دانلود کتاب From Intercountry Adoption to Global Surrogacy: A Human Rights History and New Fertility Frontiers

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Cover
Half title
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Table of contents
List of figures
List of tables
Notes on the authors
Preface
1 Rescue, refugees, orphans, and restitution
Early beginnings of intercountry adoption: missionaries and war
Race and transracial adoptions: controversies and change
World War II as a turning point and a conception of refugee children
Eleanor Roosevelt steps in to help rescue the children of war
South Korea: over time the most significant country of origin
A watershed moment in history: the Vietnam Babylift
Latin America: civil conflict and tough economic times
China’s one-child policy
Cambodia: a legal case study of child sales and “laundering”
Child “rescue” in the face of disaster: Haiti’s earthquake
A closer look: sanctioned government intervention in Haiti and the case of the United States
Restitution as an attempt to recognize and restore human rights
The Samoan Islands: probation and financial restitution
Ireland: the Magdalene Laundries and restitution
Spain: a shift from being a country of origin to a top receiving country
In conclusion
Notes
References
2 The politics of adoption from Romania to Russia and what we know about children languishing in residential care ...
Stalinist Policy: the case of Romania
Russia: large-scale institutions, scandal, and significant shifts in adoption policy
Looking back to understand the moratorium: four cases of Russian adoptees
Adoption dissolution: mental illness, rehoming, and Russian outrage
Child-development research evidence and institutional childcare
Conclusion
Notes
References
3 Poverty, birth families, legal, and social protection
What we know about birth mothers in the United States
Marshall Islands
Tamil region of India
South Africa
Protections: international private law
The Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption
The vision of those who developed the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption
A closer look at key elements for implementation of the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption
Hague Convention intersections with the Convention on the Rights of the Child
Note
References
4 Guatemala: Violence against women and force, fraud, and coercion, including child abduction into adoption and a new ...
International pressure in the popular press for women and children’s rights
Context of violence against women: impunity and femicide defined
Confronting illicit adoptions: pressure from human rights organizations
How such abuses persist: a corrupt system of intercountry adoption
A human rights catastrophe
Understanding Guatemala’s historical context: extreme human rights abuses and genocide during the Civil War
Research on illegal adoptions from Guatemala
Organized crime and international human-trafficking law
Human-trafficking dynamics found in child abduction for adoption: force, fraud, and coercion
Force: abduction for child trafficking into adoption
Fraud and the context of poverty and inequality: women face so-called “professionals”
Consent and entrapment of birth mothers in Guatemalan adoptions
The money trap
Advocacy in Guatemala: an outspoken and famous human rights defender and others weigh in
In solidarity: a US citizen joins in protest
Application of the best interests of the child to the child-abduction cases
The case of Loyda Rodriguez and a failure to return an abducted daughter
US adoption agencies and their role in the adoption marketplace
As adoptions ended in Guatemala: one loss was to same-sex couples and single individuals
Guatemalan adoptions today: reform and a new adoption system
Conclusion
Notes
References
5 Child-protection systems of care to ensure child rights in family support and adoption: India and the United States
Different countries: different contexts and constraints in care systems
India and the United States as two case examples
Riddled with scandals: India’s intercountry adoption system
Missing and abducted children: recent improvements in India
Other important initiatives in child protection to support families
The United States and its unique country dynamics as a country of origin
The United States and for-profit intercountry adoption activities
Differences in the US system after Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption implementation
Fair and impartial judicial processes mindful of the principle of subsidiarity
Conclusion
Notes
References
6 “Sins of the saviors”: Africa as the final frontier
Guidelines: a response to an exponential rise in intercountry adoption in the region
Ethiopia: the first aggressive push into Africa
Slowing down adoptions from Ethiopia because of fraud
Problems in Ethiopian adoptions
Malawi: the celebrity effect without growth in intercountry adoptions
Liberia and the Evangelical movement of children
Uganda: the rise of the residential care institution in parallel with intercountry adoption
Democratic Republic of Congo: is exit possible?
From controversy of illicit activities on the continent of Africa to the rehoming controversy in the United States
Minimal influence of the Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption in Africa and the case of Kenya
Conclusion
Notes
References
7 From intercountry adoption to commercial global surrogacy
A recent scandal and the intersection of surrogacy and adoption with global dimensions
Ethically complicated practices lead to the practice of commercial surrogacy being banned in Canada and many European ...
The case of Thailand: regulation and country closure
Risks of low-resource countries in commercial global surrogacy
Commercial surrogacy arrangements and multi-fetal pregnancy reductions
Child rights and statelessness
Similarities, differences, and parallels between intercountry adoption and commercial global surrogacy
Conclusion: research we have undertaken
Notes
References
8 Voices of US surrogates: A content analysis of blogs by US gestational surrogates
Surrogacy in the United States
Research on surrogates
Public expressions of surrogate experiences
Pride in surrogacy work
Identification and membership as a surrogate
Commitment to surrogacy education and advocacy
Emphasis on the child not being the surrogate’s baby
Importance of the relationship with the commissioning parents
Little discussion of payment
Conclusion
References
9 Perspectives of Indian women who have completed a global surrogacy contract
Human rights of women involved in commercial global surrogacy
Surrogacy as “work”
Evidence: Indian surrogate mothers and their views on “work”
In their own voices: interviews with Indian surrogates
Economic status of Indian surrogates and motivation for surrogacy
Medical issues
Emotional connections
Cost–benefit analysis
Research generalizability
New policy changes in India
Conclusion
Notes
References
10 The future of intercountry adoption, global surrogacy, and new frontiers
The high cost of an ethical adoption
A compelling argument and the flaw
Globally: how do we intervene ethically?
Preventing institutionalization and the movement towards deinstitutionalization of children
Poverty and intercountry adoption
Poverty: turning to commercial global surrogacy in India
Child rights in commercial global surrogacy
Our recommendations for protecting surrogates
Responding to the human rights issues: a convention on global surrogacy or parentage?
Protections and the limits of regulating practices
The future of intercountry adoption and commercial global surrogacy
Emerging technologies to address infertility and family building
Constructing life with technology
Conclusion
References
Index