coupling......Page 138
Coupling of Counterpropagating Guided Modes......Page 145
Codirectional Coupling......Page 148
Polarization Couplers: Rocking Filters......Page 151
Properties of Uniform Bragg Gratings......Page 154
Phase and Group Delay of Uniform Period Gratings......Page 157
Radiation Mode Couplers......Page 158
Grating-Frustrated Coupler......Page 270
Theoretical Model for Coupling to the Radiation Field......Page 161
Copropagating Radiation Mode Coupling: Long-Period Gratings......Page 171
Methods for Simulating Gratings......Page 177
Reflection Grating......Page 178
Codirectional Coupling......Page 180
Phase Shifts within a Grating......Page 181
General Conditions and Restrictions for the T-Matrix Method......Page 182
Rouard's Method......Page 183
The Multiple Thin-Film Stack......Page 184
Grating Design......Page 186
Phase-Only Sampling of Gratings......Page 187
Simulation of Gratings......Page 188
References......Page 190
Apodization of Fiber Gratings......Page 194
Apodization Shading Functions......Page 195
Basic Principles and Methodology......Page 198
Material Properties-Based Parameters......Page 201
Infrared Femtosecond Laser Inscription of Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 203
Multiple Printing of In-Fiber Gratings Applied to Apodization......Page 204
Position-Weighted Fabrication of Top-Hat Reflection Gratings......Page 206
Measurement of Temperature with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 208
The Symmetric Stretch Apodization Method......Page 213
Fabrication Requirements for Apodization and Chirp......Page 217
References......Page 218
Fiber Grating Band-Pass Filters......Page 221
Distributed Feedback, Fabry-Perot, Superstructure, and Moiré Gratings......Page 222
The Distributed Feedback Grating......Page 223
Superstructure Band-Pass Filter......Page 231
The Fabry-Perot and Moiré Band-Pass Filters......Page 233
Distributed Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 455
The Asymmetric Michelson Multiple-Band-Pass Filter......Page 244
The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Band-Pass Filter......Page 249
Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers Based on the GMZI-BPF......Page 252
Other Applications of Chirped Gratings......Page 334
Reconfigurable OADM......Page 258
The Polarizing Beam Splitter Band-Pass Filter......Page 259
In-Coupler Bragg Grating Filters......Page 263
Bragg Reflecting Coupler OADM......Page 264
Theory of the BRC......Page 265
Side-Tap and Long-Period Grating Band-Pass Filters......Page 274
Polarization Rocking Band-Pass Filter......Page 278
Guided-Mode Intermodal Couplers......Page 282
Sagnac Loop Interferometer......Page 284
Gires-Tournois Filters......Page 286
Hybrid Lasers: Dynamic Gratings......Page 389
LPG Filters......Page 291
References......Page 297
General Characteristics of Chirped Gratings......Page 305
Chirped and Step-Chirped Gratings......Page 310
Effect of Apodization......Page 316
Effect of Nonuniform Refractive Index Modulation on Grating Period......Page 321
Super-Step-Chirped Gratings......Page 323
Polarization Mode Dispersion in Chirped Gratings......Page 326
Systems Measurements with DCGs......Page 329
Systems Simulations and Chirped Grating Performance......Page 331
Pulse Shaping with Uniform Gratings......Page 335
Optical Delay Lines......Page 338
Pulse Multiplication......Page 340
Beam Forming......Page 341
References......Page 343
Fiber Grating Semiconductor Lasers: The FGSL......Page 350
Static and Dynamic Properties of FGLs......Page 356
FBGs......Page 600
The Fiber Bragg Grating Rare-Earth-Doped Fiber Laser......Page 363
Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers......Page 365
Single-Frequency Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers......Page 366
Composite Cavity Lasers......Page 367
The Distributed Feedback Fiber Laser......Page 369
Multifrequency Sources......Page 371
Bragg Grating-Based Pulsed Sources......Page 372
Fiber Grating Resonant Raman Amplifiers......Page 374
Gain-Flattening and Clamping in Fiber Amplifiers......Page 376
Vibration and Acoustic Sensing......Page 478
Optical Gain Control by Gain Clamping......Page 381
Analysis of Gain-Controlled Amplifiers......Page 385
Noise Figure......Page 386
