دانلود کتاب Fisheries Resources Economics

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Preface
Contents
Abbreviations
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Concepts, Classification, and Characteristics of Natural Resources
1.1.1 Concepts of Natural Resources
1.1.2 Classification of Natural Resources
1.1.2.1 Classification According to the Existing Form of Natural Resources
1.1.2.2 Classification According to the Renewable Features of Natural Resources
1.1.2.3 Classification by Resource Control Mode
1.1.2.4 Classification According to the Sustainability of Resources
1.1.2.5 Classification According to the Mobility of Resources
1.1.3 Basic Characteristics of Natural Resources
1.1.3.1 Integrity
1.1.3.2 Territoriality
1.1.3.3 Versatility
1.1.3.4 Limitations in Terms of Quantity
1.1.3.5 Limitlessness in Development Potential
1.2 Concepts and Characteristics of Fishery Resources
1.2.1 Concepts and Categories of Fishery Resources
1.2.2 Natural Characteristics of Fishery Resources
1.2.3 Basic Characteristics of Fishery Resource Exploitation
1.2.4 Externalities in the Process of Fishery Resource Exploitation
1.2.4.1 Technological Externalities
1.2.4.2 Ecologically Based Externalities
1.2.4.3 Techno-Ecological Externalities
1.2.5 Other Economic Characteristics of Fishery Resources
1.2.5.1 High Exclusion Costs
1.2.5.2 Social Traps in Fisheries and Free Rider Behavior
1.2.5.3 High Transaction Costs
1.3 Development of Fishery Resource Economics
1.3.1 Evolution of Resource Economics
1.3.1.1 Emergence and Development of Resource Issues
Emergence of Resource Issues
Resource Economic Issues
1.3.1.2 Emergence and Evolution of Resource and Environmental Economics
1.3.2 Current State of Development in Fishery Resource Economics
1.3.2.1 From Ancient Society to the Precapitalist Era
1.3.2.2 The Precapitalist Era to before the 1950s
1.3.2.3 Emergence and Development of Fishery Resource Economics from the 1950s to the 1980s
1.3.2.4 Rapid Development and Improvement in Fishery Resource Economics after the 1990s
Analysis of the Current State of Foreign Research
Analysis on the Current State of Research in China
1.4 Research System of Fishery Resource Economics
1.4.1 Objects of Study for Fishery Resource Economics
1.4.2 Research Content of Fishery Resource Economics
1.4.3 Research Methods for Fishery Resource Economics
1.4.3.1 Microeconomic Analysis Methods
1.4.3.2 Mathematical Analysis Methods
Theory and Methods of the Production Function
Optimization Theory and Methods
1.4.4 The Role and Significance of Fishery Resource Economics
References
Chapter 2: Basic Principles of Resource Economics
2.1 Costs and Benefits
2.1.1 Static Cost and Benefit Analysis
2.1.1.1 Cost Analysis
The Meaning of Cost and the Cost Function
Explicit Cost and Implicit Cost
Accounting Cost and Economic Cost
Short-Run Cost Analysis
Short-Run Total Cost (STC)
Short-Run Average Cost (SAC)
Average Fixed Cost (AFC)
Average Variable Cost (AVC)
Short-Run Average Total Cost (SATC)
Short-Run Marginal Cost (SMC)
Relationship between STC and Unit Cost
Relationship between Marginal Cost and Short-Run Unit Cost
Long-Run Cost Analysis
Long-Run Total Cost (LTC)
Long-Run Average Cost (LAC)
Long-Run Marginal Cost (LMC)
2.1.1.2 Revenue Analysis
The Concept of Revenue
Total Revenue (TR)
Average Revenue (AR)
Marginal Revenue (MR)
Revenue under Different Price Statuses
Revenue in an Unchanging Price Status
Revenue in a Decreasing Price Status
2.1.1.3 The Principle of Profit Maximization
2.1.2 Dynamic Cost and Benefit Analysis
2.1.2.1 The Concept of Time Preference
The Concept and Meaning of Time Preference
