دانلود کتاب Figures of Speech

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Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
Contents......Page 6
1.1 Figures of speech and verbal language......Page 10
1.2.1 The basic characteristics of metaphor and metonymy......Page 20
1.2.2 Semiotics, semantics, and pragmatics......Page 30
1.3 Extended and transferred meanings......Page 32
1.3.1 Figurative extensions......Page 34
1.3.2 Transferred meanings......Page 37
1.3.3 An analytical continuum......Page 42
1.3.4 Dead metaphors and severed metonymies......Page 46
1.4 Schemes......Page 50
2.1.1 The gradient from non-figurative to figurative meanings......Page 56
2.1.2 Literal meaning and source meaning......Page 65
2.1.3 Literal meaning and concrete meaning......Page 68
2.1.4 Figurative meaning and abstract meaning......Page 72
2.1.5 Three analytical distinctions......Page 76
2.1.6 Conversational implicature and paralinguistic modulation......Page 77
2.2 Theory and the grounding of language meanings......Page 80
3.1 Metaphor and semantic theory......Page 88
3.2.1 Metaphor is more than decorative substitution......Page 91
3.2.2 I A Richards’s metaphor model and attitudinal metaphors......Page 93
3.2.3 Can metaphors be rephrased as more explicit similes?......Page 98
3.2.4 Metaphor and similarity......Page 100
3.2.5 Metaphor and hyponymy......Page 104
3.2.6 Primary or conventional metaphors—and analytic sentences......Page 111
3.2.7 Internal and external metaphors, and Black’s interaction view......Page 116
3.2.8 More on cognitive studies and metaphor: thought complexes and space blends......Page 118
3.2.9 Expanded and mixed metaphors......Page 121
3.2.10 The creative interaction of experience, cognition, and language senses......Page 123
3.3 Simile......Page 126
3.4 Personification, and the importance of world views......Page 130
3.5 Oxymoron......Page 135
3.6 Hyperbole and understatement......Page 136
3.7 Symbolic language......Page 138
4.1 Polysemy in punning......Page 142
4.2 Homonymy in punning......Page 144
4.3 Puns will be language specific......Page 148
4.4 The communicative function of puns......Page 149
4.5 The two meanings in a pun......Page 151
5.1 Metonymy and experiential co-occurrence......Page 154
5.1.1 The expansion test and property inheritance......Page 156
5.1.2 Metonymic scenarios......Page 158
5.1.3 Literal senses and metonymic shifts......Page 161
5.1.4 Types of metonymic shortcuts......Page 163
5.2.1 The general character of synecdoche......Page 164
5.2.2 Denotation and synecdoche......Page 166
5.3 The categorial indeterminacy of some figurative senses......Page 169
5.4 Metonymic and synecdochical abbreviations......Page 170
5.5 Metonymy, synecdoche, and meronymy......Page 172
6.1 The general character of schemes......Page 176
6.2 Phonological schemes, onomatopoeia, and sound symbolism......Page 177
6.3 Parallelism and chiasmus......Page 181
6.4 Schemes and magic......Page 182
6.5 Schemes, pedagogy, and idiomaticity......Page 186
7 Conclusion......Page 190
Appendix......Page 194
References......Page 198
Index......Page 214