High-Powered Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 387
Coupling of Laser Diodes to Optical Fiber with FBGs......Page 388
Poling for Short Time Intervals......Page 391
Toward Higher-Power Fiber Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 392
Fiber Raman Lasers......Page 395
Ultrahigh-Power Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 397
References......Page 398
Measurement and Characterization of Gratings......Page 408
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Spectra of Bragg Gratings......Page 409
Perfect Bragg Gratings......Page 415
Phase and Temporal Response of Bragg Gratings......Page 416
Optical Low-Coherence Reflectometry......Page 423
Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry......Page 425
Side-Scatter Measurements......Page 429
Measurement of Internal Stress......Page 432
Mechanical Strength......Page 434
Bragg Grating Lifetime and Thermal Annealing......Page 435
Accelerated Aging of Gratings......Page 438
References......Page 439
Principles of Optical Fiber Grating Sensors......Page 444
Principles of Sensing......Page 446
Fiber Designs for Sensing......Page 448
Point Temperature Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 453
Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors......Page 456
Fiber Bragg Grating Fiber Laser Sensors......Page 459
Strain Measurements with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 464
Fiber Bragg Grating Wavelength Temperature Compensation Techniques......Page 465
Pressure and Loading......Page 470
Chirped Grating Sensors......Page 474
Acceleration......Page 476
Magnetic Field Sensing with Fiber Bragg Gratings......Page 479
Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Refractive Index Sensors......Page 480
Long-Period Gratings-Based Refractive Index Sensors......Page 481
Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors......Page 482
Guided Wave Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors......Page 483
Theory of the Surface Plasmon-Polariton......Page 484
Optimization of Surface Plasmon-Polariton Sensors......Page 486
Long-Period Grating (LPG) Sensors......Page 492
Biomedical Sensing: Hydrostatic Pressure Sensing in Medicine......Page 496
Oil, Gas, and Mining......Page 497
Tilt Sensors......Page 498
Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 499
References......Page 500
Light Propagation in Glass......Page 506
Theoretical Background......Page 508
Point-by-Point Writing of Fiber Bragg Gratings with Femtosecond Lasers......Page 515
Femtosecond Laser Writing with a Phase Mask......Page 516
Strength of Grating......Page 524
Conclusion......Page 525
References......Page 527
Optical Poling......Page 530
Recording a Grating for SHG......Page 533
UV Poling......Page 534
Glass Electrets......Page 535
Creating a Second-Order Nonlinearity......Page 537
Other Poling Techniques......Page 538
Maker Fringes......Page 539
SHG Microscopy......Page 541
Etching......Page 543
Elemental Analysis of the Surface and Other Techniques......Page 545
Cation Mobility......Page 547
Defects and Water......Page 549
Charge Movement......Page 550
Electrodes......Page 552
The Poling Process in Detail......Page 553
Poling for Long Time Intervals......Page 556
Models......Page 558
Erasure and Stability......Page 560
Routes for Increasing the Second-Order Optical Nonlinearity......Page 563
Increase chi(3) through Poling......Page 564
Glasses Other Than Silica......Page 565
Heavy Metal Oxides......Page 566
Tellurites......Page 567
Phosphates......Page 568
Comparison of Different Poled Glass Materials......Page 569
Physics and Characterization......Page 571
Bleaching......Page 572
Poled Fibers......Page 573
Physics and Characterization......Page 574
Quasi-Phase Matching......Page 575
Applications of Electro-Optic Fibers......Page 576
Phase Modulation......Page 578
Amplitude Modulation......Page 579
Switching and Tuning......Page 581
Polarization Control......Page 582
Voltage Sensing......Page 583
Conclusions......Page 584
LPGs......Page 601
A......Page 603
B ......Page 604
C ......Page 605
D ......Page 606
F ......Page 607
G ......Page 608
L ......Page 609
O ......Page 610
P ......Page 611
R ......Page 612
S ......Page 613
U ......Page 615
Z......Page 616