دانلود کتاب Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences

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Cover FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL-FLUID SCIENCES ABOUT THE AUTHORS BRIEF CONTENTS CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1–1: Introduction to Thermal Fluid Sciences Application Areas of Thermal Fluid Sciences 1–2: Thermodynamics 1–3: Heat Transfer 1–4: Fluid Mechanics 1–5: Importance of Dimensions and Units Some SI and English Units Dimensional Homogeneity Unity Conversion Ratios 1–6: Problem-Solving Technique Step 1: Problem Statement Step 2: Schematic Step 3: Assumptions and Approximations Step 4: Physical Laws Step 5: Properties Step 6: Calculations Step 7: Reasoning, Verification, and Discussion Engineering Software Packages Equation Solvers A Remark on Significant Digits Summary References and Suggested Readings problems PART 1: THERMODYNAMICS CHAPTER TWO: BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS 2–1: Systems and Control Volumes 2–2: Properties of a System Continuum 2–3: Density and Specific Gravity 2–4: State and Equilibrium The State Postulate 2–5: Processes and Cycles The Steady-Flow Process 2–6: Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics Temperature Scales 2–7: Pressure Variation of Pressure with Depth 2–8: Pressure Measurement Devices The Barometer The Manometer Other Pressure Measurement Devices Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER THREE: ENERGY, ENERGY TRANSFER, AND GENERAL ENERGY ANALYSIS 3–1: Introduction 3–2: Forms of Energy Some Physical Insight into Internal Energy More on Nuclear Energy Mechanical Energy 3–3: Energy Transfer by Heat Historical Background on Heat 3–4: Energy Transfer By Work Electrical Work 3–5: Mechanical Forms Of Work Shaft Work Spring Work Work Done on Elastic Solid Bars Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film Work Done to Raise or to Accelerate a Body Nonmechanical Forms of Work 3–6: The First Law Of Thermodynamics Energy Balance Energy Change of a System, ΔEsystem Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout 3–7: Energy Conversion Efficiencies Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER FOUR: PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCES 4–1: Pure Substance 4–2: Phases of a Pure Substance 4–3: Phase-Change Processes of Pure Substances Compressed Liquid and Saturated Liquid Saturated Vapor and Superheated Vapor Saturation Temperature and Saturation Pressure Some Consequences of Tsat and Psat Dependence 4–4: Property Diagrams for Phase-Change Processes 1: The T-v Diagram 2: The P-v Diagram Extending the Diagrams to Include the Solid Phase 3: The P-T Diagram The P-v-T Surface 4–5: Property Tables Enthalpy—A Combination Property 1a: Saturated Liquid and Saturated Vapor States 1: Saturated Liquid–Vapor Mixture 2 Superheated Vapor 3 Compressed Liquid Reference State and Reference Values 4–6: The Ideal-Gas Equation of State Is Water Vapor an Ideal Gas? 4–7: Compressibility Factor—A Measure of Deviation from Ideal-Gas Behavior Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER FIVE: ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CLOSED SYSTEMS 5–1: Moving Boundary Work Polytropic Process 5–2: Energy Balance for Closed Systems 5–3: Specific Heats 5–4: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Ideal Gases Specific Heat Relations of Ideal Gases 5–5: Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids Internal Energy Changes Enthalpy Changes Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER SIX: MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF CONTROL VOLUMES 6–1: Conservation of Mass Mass and Volume Flow Rates Conservation of Mass Principle Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes Special Case: Incompressible Flow 6–2: Flow Work and the Energy of a Flowing Fluid Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid Energy Transport by Mass 6–3: Energy Analysis of Steady-Flow Systems 6–4: Some Steady-Flow Engineering Devices 1 Nozzles and Diffusers 2 Turbines and Compressors 3 Throttling Valves 4a Mixing Chambers 4b Heat Exchangers 5 Pipe and Duct Flow 6–5: Energy Analysis of Unsteady-Flow Processes Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER