دانلود کتاب First Century Galilee: A Fresh Examination of the Sources (Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen Zum Neuen Testament 2.Reihe)

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Cover\nPreface\nTable of Contents\nAbbreviations\nChapter 1. Aims, Method, and Procedure\n 1.1 Aims\n 1.2 Method and Procedure\n 1.3 Structure\n 1.4 Translations\n 1.5 Terminology\n 1.5.1 Judea and Iudaea\n 1.5.2 Toponyms\n 1.5.3 Synoptic Gospel Sources\n 1.6 Archaeological Periods\nPart One: Josephus\n Chapter 2. Josephus as a Historian\n 2.1 Using Josephus as a Source for Galilee\n 2.1.1 Josephus’ Personal Agenda\n 2.1.2 Josephus and His Audience\n 2.1.3 Josephus’ Rhetorical Aims\n 2.1.4 Outside Checks on Josephus’ Reliability\n 2.1.5 Using Josephus as a Historical Source\n 2.2 A Methodological Note\n Chapter 3. Josephus’ Portrayal of Galilee\n 3.1 Ethnicity\n 3.1.1 Ethnic Identity in the Ptolemaic and Seleucid Periods\n 3.1.2 Ethnic Identity in the Hasmonean Period\n 3.1.3 Ethnic Identity in the Early Roman Period\n 3.2 Urbanization\n 3.2.1 Population Numbers According to Josephus\n 3.2.2 Major Cities in Galilee\n 3.2.3 Urban-Rural Relations\n 3.2.4 Urbanization and Taxation\n 3.3 The Economy\n 3.3.1 Monetization\n 3.3.2 Prosperity and Poverty\n 3.3.3 Interregional Trade\n 3.3.4 Taxation\n 3.4 Political Climate\n 3.4.1 Rulers of Galilee\n 3.4.2 Patronage\n 3.4.3 John of Gischala as a Local Leader\n 3.4.4 Local Politics in Tiberias\n 3.4.5 Class Conflict\n 3.4.6 Bandits and Revolutionaries Before 66 CE\n 3.5 Religious Ethos\n 3.5.1 Jewish Religious Identity\n 3.5.2 Aniconism\n 3.5.3 Pharisees\n 3.6 Hellenization and Romanization\n 3.6.1 The Herodian Rulers and Pro-Roman Propaganda\n 3.6.2 Greco-Roman Institutions\n 3.6.3 Linguistic Milieu\n 3.7 Participation in the Great Revolt\n 3.7.1 Fortifications\n 3.7.2 Banditry During the Great Revolt\n 3.7.3 Troops in Galilee\n 3.7.4 Collaboration with Rome\n 3.7.5 Captives and Casualties\n 3.8 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 3.8.1 Ethnic Tensions\n 3.8.2 Jewish-Samaritan Relations\n 3.9 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\nPart Two: The Gospels\n Chapter 4. The Gospel of Mark\n 4.1 Introduction\n 4.1.1 Information Relevant to This Inquiry\n 4.2 Mark’s Portrayal of Galilee\n 4.2.1 Ethnicity\n 4.2.2 Urbanization\n 4.2.3 The Economy\n 4.2.4 Political Climate\n 4.2.5 Religious Ethos\n 4.2.6 Hellenization and Romanization\n 4.2.7 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 4.2.8 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\n Chapter 5. The Synoptic Sayings Source (Q)\n 5.1 Redaction Criticism and Q\n 5.1.1 Redaction in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke\n 5.1.2 Methodological Issues\n 5.1.3 Methodological Implications for This Inquiry\n 5.2 Q’s Provenance\n 5.2.1 Arguments for a Galilean Provenance\n 5.2.2 Conclusions About Q’s Provenance\n 5.3 Using Q as a Source for Galilee\n 5.3.1 Q’s Literary Setting\n 5.3.2 Information Relevant to This Inquiry\n 5.4 Q’s Portrayal of Galilee\n 5.4.1 Ethnicity\n 5.4.2 Urbanization\n 5.4.3 The Economy\n 5.4.4 Political Climate\n 5.4.5 Religious Ethos\n 5.4.6 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 5.4.7 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\n