دانلود کتاب Flashes of Brilliance: The Science and Wonder of Arizona Lightning

فهرست مطالب :

Preface
Why a Book About Arizona Lightning?
How to Spell Lightning?
How Did the Idea Develop for This Book?
References
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations and Definitions
Lightning
Human Impacts
Organizations
1 The Scientific Basics of Lightning
1.1 Introduction to the Book
1.2 Lightning Perspectives of the Public
1.3 Lightning Formation in Cumulus Clouds
1.4 Lightning Terminology
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Negative Cloud-to-Ground Flash
1.4.3 Positive Cloud-to-Ground Flash
1.4.4 Continuing Current
1.4.5 In-Cloud Lightning
1.4.6 Heat Lightning
1.4.7 Transient Luminous Events, Sprites, Jets, and Ball Lightning
1.5 Factors Leading to Lightning in Arizona
1.5.1 Turbulence Due to Daytime Heating
1.5.2 Major Elevation Changes
1.5.3 Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS)
1.5.4 Inverted Troughs
1.5.5 Hurricanes and Tropical Storms
1.5.6 Large-Scale Systems
1.5.7 Rainfall
References
2 Arizonans’ Fascination and Perspectives About Lightning
2.1 Arizona Topography
2.2 Lightning Perspectives of Native Americans in Arizona
2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2 The Thunderbird
2.2.3 White Mountain Apache
2.2.4 Hopi Artwork at Grand Canyon National Park
2.3 Arizona Sports Teams with Lightning and Thunder
2.4 Arizona’s Fascination with Lightning
References
3 Arizona is the Lightning Photography Capital of the U.S
3.1 Landscape, Geographic, and Meteorological Factors
3.2 Examples from Arizona Lightning Photographers
3.2.1 Challenges in Photographing Lightning
3.2.2 Arizona Lightning Photographers
3.3 Lightning Photography
3.3.1 Film
3.3.2 Digital
3.3.3 High Speed
3.3.4 Lightning Trigger
References
4 When, Where, and How Much Lightning Occurs in Arizona
4.1 The Monsoon in Arizona
4.2 Lightning Occurrence by Area in Arizona
4.2.1 Ten-Year Maps for State
4.2.2 Ten-Year Densities by County
4.2.3 Ten-Year Maps by City
4.2.4 Comparisons with Other States and Countries
4.2.5 Arizona Lightning Mapping from Satellites
4.3 Lightning Occurrence by Time in Arizona
4.3.1 Year-to-Year Variability
4.3.2 Month-to-Month Variability
4.3.3 Time-of-Day Variability
4.4 Special Topics in Lightning Occurrence
4.4.1 Grand Canyon
4.4.2 Southeast Mountains
4.4.3 Mogollon Rim
4.4.4 Western Desert
References
5 Human Impacts, Damages, and Benefits from Lightning in Arizona
5.1 Lightning Deaths and Injuries in Arizona
5.1.1 Annual Fatality Totals, 1926–2021
5.1.2 Decadal Fatality Rates
5.1.3 Month and Hour
5.1.4 Gender and Age
5.1.5 County
5.1.6 Activity and Location
5.1.7 Grand Canyon
5.1.8 Comparisons with Other States and Locations
5.2 Lightning Safety in Arizona
5.2.1 Odds
5.2.2 Mechanisms of Injury
5.2.3 Safe and Unsafe Places
5.2.4 Actions Before and After Thunderstorms
5.3 Lightning Damages in Arizona
5.3.1 Lightning Protection
5.3.2 Storm Data
5.3.3 Decadal Changes in Damage Reports
5.3.4 Monthly and Hourly Variations in Damage Reports
5.3.5 Damage Reports by County
5.3.6 Types of Damages
5.3.7 Costs of Damages
5.3.8 Insurance Losses
5.3.9 Forest Fires
5.3.10 Fulgurites
5.4 Positive Roles of Lightning in Atmospheric NOx Cycle and Global Electric Circuit
References
6 How Lightning Detection Networks Were Developed in Arizona
6.1 Invention of Real-time lightning Detection at the University of Arizona
6.2 Overview of Lightning Detection Milestones
6.3 Lightning Detection Development at the University of Arizona
6.4 Lightning Detection Businesses Based on Arizona Technology
6.5 Sensor and Network Development and Deployment
References
7 Lightning Research in Arizona
7.1 University of Arizona Lightning Studies Before 2000
7.1.1 Spectroscopy
7.1.2 Kennedy Space Center Lightning Studies
7.1.3 Lightning on Other Planets
7.2 University of Arizona Lightning Studies After 2000
7.2.1 Lightning-Rainfall Studies
7.2.2 Grand Canyon Lightning Studies
7.2.3 Ground Truth Calibration of the NLDN
7.2.4 Optical Studies of Lightning
7.2.5 Kansas Windfarm Project
7.2.6 Lightning Studies from Space
7.2.7 Fulgurites
7.2.8 University of Arizona Lightning Studies by Students
7.3 Other Arizona Lightning Studies
7.3.1 Flagstaff Study
7.3.2 Arizona State University
7.3.3 Observatories
7.3.4 Middle Atmosphere Electrical Phenomena Observed in Arizona
7.4 Interviews
7.4.1 Dr. E. Philp Krider
7.4.1.1 Early Background at the University of Arizona
7.4.1.2 Transition to Kennedy Space Center Studies
7.4.1.3 Early Forest Fire Detection
7.4.1.4 Growth of LLP
7.4.1.5 Die Blitz-Bibel
7.4.1.6 Early Sensor Technology
7.4.1.7 Network Applications
7.4.1.8 Arrival of Cummins
7.4.1.9 Concluding Remarks
7.4.2 Dr. Kenneth L. Cummins
7.4.2.1 Lightning Origination Over Topography
7.4.2.2 Prior to LLP
7.4.2.3 Technology Breakthroughs at LLP
7.4.2.4 Arrival at LLP
7.4.2.5 University of Arizona
7.4.2.6 History
7.4.3 Dr. Richard E. Orville
7.4.3.1 University of Arizona
7.4.3.2 Consulting
7.4.3.3 SUNYA Network
7.4.3.4 Alaska Network
7.4.3.5 Early NLDN
References
Resources for Further Information