دانلود کتاب From habitability to life on Mars

فهرست مطالب :

Cover
FROM HABITABILITY
TO LIFE ON MARS
Copyright
List of Contributors
Foreword
Color Plate 1
Color Plate 2
1.
Habitability as a Tool in Astrobiological Exploration
Overview
Introduction
Defining Habitability
Follow the Water
Follow the Bioessential Elements
Follow the Energy Sources
Exploring the Extremes of Life
Niche-Based Multivariate Approach to Habitability
Conclusions
References
Further Reading
2.
An Origin of Life on Mars?
Overview
Introduction
Liquid Water
Carbon Chemistry
Water on Mars
The Timing of Aquatic Habitats
Possible Sources of Organic Molecules on Mars
Where are the Martian Organic Molecules?
Several Possible Ways to Start Life on Mars
The Odds for an Origin of Life
Conclusion
References
3.
Remote Detection of Phyllosilicates on Mars and Implications for Climate and Habitability
Overview
Presence of Phyllosilicates and Poorly Crystalline Aluminosilicates on Mars
Remote Detection of Phyllosilicates and Related Materials at Mars
Detection of Phyllosilicates and SRO Materials on Mars Using VNIR Spectra
Detection of Phyllosilicates and SRO Materials on Mars in TIR Spectra
Si-O Stretching Vibrations
Si-O Bending Vibrations
Detection of Phyllosilicates and SRO Materials on Mars by Rovers
Detection of Phyllosilicates and SRO Materials in Martian Meteorites
Characterization of Phyllosilicates and SRO Materials on Mars
Global Observations of Phyllosilicates, SRO Phases and Aqueous Alteration on Mars
Regional Characterization of Phyllosilicates and Aqueous Alteration on Mars
The Phyllosilicate-Rich Mawrth Vallis Region in Eastern Chryse Planitia
The Clay-Bearing Region West and South of Isidis Planitia
Discussion of Phyllosilicates and Climate on Mars
Discussion of Phyllosilicates and Habitability on Mars
Summary of Phyllosilicates and SRO Materials on Mars
Acknowledgments
References
4.
Martian Habitability as Inferred From Landed Mission Observations
Introduction
Summary of Landed Missions
Needs and Challenges for Habitability and Life
Indicators of Habitability From Landed Missions
Phoenix: Northern Latitude Soils and Water Ice
Overview
Perchlorates and Other Salts
Low Water Activity Environment
Curiosity: Fluvial-Deltaic-Lacustrine Deposits in Gale Crater
Overview
Prolonged Surface Water
Varying Redox Conditions
Organic Carbon in Mudstones
Detection of Nitrate
Alteration by Ground Water
Evolution of Water Availability
Opportunity: Burns Formation Sandstones
Overview
From Playa Muds to Sandstones
Acidic Conditions
Spirit: Aqueous Activity in the Columbia Hills
Overview
Sulfate-Rich Sands
Silica-Rich Deposits
Opportunity: Fracture-Related Aqueous Processes on Endeavour Crater’s Rim
Overview
Matijevic Formation and the Espérance Fracture
Sulfates and Manganese Oxides on the Island Rocks
Smectites, Hematite, and Sulfates in Marathon Valley
Outlook for Habitability and Life on Mars
Overview
Sustained Water
Chemical Energy
Essential Elements
Favorable Environmental Conditions
Hazards to Habitability
Overall Assessment
References
Further Reading
5.
Archean Lakes as Analogues for Habitable Martian Paleoenvironments
Introduction
Archean Lakes
Fortescue Group Regional Geologic Setting
Sedimentary Environments
Fluvial Facies
Near Shore Lake Facies
Desiccation Cracks
Tepee Structures
Symmetrical Ripple Cross-Stratification
Edgewise Conglomerate and Stone Rosettes
Fenestrae
Ooids
Near-shore Stromatolites
Shallow Water Lake Facies
Soft Sediment Deformation
Event Beds
Shallow Water Stromatolites
Deep Water Lake Facies
Biosignature Preservation
Microbialites
Microfossils
Chemical and Isotopic Biosignatures
Biosignatures That Are Notably Absent
Lessons for Martian Paleolake Exploration
References
Further Reading
6.
Evolution of Altiplanic Lakes at the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition: A Window Into Early Mars Declining Habitability, Cha ...
Overview
Introduction
Environmental Setting
Volcanic/Hydrothermal Activity
Stratigraphic Record
Geosignatures
Chemical and Isotopic Signatures
Changes in Lake Habitat and Biosignatures
Conclusion
References
Further Reading
7.