Time Preference Types
2.1.2.2 Discount Rate
2.2 Basic Principles of Natural Resource Optimization and Allocation
2.2.1 Basic Principles of Resource Allocation
2.2.2 Social Cost Structure of Resources
2.2.3 Profit Maximization and Resource Allocation
2.2.3.1 Exploitation and Utilization of a Single Resource
2.2.3.2 Pareto Optimality
The Concept of Pareto Optimality
The Three Marginal Conditions for Pareto Optimality
Conditions for Realizing Pareto Optimality
Maximization of Social Welfare
Utility Possibility Frontier
Social Welfare Function
Determination of the Maximum Social Welfare Point
2.3 Resources, the Environment, and Sustainable Development
2.3.1 Resources, the Environment, and Economic Systems
2.3.1.1 Traditional Economic System
2.3.1.2 Economic-Environmental Large-Scale System
Services Provided by the Environment
Substitution of Environmental Services
2.3.2 Resource Scarcity
2.3.2.1 The Concept of Resource Scarcity and its Relationship with Economic Development
The Concept of Resource Scarcity
Resource Scarcity and Economic Development
2.3.2.2 Measure of Resource Scarcity
Physical Measure of Resource Scarcity
Economic Measure of Resource Scarcity
Resource Product Price
Resource Exploitation Expenses or Exploitation Costs
Rent
2.3.2.3 Approaches for Relieving Resource Scarcity
The Role of Technological Progress in Relieving Resource Scarcity
Technological Progress Can Discover New Resource Reserves
Technological Progress Can Drive Improvement in the Rate of Resource Utilization
Technological Progress Promotes the Substitution of Scarce Resources in the Production Process
Technological Progress Can Give the Impetus to the Enlargement of Resource Utilization and Production Scale and Realize Econom...
Other Approaches for Relieving Resource Scarcity
Increasing the Degree of Economic Openness
Improve Transportation Conditions
Effective Institutional Arrangements and Price Policies
2.3.3 Environmental Issues and their Causes
2.3.3.1 The Concepts and Features of an Environment and the Environmental System
The Concept of Environment
The Environmental System and its Features and Roles
The Environmental System
Features of the Environmental System
Roles of the Environment
2.3.3.2 Classification of Environmental Problems and their Essence
Classification of Environmental Problems
The Essence of Environmental Problems
2.3.3.3 Causes of Environmental and Resource Problems
Market Mechanisms and Market Failures
The Concept and Types of Market Failure
Effect of Market Failure on Resources and the Environment
Unclear Property Rights
Low Resource Prices
External Effects in the Use of Resources
Public Goods
Transaction Costs
Uncertainty and Short-Term Planning
Government Intervention and Government Failures
Why Government Intervention Is Needed
Types of Government Failure
2.3.4 Basic Theory of Sustainable Development and Approaches for its Realization
2.3.4.1 The Generation and Development of Sustainable Development
2.3.4.2 The Concept of Sustainable Development
Several Representative Viewpoints
Viewpoints Generally Accepted by the International Community
2.3.4.3 Fundamental Principles of Sustainable Development
2.3.4.4 Basic Features of Sustainable Development
2.3.4.5 Approaches for the Realization of Sustainable Development
Bringing Resource and Environmental Value into the National Economic Accounting System
Implementing the Industrial Policies of Sustainable Development
Improving the Modes of Economic Growth and Changing Consumption
Implementation of Natural Resource Protection and Sustainable Use
Establishment of a Macrocontrol System for Sustainable Development
References