SEVEN: THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS 7–1: Introduction to the Second Law 7–2: Thermal Energy Reservoirs 7–3: Heat Engines Thermal Efficiency Can We Save Qout? The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Kelvin–Planck Statement 7–4: Refrigerators and Heat Pumps Coefficient of Performance Heat Pumps Performance of Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, and Heat Pumps The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius Statement Equivalence of the Two Statements 7–5: Reversible and Irreversible Processes Irreversibilities Internally and Externally Reversible Processes 7–6: The Carnot Cycle The Reversed Carnot Cycle 7–7: The Carnot Principles 7–8: The Thermodynamic Temperature Scale 7–9: The Carnot Heat Engine The Quality of Energy 7–10: The Carnot Refrigerator and Heat Pump Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER EIGHT: ENTROPY 8–1: Entropy A Special Case: Internally Reversible Isothermal Heat Transfer Processes 8–2: The Increase of Entropy Principle Some Remarks About Entropy 8–3: Entropy Change of Pure Substances 8–4: Isentropic Processes 8–5: Property Diagrams Involving Entropy 8–6: What is Entropy? Entropy and Entropy Generation in Daily Life 8–7: The T ds Relations 8–8: Entropy Change of Liquids and Solids 8–9: The Entropy Change of Ideal Gases Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis) Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis) Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases Constant Specific Heats (Approximate Analysis) Variable Specific Heats (Exact Analysis) Relative Pressure and Relative Specific Volume 8–10: Reversible Steady-Flow Work Proof that Steady-Flow Devices Deliver the Most and Consume the Least Work When the Process Is Reversible 8–11: Isentropic Efficiencies of Steady-Flow Devices Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines Isentropic Efficiencies of Compressors and Pumps Isentropic Efficiency of Nozzles 8–12: Entropy Balance Entropy Change of a System, ΔSsystem Mechanisms of Entropy Transfer, Sin and Sout 1 Heat Transfer 2 Mass Flow Entropy Generation, Sgen Closed Systems Control Volumes Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems CHAPTER NINE: POWER AND REFRIGERATION CYCLES 9–1: Basic Considerations in the Analysis of Power Cycles 9–2: The Carnot Cycle and its Value in Engineering 9–3: Air-Standard Assumptions 9–4: An Overview of Reciprocating Engines 9–5: Otto Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Spark-Ignition Engines 9–6: Diesel Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Compression-Ignition Engines 9–7: Brayton Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Gas-Turbine Engines Development of Gas Turbines Deviation of Actual Gas-Turbine Cycles from Idealized Ones 9–8: The Brayton Cycle with Regeneration 9–9: The Carnot Vapor Cycle 9–10: Rankine Cycle: The Ideal Cycle for Vapor Power Cycles Energy Analysis of the Ideal Rankine Cycle 9–11: Deviation of Actual Vapor Power Cycles From Idealized Ones 9–12: How Can We Increase The Efficiency of The Rankine Cycle? Lowering the Condenser Pressure (Lowers Tlow,avg) Superheating the Steam to High Temperatures (Increases Thigh,avg) Increasing the Boiler Pressure (Increases Thigh,avg) 9–13: The Ideal Reheat Rankine Cycle 9–14: Refrigerators and Heat Pumps 9–15: The Reversed Carnot Cycle 9–16: The Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 9–17: Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 9–18: Heat Pump Systems Summary References and Suggested Readings Problems PART 2: FLUID MECHANICS CHAPTER TEN: INTRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 10–1: The No-Slip Condition 10–2: Classification of Fluid Flows Viscous Versus Inviscid Regions of Flow Internal Versus External Flow Compressible Versus Incompressible Flow Laminar Versus Turbulent Flow Natural (or Unforced) Versus Forced Flow Steady Versus Unsteady Flow One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows Uniform Versus Nonuniform Flow 10–3: Vapor Pressure and Cavitation 10–4: Viscosity 10–5: Surface Tension and Capillary Effect Capillary Effect Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER ELEVEN: FLUID STATICS 11–1: Introduction