دانلود کتاب Flora of Australia

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Front cover
Front endpapers
Frontispiece
Copyright information
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1
ILLUSTRATORS
PHOTOGRAPHERS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
FLORA EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
COMMITTEE MEMBERS
EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
INTRODUCTION
Previous floristic works on Australia
Progress of the Flora of Australia
Conventions and purpose
Second Edition of Volume 1
Acknowledgments
References
A HISTORY OF SYSTEMATIC BOTANY INAUSTRALIA
Western Australia
Northern Territory
South Australia
Queensland
New South Wales
Australian Capital Territory
Victoria
Tasmania
Botanists, collectors, early voyagers and other describers of Australian plants
Brief biographical notes on the following botanists and collectors can be found as follows:
Brief biographical notes on contemporary botanists can be found as follows:
References
Acknowledgments
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA PROJECT
Historical background
Bentham\'s Flora and plans for its revision
National collaboration begins through ANZAAS
The Academy of Science supports the cause
Requirements for a viable Flora project
A biological survey of Australia
Interim Council of the Australian Biological Resources Study
ABRS becalmed
ABRS prepares for the Flora
Permanent establishment of ABRS
Flora of Australia project established
Progress of the Flora of Australia project
Current state of knowledge of the Australian flora
Chronological list of ABRS publications in botany
References
CLASSIFICATION, PHYLOGENY AND THE FLORAOF AUSTRALIA
Floras and the classification of plants
System of classification
Formal names
Common names
The background to phylogenetic classification
Phylogenetic methods
Difficulties with phylogenetic reconstruction
True phylogeny unknowable
Reticulation
Abundant homoplasy
Inadequate fossil record
The impact of molecular data
Should classification be phylogenetic or pragmatic?
The system used in the Flora of Australia
Current systems of Magnoliophyta
References
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
18th Century
1800–1850
1851–1900
1901–1950
1951–1970
1971–1980
1981–1990
1991–present
EVOLUTION OF AUSTRALIAN ENVIRONMENTS
Australian palaeogeography
Palaeolatitudes
Relations with other landmasses
Amalgamations and drift
Separations and drift
Topography
Elevation due to collision
Elevation due to marginal rifting
Evidence for past climates
Indicators of palaeotemperature
Oxygen isotopes
Biological extrapolations
Rock types
Indicators of humidity and aridity
Biological indicators
Palaeosols
Chronology of Australian climate change
Australia in the Early Palaeozoic: low latitude climates
Australia in the Late Palaeozoic: high latitude cooling and glaciation
Australia in the Mesozoic – a totally different picture
Triassic
Jurassic
Tertiary evolution of climates towards the present
Palaeotemperatures during the Tertiary
Precipitation history
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
PRESENT ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES ON THE AUSTRALIAN FLORA
Portrait of a continent
Location
Southern Hemisphere: Oceanic Hemisphere
Meridional position
Position on Indo-Australian Plate
Insularity
Age
Size
Shape and physiognomy
Climate
Circulation Patterns
Oceanic circulation
Atmospheric circulation
Rainfall patterns and seasonality
Precipitation
Seasonality
The energy budget
Insolation
Temperature
Variability and links to biota
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
Bioclimatic interactions
Landforms and soils
Landforms
Eastern Uplands Division
Interior Lowlands Division
Western Plateau Division
Soils
Principal soil types
Links to flora and vegetation
Vegetation
Special features of the flora and its relationship to the vegetation
Structural classification of vegetation
Floristic classification of vegetation
Pattern related to climate
Tropical/Sub-tropical evergreen wooded vegetation
Temperate forests, grasslands and shrubland
Fire
Role in the evolution of the flora
People in the landscape
Arrival and impacts of Aboriginal people
European settlement
Vegetation clearance
Introduced species
Disturbance
Introductions affecting ecosystem functioning
Land use and land tenure
References
EVOLUTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN FLORA: FOSSIL EVIDENCE
Evolution of life in the Precambrian
The origin of life
Photosynthesis
Eukaryotic organisation
Multicellular life
Australian early terrestrial floras (Silurian to Jurassic)
Invasion of the land: the Late Silurian – Early Devonian Baragwanathia flora
The first trees: the Middle Devonian to Early Carboniferous lycophyte flora
The first crisis: the Late Carboniferous to Early Permian Gondwanan glaciation
Post-glacial recovery: the Permian Glossopteris flora
A second crisis: The Permian-Triassic extinction event
Recovery and diversification in the Middle to Late Triassic: the Dicroidium flora
Masters of the Jurassic: bennettitaleans, pentoxylaleans, and conifers
The Cretaceous flora
High latitude areas as regions of evolutionary novelty
The role of disturbance in Gondwana and early angiosperm migration
Plant growth at high southern latitudes
The flora prior to angiosperm invasion (early Berriasian–Barremian)
Early angiosperms in Australia (latest Barremian–Cenomanian)
Differentiation of Gondwanan elements and evolution of Australian elements (Turonian–Maastrichtian)
Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary event
Southern mid–high latitudinal phytogeographic region; source and dispersal corridor of austral plants
Summary of Cretaceous vegetation
The Australian Cainozoic
The Tertiary timescale
Regional geologic framework
Palaeoclimatic data
Major vegetation trends in the Tertiary
Palaeocene
Eocene
Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene
Quaternary
Summary of Cainozoic vegetation
Acknowledgments
References
BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE TERRESTRIAL FLORA
Description, narration and analysis
History of biogeographic studies on the Australian flora
J.D. Hooker and his legacy
Continental drift: a new paradigm
A diversification of approaches
Cladistic biogeography
Symposia
Descriptive and narrative studies
Studies on individual taxa
Are general explanations possible in biogeography?