Chapter 3: Bioeconomic Model for a Single Species of Fish
3.1 Basic Theory of Fishery Resource Assessment
3.1.1 Changes in Quantity of Fishery Resources and the Basic Model
3.1.1.1 Basic Reasons for Changes in Population Numbers
3.1.1.2 Basic Law and Model of Changes in Population Numbers
3.1.1.3 Relationship among Stock, Increment, and Yield
3.1.1.4 Population Growth Model of Fishery Resources-Logistic Model
3.1.2 Surplus Production Model
3.1.2.1 Schaefer Model
3.1.2.2 Fox Model
3.1.3 Dynamic Pool Model
3.1.3.1 Beverton-Holt Model
3.1.3.2 Ricker Model
3.2 Bioeconomic Model Based on a Single Static Fish Species
3.2.1 Schaefer-Based Bioeconomic Model
3.2.1.1 General Schaefer Bioeconomic Model
Assumed Conditions of the Gordon-Schaefer Economic Model
Derivation of the Gordon-Schaefer Economic Model
The BE Point
MEY
Existing Flaws of the Gordon-Schaefer Model
3.2.1.2 The Smith Model Based on Fleet Delay-A Fleet Dynamic Model
3.2.2 Age Structure-Based Bioeconomic Model
3.2.3 Yield-Mortality-Based Bioeconomic Model
3.3 Bioeconomic Model Based on a Dynamic Single Fish Species
3.3.1 Discount Rate-Based General Bioeconomic Model for a Single Fish Species
3.3.2 Optimal Harvest Strategy and Optimal Population Number
3.3.2.1 Optimal Harvest Strategy
3.3.2.2 Optimal Population Number B*
The Schaefer Model and its Example Analysis
Theoretical Derivation
Example Analysis
Japanese Spanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) Fishery
Antarctic Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) Fishery
Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) Fishery
Beverton-Holt Model and its Example Analysis
Theoretical Derivation
Example Analysis-Optimal Fishing Strategy for Penaeus chinensis Fisheries
3.3.3 Approximation Method for Determining the Discount Rate
3.4 A Bioeconomic Model for a Single Fish Species that Takes into Account the Market
3.4.1 General Concept of Supply and Demand
3.4.2 Equilibrium Supply Curve for an Open Fishery
3.4.3 Bioeconomic Instability
3.4.4 Discount Rate-Based Supply Curve
References
Chapter 4: Bioeconomic Model of Fishery Resources Under Ecological and Technological Interdependencies
4.1 Bioeconomic Model Under Technological Interdependencies
4.1.1 Different Fishing Fleets When Fishing for the Same Species
4.1.1.1 Theoretical Derivation
4.1.1.2 Case Analysis
4.1.2 Two Ecologically Independent Species Fished by the Same Fleet at the Same Time
4.1.2.1 Theoretical Derivation
4.1.2.2 Derivation of the Maximum Sustainable Yield
4.1.2.3 Derivation of the MEY and Bioeconomic Equilibrium Point
4.1.2.4 Effect of the Discount Rate
4.1.3 Technologically Interdependent Fisheries for Two Fishing Fleets
4.1.3.1 Fleet 1 Occasionally Fishes the Target Species of Fleet 2
4.1.3.2 Mutual Influence of Fleet 1 and Fleet 2
4.1.3.3 Technological Interdependencies: Sequential Fisheries
4.2 Bioeconomic Model Influenced Jointly by Technology and Ecology
4.2.1 Competitive State
4.2.1.1 Theoretical Derivation
4.2.1.2 Simultaneous Exploitation of Two Populations
4.2.1.3 Case Analysis
4.2.2 Predator-Prey State
4.2.2.1 Theoretical Derivation
4.2.2.2 Case Analysis
4.3 Optimal Allocation of Fishery Resources in a Comprehensive Bioeconomic Model
4.3.1 Composition of a Fishery Resource System
4.3.2 Establishment of a Comprehensive Bioeconomic Model of Fishery Resources
4.3.2.1 Establishment of a Population Dynamics Model
4.3.2.2 Fishing Operation Model
4.3.2.3 Benefit-Cost Model
4.3.2.4 Models in Terms of Social Benefits
4.3.3 Model Parameters and Information
4.3.4 Case Analysis
References
Chapter 5: Assessment of the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources and an Early Warning System