to Fluid Statics 11–2: Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plane Surfaces Special Case: Submerged Rectangular Plate 11–3: Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Curved Surfaces 11–4: Buoyancy and Stability Stability of Immersed and Floating Bodies Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER TWELVE: BERNOULLI AND ENERGY EQUATIONS 12–1: The Bernoulli Equation Acceleration of a Fluid Particle Derivation of the Bernoulli Equation Force Balance Across Streamlines Unsteady, Compressible Flow Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures Limitations on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation Hydraulic Grade Line (HGL) and Energy Grade Line (EGL) Applications of the Bernoulli Equation 12–2: Energy Analysis of Steady Flows Special Case: Incompressible Flow with No Mechanical Work Devices and Negligible Friction Kinetic Energy Correction Factor, α Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER THIRTEEN: MOMENTUM ANALYSIS OF FLOW SYSTEMS 13–1: Newton’s Laws 13–2: Choosing a Control Volume 13–3: Forces Acting on a Control Volume 13–4: The Reynolds Transport Theorem An Application: Conservation of Mass 13–5: The Linear Momentum Equation Special Cases Momentum-Flux Correction Factor, β Steady Flow Flow with No External Forces Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER FOURTEEN: INTERNAL FLOW 14–1: Introduction 14–2: Laminar and Turbulent Flows Reynolds Number 14–3: The Entrance Region Entry Lengths 14–4: Laminar Flow in Pipes Pressure Drop and Head Loss Effect of Gravity on Velocity and Flow Rate in Laminar Flow Laminar Flow in Noncircular Pipes 14–5: Turbulent Flow in Pipes Turbulent Velocity Profile The Moody Chart and Its Associated Equations Types of Fluid Flow Problems 14–6: Minor Losses 14–7: Piping Networks and Pump Selection Series and Parallel Pipes Piping Systems with Pumps and Turbines Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER FIFTEEN: EXTERNAL FLOW: DRAG AND LIFT 15–1: Introduction 15–2: Drag and Lift 15–3: Friction and Pressure Drag Reducing Drag by Streamlining Flow Separation 15–4: Drag Coefficients of Common Geometries Biological Systems and Drag Drag Coefficients of Vehicles Superposition 15–5: Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates Friction Coefficient 15–6: Flow Over Cylinders and Spheres Effect of Surface Roughness 15–7: Lift Finite-Span Wings and Induced Drag Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems PART 3: HEAT TRANSFER CHAPTER SIXTEEN: MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER 16–1: Introduction 16–2: Conduction Thermal Conductivity Thermal Diffusivity 16–3: Convection 16–4: Radiation 16–5: Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanisms Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER SEVENTEEN: STEADY HEAT CONDUCTION 17–1: Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Walls Thermal Resistance Concept Thermal Resistance Network Multilayer Plane Walls 17–2: Thermal Contact Resistance 17–3: Generalized Thermal Resistance Networks 17–4: Heat Conduction in Cylinders and Spheres Multilayered Cylinders and Spheres 17–5: Critical Radius of Insulation 17–6: Heat Transfer from Finned Surfaces Fin Equation Fin Efficiency Fin Effectiveness Proper Length of a Fin Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER EIGHTEEN: TRANSIENT HEAT CONDUCTION 18–1: Lumped System Analysis Criteria for Lumped System Analysis Some Remarks on Heat Transfer in Lumped Systems 18–2: Transient Heat Conduction in Large Plane Walls, Long Cylinders, and Spheres with Spatial Effects Nondimensionalized One-Dimensional Transient Conduction Problem Approximate Analytical Solutions 18–3: Transient Heat Conduction in Semi-Infinite Solids Contact of Two Semi-Infinite Solids 18–4: Transient Heat Conduction in Multidimensional Systems Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER NINETEEN: FORCED CONVECTION 19–1: Physical Mechanism of Convection Nusselt Number 19–2: Thermal Boundary Layer Prandtl Number 19–3: Parallel Flow Over Flat Plates Flat Plate with Unheated Starting Length Uniform Heat Flux 19–4: Flow Across Cylinders and Spheres 19–5: General Considerations for Pipe Flow Thermal Entrance Region Entry Lengths 