Chapter 6. The Gospel of Matthew\n 6.1 Introduction\n 6.1.1 The Special Matthean Material\n 6.1.2 Matthean Redaction to Mark and Q\n 6.1.3 Methodological Implications of the Synoptic Problem\n 6.1.4 Date and Provenance\n 6.1.5 About the Author\n 6.1.6 Matthew’s Tendencies\n 6.1.7 Information Relevant to This Inquiry\n 6.2 Matthew’s Portrayal of Galilee\n 6.2.1 Ethnicity\n 6.2.2 Urbanization\n 6.2.3 The Economy\n 6.2.4 Political Climate\n 6.2.5 Religious Ethos\n 6.2.6 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 6.2.7 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\n Chapter 7. The Gospel of Luke\n 7.1 Introduction\n 7.1.1 About the Author\n 7.1.2 Date and Provenance\n 7.1.3 Information Relevant to This Inquiry\n 7.2 Luke’s Portrayal of Galilee\n 7.2.1 Ethnicity\n 7.2.2 Urbanization\n 7.2.3 The Economy\n 7.2.4 Political Climate\n 7.2.5 Religious Ethos\n 7.2.6 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 7.2.7 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\n Chapter 8. The Gospel of John\n 8.1 Introduction\n 8.1.1 Date and Provenance\n 8.1.2 Cultural and Religious Context\n 8.1.3 Information Relevant to This Inquiry\n 8.2 John’s Portrayal of Galilee\n 8.2.1 Ethnicity\n 8.2.2 Urbanization\n 8.2.3 The Economy\n 8.2.4 Political Climate\n 8.2.5 Religious Ethos\n 8.2.6 Hellenization and Romanization\n 8.2.7 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 8.2.8 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\n Chapter 9. The Gospel of Thomas\n 9.1 Introduction\n 9.1.1 Date\n 9.1.2 Provenance\n 9.1.3 Theological Tendencies\n 9.1.4 Literary Setting\n 9.1.5 Information Relevant to This Inquiry\n 9.2 Thomas’ Portrayal of Galilee\n 9.2.1 The Economy\n 9.2.2 Political Climate\n 9.2.3 Religious Ethos\nPart Three: Archaeology\n Chapter 10. Galilee’s Material Culture\n 10.1 Population Size and Settlement Patterns\n 10.1.1 The Persian and Early Hellenistic Periods (ca. 500–100 BCE)\n 10.1.2 The Late Hellenistic Period (ca. 100–50 BCE)\n 10.1.3 The Early Roman Period (ca. 50 BCE–135 CE)\n 10.2 Human and Animal Remains\n 10.2.1 Human Remains\n 10.2.2 Pig Bones\n 10.3 Small Finds\n 10.3.1 Pottery and Limestone Vessels\n 10.3.2 Brass\n 10.3.3 Epigraphy\n 10.4 Coins\n 10.4.1 Coins Circulating in Galilee\n 10.4.2 Coins Minted in Galilee\n 10.5 Architecture\n 10.5.1 Synagogues\n 10.5.2 Basilicas\n 10.5.3 Theaters\n 10.5.4 Other Public Structures in Tiberias\n 10.5.5 Marble and Frescoes\n 10.5.6 Fortifications\n 10.5.7 Miqvaot\n 10.5.8 Olive and Wine Presses\n Chapter 11. Interpretation of the Archaeological Evidence\n 11.1 Ethnicity\n 11.1.1 Ethnic Identity in the Persian and Hellenistic Periods\n 11.1.2 Ethnic Identity in the Late Hellenistic Period\n 11.1.3 Ethnic Identity in the Early Roman Period\n 11.2 Urbanization\n 11.2.1 Urbanization in Galilee\n 11.2.2 Rural Settlements\n 11.2.3 Bronze Coinage and Urbanization\n 11.3 The Economy\n 11.3.1 Economic Growth\n 11.3.2 Social Stratification\n 11.3.3 Demographics, Population Pressures, and Living Standards\n 11.3.4 Human Remains and Living Standards\n 11.3.5 Trade\n 11.3.6 Monetization\n 11.4 Political Climate\n 11.4.1 Local Politics\n 11.4.2 Pro-Roman Propaganda\n 11.4.3 Antipas’ Rivalries With Other Rulers\n 