5.1 Significance and Role of Assessments of the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.2 Review of the Main Sustainable Development Evaluation Models
5.2.1 Monetary Evaluation Model
5.2.1.1 The ``Wealth of Nations´´ Measurement Index of the World Bank
5.2.1.2 Green GNP/Sustainable Income
5.2.2 Biophysical Quantity Measurement Indexes
5.2.2.1 Ecological Footprint Model
5.2.2.2 ECCO Model
5.2.2.3 Mean Trophic Level of the Catch
5.2.3 Evaluation Method for Comprehensive Index Systems
5.2.3.1 The Sustainable Development Index System of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development
5.2.3.2 The Index System of the Organisation for Economic co-Operation and Development
5.2.3.3 The Index System of the Scientific Committee of Problems of the Environment
5.2.3.4 The Index System of the United Nations Statistics Division
5.2.3.5 The Sustainable Development Index System of the US Government
5.2.3.6 The Sustainable Development Index System of the UK Government
5.2.3.7 China´s Sustainable Development Indicator System
5.3 Basic Theories on the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.3.1 Connotation and Definition of Sustainability
5.3.2 Concept of and Connotation for the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.3.3 Factors that Affect the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.3.3.1 Resource Abundance and Environmental Capacity
5.3.3.2 Population and the Economy
5.3.3.3 Technological Progress and Structural Changes
5.3.3.4 Culture and Institutions
5.4 Assessment Methods for the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.4.1 Concept of and Connotation for the Sustainable Use Assessment of Fishery Resources
5.4.2 Relativity of Sustainable Use Assessments
5.4.2.1 Relativity of Evaluation Standards
5.4.2.2 Relativity of Evaluation Indicators
5.4.2.3 Relativity of Indicator Weights
5.4.3 General Steps of Sustainable Use Assessments and a Framework
5.4.3.1 General Steps of Evaluation
5.4.3.2 Framework for the Sustainable Use Assessment of Fishery Resources
General Sustainable Development Model
Sustainable Development Model Established by the FAO
Framework of an Index Based on the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
PSR Sustainable Development Model
ESD Model
5.4.4 Index System for the Sustainable Use Assessment of Fishery Resources
5.4.4.1 Evaluation Indicators and their Index System
5.4.4.2 A General Index System for the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
Basic Indicator Types
Economic Subsystems
Yield Indicators
Fishing Capacity Indicators
Economic Indicators
Technological Indicators of Fisheries
Social Subsystem
Institutional Subsystem
Resource and Environmental Subsystem
Resource Indicators
Population Structure Indicators
Biodiversity Indicators
Water Quality Indicators
Meaning of the Main Evaluation Indicators
Economic Subsystem
Economic Benefits
Subsidies
Social Subsystem
Employment
Protein Consumption
Tradition and Culture
Resource and Environmental Subsystem
Composition of the Catch
Area and Quality of Important Habitats
Ratio of the Operational Area to the Nonoperational Area
Biodiversity
Management by Politics Subsystem
Fishing Capacity Management
Monitoring and Control Systems for Fishery Management
Property Rights to Fishery Resources
Fishery Management Measures
5.4.4.3 Principles of Indicator Selection and Screening
Principles of Indicator Selection
Indicator Screening
5.5 Quantification Methods for the Sustainable Use Assessment of Fishery Resources
5.5.1 Comprehensive Index Evaluation and Quantification