Siliceous Hot Spring Deposits: Why They Remain Key Astrobiological Targets
Introduction
Hot Spring Deposits as Astrobiology Targets
Detection of Siliceous Hydrothermal Hot Spring Deposits on Mars
Mars Hot Spring Deposits at Nili Patera
Opaline Silica Deposits at Columbia Hills
The Likelihood of Finding More Hot Spring Deposits on Mars
Geochemical Considerations
Competing Hypotheses for the Origin of Silica-Rich Deposits on Mars
Site Selection Considerations Relevant to the Return to Mars
References
Further Reading
8.
Habitability and Biomarker Preservation in the Martian Near-Surface Radiation Environment
Introduction
The Ionizing Radiation Environment on Mars
Radiation Effects on Living Cells
Radiation Chemistry of Water
Biological Impact of Various Forms of Radiation
The Maximum Dormancy Limit on Mars
Conclusions
Appendix A: Mathematical Expressions
Normal Bethe-Bloch Formula
Electron Bethe-Bloch Formula
References
Further Reading
9.
UV and Life Adaptation Potential on Early Mars: Lessons From Extreme Terrestrial Analogs
Overview
Background
A Polyextreme Environment
Adaptation and Its Limits
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Further Reading
10.
Are Recurring Slope Lineae Habitable?
Overview
Introduction and Background
RSL in the Southern Middle Latitudes
RSL in Equatorial and Northern Middle Latitudes
Color Observations
CRISM Detection of Hydrated Salts
RSL Association With Small Gullies and Slumps
How Do RSL Form?
Melting of Shallow Ice
Groundwater Models
Deliquescence
Dry RSL Models
Hybrid Models
Implications for Habitability
Should Candidate RSL Be Treated Like Special Regions?
Future Study of RSL
Acknowledgments
References
11.
The NASA Mars 2020 Rover Mission and the Search for Extraterrestrial Life
Introduction
Background and Previous Missions
Mission Objectives
Mission Overview and Comparison to MSL
Science Payload and In Situ Investigations
Mastcam-Z
RIMFAX
SuperCam
PIXL
SHERLOC
MEDA
MOXIE
Returned Sample Science
Sampling and Caching System
Sample-Related Requirements
Design of the Sampling and Caching System
Sample Caching and Potential Return
Extant Life and Planetary Protection
Landing Site Selection
Mars 2020 and the Search for Life Beyond Earth
Mars 2020 and In Situ Astrobiology
Martian Biosignatures
Astrobiologic Considerations for MSR
Some Thoughts on Returned Sample Science
Acknowledgments
References
12.
Searching for Traces of Life With the ExoMars Rover
Overview
What Is ExoMars?
Possible Life on Mars: When and Where?
Biosignatures: Which and How Reliable?
Morphological Biosignatures
Chemical Biosignatures
Importance of Geological Context for Boosting Biosignature Confidence
ExoMars Biosignature Targeting
The Need for Subsurface Exploration
Results From Previous Missions
Degradation of Organic Matter
Access to Molecular Biosignatures
The ExoMars Rover and Its Pasteur Payload
From Panoramic to Molecular Scale Through Nested Investigations
Pasteur Payload Instruments
Panoramic Camera System
IR Spectrometer
Shallow Ground-Penetrating Radar
Subsurface Neutron Detector
Close-Up Imager
Drill IR Spectrometer
Subsurface Drill
Sample Preparation and Distribution System
MicrOmega
Raman Laser Spectrometer
Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer
The Reference Surface Mission
A Suitable Landing Site
Scientific Constraints
Engineering Constraints
Planetary Protection Constraints
Possible Locations for Landing
Oxia Planum (18.159°N, 335.666°E; -3km MOLA)
Mawrth Vallis (22.160°N, 342.050°E; -2km MOLA)
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
13.
Concluding Remarks: Bridging Strategic Knowledge Gaps in the Search for Biosignatures on Mars—A Blueprint
Overview: The Current Challenge
Historic Perspective on Coevolution
Revisiting the Intellectual Framework: Coevolution as a Guiding Exploration Principle
Understanding Coevolution in a Polyextreme Environment
Exploring Coevolution
Investigating Loops and Feedback Mechanisms in Polyextreme Environments
Crossing the Uncertainty Threshold
Moving Biosignature Exploration Forward: An Ecosystem Approach to Landing Site Selection and Surface Operations
Beyond Mars
Acknowledgment
References
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Back Cover