Analytical studies in search of general pattern
Invoking processes: palaeobotany, geology, ecophysiology and climate
Hooker\'s elements today
Diversity and endemism of the Australian flora
Relationship of Australian flora to other floras
Track analyses
South Pacific track
Equatorial track
Trans-Indian Ocean track
Pan-Temperate track
Differentiation within the tracks
South Pacific track
Equatorial track
Trans Indian Ocean track
Pan-Temperate track
Relationships among the four tracks
Synthesis
Phytogeography within Australia-New Guinea
Biotic regions
Tracks within Australia
Continent-wide tracks
Interpretation
Small-scale tracks: phylogeographic studies within species
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
PRESENT VEGETATION TYPES
Major vegetation types
Closed-forests (tropical and temperate rainforests)
Open-forests
Woodlands
Shrublands
Grasslands
Floristic classification of Australian vegetation
Patterns at regional scales
Aridity gradient
Nutrient gradient
Fire
Grazing
Salt gradient
Introduced plants
Summary and conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
THE AQUATIC FLORA
TERRESTRIAL WETLANDS AND WATERPLANTS
Composition of the aquatic flora
Adaptations to an aquatic environment
General adaptations to an aquatic environment
Special adaptations to a saltmarsh environment
Classification
Systematics
Wetlands classification
Descriptions of wetland types
1. Coastal wetlands
(a) Upland swamps
(b) Rivers and tributaries
(c) Floodplain swamps and billabongs
(d) Coastal lagoons and lakes
(e) Estuaries
2. Mountain lakes and swamps
(a) Perennial lakes
(b) Perennial swamps
(c) Ephemeral lakes/swamps
3. Inland rivers
(a) Rivers
(i) Perennial rivers, including anabranches.
(ii) Ephemeral rivers.
(b) Billabongs and floodplains
(c) Swamps – overflow or terminating
4. Inland lakes
5. Mound springs
6. Man-made storages, canal systems, channels, drains, bores, bore-drains, farm storages, rice fields, storage swamps
Biogeography
The decline of wetland quality
Ecological and environmental importance
Conservation
MANGROVES
Diversity and distribution
Ecology
Threats and conservation
THE MARINE ANGIOSPERMS
Diversity and distribution
Ecological importance
Physical attributes
Chemical attributes
Biological attributes
Seagrass loss
Conservation value
Acknowledgments
References
UTILISATION OF THE AUSTRALIAN FLORA
Aboriginal use of native plants
Bush foods
Macadamia
Wattleseed
Medicinal plants
Horticulture and floriculture
The Nursery Industry
The Cut Flower Trade
Forestry
Eucalyptus
Paper
Hardboard
Timber
Huon Pine
Hoop Pine
Cypress Pine
Blackwood
Other Acacia spp.
Sandalwood
Charcoal
Firewood
Native pasture and fodder
Essential oils
Eucalyptus Oil
Tea-tree Oil
Tropical Myrtaceae - Asteromyrtus, Callistemon, Melaleuca
Boronia
Tasmannia
Olearia
Sandalwood
Native plants for revegetation
Miscellaneous uses
Honey
Wattle Bark
Brush Fencing
Dye Plants
Gums, Resins and Kinos
Soap Making
Sphagnum Moss
References
IMAGES OF AUSTRALIAN PLANTS
References
CONSERVING AUSTRALIA\'S FLORA
Introduction
A very brief history of conservation reserves in Australia
The current system of protected areas
Commonwealth
Australian Capital Territory
New South Wales
Northern Territory
Queensland
South Australia
Tasmania
Victoria
Western Australia
Collecting Permits, Import and Export Permits
Acknowledgments
References
KEY TO FAMILIES OF FLOWERING PLANTS
GLOSSARY
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Illustrations for glossary
ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS
Literature
Herbaria
States, Territories
General abbreviations
INDEX
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Back endpapers
Back cover