5.5.1.1 Method for Determining Indicator Weights
5.5.1.2 Method for the Initial Value Processing of Evaluation Indicators
Membership Function for Quantifying the Cost Index (ui U1)
Membership Function for Quantifying the Efficiency Index (ui U2)
Membership Function for Quantifying the Moderate Index (ui U3)
Membership Function for Quantifying the Interval Index (ui U4)
5.5.1.3 Method for Quantifying the Evaluation of a Comprehensive Index
5.5.2 Quantification Method Based on the MTL of the Catch
5.6 Basic Issues of an Early Warning System for the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.6.1 Concept and Connotation of an Early Warning System for the Sustainable Use of Marine Fishery Resources
5.6.1.1 Basic Concept
5.6.1.2 Connotation of Early Warning Systems for the Sustainable Use of Marine Fishery Resources
5.6.1.3 Characteristics of Early Warning Systems
A Cumulative and Mutable Warning Situation
The Hysteresis of Warning Signs
Complexity of the Warning Source
5.6.2 The Meaning of Early Warning Indicators
5.6.2.1 Warning Situation Indicators
5.6.2.2 Warning Source Indicators
5.6.2.3 Warning Sign Indicators
5.6.3 Operating Mechanism for Early Warning Systems for the Sustainable use of Marine Fishery Resources
5.6.4 Constructing an Early Warning Index Framework for the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
5.6.4.1 Conditions and Principles for Selecting Early Warning Indicators
Conditions for Selecting Early Warning Indicators
Principles for Screening Early Warning Indicators
5.6.4.2 Constructing a Framework for an Early Warning Index System for the Sustainable Use of Marine Fishery Resources
5.7 Empirical Analysis-Sustainable Use Assessment of Marine Fishery Resources in Various Fishing Areas around the Globe
5.7.1 Catch Statistics and Trophic Level Data
5.7.2 Evaluation Method Based on Trophic Level of the Catch
5.7.3 Changes in the MTL of the Global Catch
5.7.4 The Potential Change Mechanism for MTL
5.7.5 The Effect of Fishery Exploitation History on the Effectiveness of the 3.25MTL Indicator
References
Chapter 6: Theories and Methods of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.1 Natural Resource Accounting and its Research Progress
6.1.1 Background on Natural Resource Accounting
6.1.1.1 National Economic Accounting Systems without Counting the Decrease or Increase in Natural Resources
6.1.1.2 Proposal for Natural Resource Accounting
6.1.2 Research Progress on Natural Resource Accounting in China and Abroad
6.1.2.1 General Situation of Research Abroad on Natural Resource Accounting
6.1.2.2 Research Progress in the Launch of Resource Accounting by China
6.1.2.3 Research Progress on Fishery Resource Accounting in China and Abroad
6.2 Basic Principles of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.1 Concepts of Fishery Resource Accounting and its Content
6.2.1.1 Concepts of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.1.2 Basic Content of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.2 Characteristics and Principles of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.2.1 Characteristics of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.2.2 Principles of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.3 Basic Procedures and Methods of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.3.1 Basic Procedures of Fishery Resource Accounting
6.2.3.2 Basic Methods of Fishery Resource Accounting
Accounting Chart
Accounts Approach
Index System for Resource Accounting
6.3 Physical Accounting for Marine Fishery Resources
6.3.1 Physical Accounting for Fishery Resources
6.3.1.1 The Concept of Physical Accounting