11.5 Religious Ethos\n 11.5.1 Absence of Pagan Temples and Cultic Objects\n 11.5.2 Synagogues\n 11.5.3 Absence of Figurative Art\n 11.5.4 Ritual Purity in Galilee\n 11.6 Hellenization and Romanization\n 11.6.1 Greek Language in Galilee\n 11.6.2 Evidence of Romanization\n 11.6.3 Evidence of Galilean Resistance to Romanization\n 11.7 Participation in the Great Revolt\n 11.7.1 Fortifications\n 11.7.2 Evidence of Sieges and Destruction\n 11.7.3 Numismatic Evidence for Galilean Sentiment About the Revolt\n 11.7.4 Human Remains at Yodefat\n 11.7.5 Depopulation After the Revolt\n 11.8 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 11.8.1 Interregional Trade\n 11.8.2 Ethnic Tensions\n 11.8.3 Galilean Insularity\n 11.9 Relationship Between Galilee and Judea\n 11.9.1 Parallel Cultural Trends in Galilee and Judea\n 11.9.2 Trade Between Galilee and Judea\nPart Four: Historical Interpretation\n Chapter 12. Synthesis and Conclusions\n 12.1 Ethnicity\n 12.1.1 Who Was and Was Not Jewish in Antiquity?\n 12.1.2 Horsley’s Northern Israelite Theory\n 12.1.3 Galileans as Judean Settlers\n 12.2 Urbanization\n 12.2.1 The Context: Mediterranean Urbanization\n 12.2.2 Urbanization\n 12.2.3 Rural Growth\n 12.2.4 Urban-Rural Relations\n 12.3 The Economy\n 12.3.1 How Much Can We Know About Ancient Economies?\n 12.3.2 Ancient Economies as Underdeveloped\n 12.3.3 The Pax Romana\n 12.3.4 The Economic Consequences of Urbanization\n 12.3.5 Monetization\n 12.3.6 Evidence for Economic Problems Before the Revolt\n 12.3.7 Evidence for Economic Growth and Stability Before the Revolt\n 12.3.8 The Economic Impact of Antipas’ Rule\n 12.3.9 The Economy During and After the Revolt\n 12.4 Political Climate\n 12.4.1 Galilee\'s Political Climate Under Herod the Great\n 12.4.2 The Political Climate Under Antipas and Agrippa I\n 12.4.3 The Political Climate After Agrippa I’s Death\n 12.4.4 The Political Climate During the Revolt\n 12.4.5 Banditry\n 12.4.6 Class Relations\n 12.5 Religious Ethos\n 12.5.1 Stricter Religious Practices\n 12.5.2 Synagogues\n 12.5.3 Pharisees\n 12.6 Hellenization and Romanization\n 12.6.1 Regional Cultures Within Galilee\n 12.6.2 Resistance to Romanization\n 12.6.3 Language\n 12.6.4 Hellenization and Romanization in Galilee\n 12.7 Participation in the Great Revolt\n 12.7.1 Josephus vs. Archaeology\n 12.7.2 Galilean Support for the Revolt\n 12.7.3 Why Was Galilee Less Revolutionary Than Judea?\n 12.7.4 The Revolt’s Aftermath\n 12.8 Jewish-Gentile Relations\n 12.8.1 Interregional Trade\n 12.8.2 Ethic Tensions and Violence\n 12.8.3 Jewish-Samaritan Relations\n 12.8.4 Contact Between Galileans and Gentiles\n 12.9 Galilee and Judea\n 12.9.1 Galilean and Judean Culture\n 12.9.2 Trade Between Galilee and Judea\n 12.9.3 Galilean Subordination to Judea?\n 12.9.4 Temple/Religious Authorities and Galilee\n 12.10 Summary of Conclusions\n 12.10.1 The Picture of Conflict or the Picture of Harmony?\nAppendix 1: Q Passages\nAppendix 2: The Special Matthean Material (M)\nAppendix 3: The Special Lukan Material (L)\nBibliography\nIndex of Ancient Sources\n Old Testament\n New Testament\n Rabbinic Sources\n Josephus\n Apocryphal Christian Texts\n Other Greek and Latin Sources\nIndex of Modern Authors\nIndex of Subjects and Key Terms