6.3.1.2 Simple Accounting Chart for Fishery Resources
6.3.1.3 Accounting Chart for the Sustainable Use of Fishery Resources
6.3.2 Qualitative Accounting for Fishery Resources
6.4 Value Accounting for Fishery Resources
6.4.1 Theories on the Value of Natural Resources
6.4.1.1 Traditional View on Natural Resource Value
6.4.1.2 Internal and External Bases for the Price of Natural Resources
Internal Basis for the Price of Natural Resources
External Basis for the Price of Natural Resources
6.4.1.3 Composition and Classification of Natural Resource Value
The Pearce and OECD Classification System
A Natural Resource Value Classification System Suitable for Resource Accounting
Market Value of Natural Resources
Nonmarket Value of Natural Resources
Nonmarket Consumptive Direct Use Value
Indirect Use Value
Selection Value
Genetic Value
Existence Value
6.4.2 Models for the Value of Fishery Resources
6.4.2.1 Shadow Price Model
6.4.2.2 Marginal Opportunity Cost Model
Conceptual Framework of Marginal Opportunity Cost
Estimation of all Components of the MOC
MPRC
MUC
MEC
6.4.2.3 Production Price Model
6.4.2.4 Cost Model
6.4.2.5 Market Inverse Calculation (Net Price) Model
6.4.2.6 Compensation Price Model
6.5 Value Accounting Example with Shrimp
6.5.1 Overview of Shrimp Resources
6.5.2 Asset Value Accounting for Shrimp
6.5.3 Nonasset Value Accounting for Shrimp
References
Chapter 7: Global Climate Change and Sustainable Development of Fisheries
7.1 Global Environmental Change and Fisheries
7.1.1 Effect of Eutrophication on Fisheries
7.1.2 Effects of Global Warming on Fisheries
7.1.2.1 Ecological and Physical Effects of Climate Change
7.1.2.2 Effects of Climate Change on Fishers and their Communities
7.1.3 Effect of Ozone Layer Destruction on Fisheries
7.1.4 Ocean Acidification and Its Effect on Fisheries
7.2 Evaluation of the Food Security Vulnerability of Fisheries Under the Effects of Climate Change
7.2.1 Importance of Marine Fisheries in the Food and Nutrition Security of Various Countries
7.2.2 National Food Security Vulnerability caused by the Effects of Climate Change on Marine Fisheries
7.2.3 Analysis of Factors Affecting the National Food Security Vulnerability caused by Marine Fisheries
7.3 International Action for the Sustainable Development of Fisheries-Blue Growth
7.3.1 Summary of 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and Blue Growth
7.3.2 International Action for Blue Growth
7.3.3 Case Analysis of Blue Growth
7.4 Carbon Sink Fisheries
7.4.1 Concept and Role of Carbon Sink Fisheries
7.4.2 Carbon Sequestration of Marine Fisheries
7.4.3 Estimation of Carbon Sequestration in China´s Freshwater Fisheries
References
Chapter 8: Fishery Resource Management and Policy Formulation
8.1 Features and Management of Common Resources
8.1.1 Concept and Features of Common Resources
8.1.1.1 Concept of Common Resources
8.1.1.2 Basic Features of Common Resources
Shareability of Resources
Indivisibility of Supply
Externality Problems and Congestion in Utilization
Necessity of Management
8.1.1.3 Basic Reasons for the Existence of Common Resources
8.1.2 Economic Analysis of the Optimal Utilization of Common Resources
8.1.2.1 Issues in the Utilization of Common Resources and its Economic Analysis
8.1.2.2 Policy Schemes for the Optimal Utilization of Common Resources
Private Transactions
Government Regulation
Direct Control
Taxes and Fees
Transferable License System
8.1.3 Economic Analysis of the Optimal Utilization of Common Pool Resources
8.1.3.1 Policy Scheme for the Optimal Utilization of Common Pool Resources-Collective Action Theory of Spontaneous Organizatio...
Clearly Defined Boundaries
Occupancy and Supply Rules Must Be Consistent with Local Conditions
Arrangements for Collective Choices
Supervision
Graded Sanctions
Conflict Resolution Mechanism
Minimum Recognition of Organizational Rights
Nested Enterprises
8.1.3.2 Successful Cases in the Spontaneous Organization and Governance of Small-Scale Common Pool Resources
8.2 Fishery Development Stages and their Teatures
8.2.1 Fishery Development Stages Divided into Six Phases
8.2.2 Fishery Development Stages Divided into Four Phases
8.3 Connotation and Goals for Fishery Resource Management
8.3.1 Connotation of Fishery Resource Management
8.3.2 Goals of Fishery Resource Management
8.3.2.1 Ecological Goal-MSY
8.3.2.2 Economic Goal-MEY
8.3.2.3 Social Goal-Maximum Social Yield (MSCY)
8.3.2.4 Optimum Sustainable Yield (OSY) and Optimum Yield (OY)
8.3.3 Principles for Determining Fishery Resource Management Goals
8.3.3.1 Trade-Offs between Different Management Goals
8.3.3.2 Balance between Long-Term Interests and Short-Term Interests
8.3.3.3 Reasonable Allocation of Resources
8.3.4 Composition of Fishery Resource Management Systems
8.3.4.1 Environmental Subsystem
8.3.4.2 Biological Subsystem
8.3.4.3 Social Subsystem
8.3.5 Issues Faced by Fishery Resource Management during the Decision-Making Process
8.3.5.1 Nonexclusive Management
8.3.5.2 Data Issues
8.4 Policy Formulation for Fishery Resource Exploitation and Utilization
8.4.1 Development Strategies in the Course of Fishery Resource Exploitation and Utilization
8.4.2 Fishery Economic Policies in the Course of Fishery Resource Exploitation and Utilization
8.4.2.1 Investment
8.4.2.2 Taxation
Open-Access Fisheries
Dynamic Optimal Taxation Strategy
8.4.2.3 Subsidies
8.5 Measures of Fishery Resource Management
8.5.1 General Measures of Natural Resource Management
8.5.1.1 Administrative Management of Natural Resources
8.5.1.2 Economic Management of Natural Resources
8.5.1.3 Regulatory Management of Natural Resources
8.5.1.4 Zoning and Planning Management of Natural Resources
8.5.1.5 Demonstration Management of Natural Resources Utilization
8.5.2 Fishery Resource Management Methods and Measures
8.5.2.1 Open (Free) Access to Fishing and Limited Access to Fishing
8.5.2.2 Input and Output Control Management
8.5.2.3 Passive and Active Fishery Management Measures
8.5.3 Input and Output Management Methods
8.5.3.1 Input Control Management
Fishing Gear and Fishing Method Management
Gill Net Management
Purse Seine Management
Trawl Net Management
Management of Fixed Fishing Gear (Stow Nets) and Longline or Jigging Fisheries
Management of Fishing Grounds and Fishing Periods
Fishing Vessel Management
Economic Analysis of Input Control Management
Limits on Fishing Effort
Limiting the Application of the Fishing Gear and Fishing Methods
Levying Taxes on Fishing Effort
8.5.3.2 Output Control Management Methods
Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
Summary of TAC Systems
Necessary Conditions for the Implementation of a Total Allowable Catch System
Individual Catch Quota System
Individual Transferable Catch Quota System
Single-Vessel Catch Limit System
Economic Analysis of Output Control Management
Limiting the Catch
Levying Taxes on Catches
8.5.3.3 Fishery Rights System
8.5.3.4 Integrated Fishery Management
8.6 Ideas for the Development and Management of International Fishery Management Systems
8.6.1 International Fishery Management System
8.6.1.1 Evolutionary Process of Fishery Management Systems
8.6.1.2 Establishment of a Marine Fishery Management System
8.6.2 Modern Marine Fishery Management Ideas
8.6.2.1 Responsible Fishing (Fisheries)
8.6.2.2 Precautionary Approach
8.6.2.3 Responsibility of the Flag State
8.6.2.4 Design of Law Enforcement Mechanisms
8.6.3 Main Connotations of International Fishery Resource Management Documents
8.6.4 Development Trends in International Marine Fishery Management
8.7 Uncertainties and Precautionary Approach
8.7.1 Concepts of Uncertainty and Risk
8.7.2 Sources of Risks and Uncertainties in Fishery Management
8.7.2.1 Uncertainty in the Lack of Key Biological Parameters Related to Fishery Resources and the Amount of Fishery Resources
8.7.2.2 Uncertainty in the Structure of the Assessment Model
8.7.2.3 Uncertainty in the Model Parameters
8.7.2.4 Uncertainty in Changes to Environmental Conditions in the Future
8.7.2.5 Uncertainty in the Behavior of Resource Utilizers
8.7.2.6 Uncertainty in Future Fishery Management Goals
8.7.2.7 Uncertainties in Political, Economic, and Social Conditions
8.7.3 Precautionary Approach for Uncertainties in Fishery Management
References