19–6: General Thermal Analysis Constant Surface Heat Flux (qs = constant) Constant Surface Temperature (Ts = constant) 19–7: Laminar Flow in Tubes Constant Surface Heat Flux Constant Surface Temperature Laminar Flow in Noncircular Tubes Developing Laminar Flow in the Entrance Region 19–8: Turbulent Flow in Tubes Developing Turbulent Flow in the Entrance Region Turbulent Flow in Noncircular Tubes Flow Through Tube Annulus Heat Transfer Enhancement Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER TWENTY: NATURAL CONVECTION 20–1: Physical Mechanism of Natural Convection 20–2: Equation Of Motion and the Grashof Number The Grashof Number 20–3: Natural Convection Over Surfaces Vertical Plates (Ts = constant) Vertical Plates ( qs = constant) Vertical Cylinders Inclined Plates Horizontal Plates Horizontal Cylinders and Spheres 20–4: Natural Convection Inside Enclosures Effective Thermal Conductivity Horizontal Rectangular Enclosures Inclined Rectangular Enclosures Vertical Rectangular Enclosures Concentric Cylinders Concentric Spheres Combined Natural Convection and Radiation Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER TWENTY ONE: RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER 21–1: Introduction 21–2: Thermal Radiation 21–3: Blackbody Radiation 21–4: Radiative Properties Emissivity Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmissivity Kirchhoff’s Law The Greenhouse Effect 21–5: The View Factor 21–6: View Factor Relations 1 The Reciprocity Relation 2 The Summation Rule 3 The Superposition Rule 4 The Symmetry Rule View Factors Between Infinitely Long Surfaces: The Crossed-Strings Method 21–7: Radiation Heat Transfer: Black Surfaces 21–8: Radiation Heat Transfer: Diffuse, Gray Surfaces Radiosity Net Radiation Heat Transfer to or from a Surface Net Radiation Heat Transfer Between Any Two Surfaces Methods of Solving Radiation Problems Radiation Heat Transfer in Two-Surface Enclosures Radiation Heat Transfer in Three-Surface Enclosures Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems CHAPTER TWENTY TWO: HEAT EXCHANGERS 22–1: Types of Heat Exchangers 22–2: The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Fouling Factor 22–3: Analysis of Heat Exchangers 22–4: The Log Mean Temperature Difference Method Counterflow Heat Exchangers Multipass and Crossflow Heat Exchangers: Use of a Correction Factor 22–5: The Effectiveness–Ntu Method Summary References and Suggested Reading Problems APPENDIX 1: PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (SI UNITS) TABLE A–1: Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties TABLE A–2: Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases TABLE A–3: Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods TABLE A–4: Saturated water—Temperature table TABLE A–5: Saturated water—Pressure table TABLE A–6 : Superheated water TABLE A–7: Compressed liquid water TABLE A–8: Saturated ice–water vapor FIGURE A–9: T-s diagram for water FIGURE A–10: Mollier diagram for water TABLE A–11: Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table TABLE A–12: Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table TABLE A–13: Superheated refrigerant-134a FIGURE A–14: P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a TABLE A–15: Properties of saturated water TABLE A–16: Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a TABLE A–17: Properties of saturated ammonia TABLE A–18: Properties of saturated propane TABLE A–19: Properties of liquids TABLE A–20: Properties of liquid metals TABLE A–21: Ideal-gas properties of air TABLE A–22: Properties of air at 1 atm pressure TABLE A–23: Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure TABLE A–24: Properties of solid metals TABLE A–25: Properties of solid nonmetals TABLE A–26: Emissivities of surfaces FIGURE A–27: The Moody chart FIGURE A–28: Nelson–Obert generalized compressibility chart APPENDIX 2: PROPERTY TABLES AND CHARTS (ENGLISH UNITS) Table A–1E: Molar mass, gas constant, and critical-point properties Table A–2E: Ideal-gas specific heats of various common gases Table A–3E: Properties of common liquids, solids, and foods Table A–4E: Saturated water—Temperature table Table A–5E: Saturated water—Pressure table Table A–6E: Superheated water Table A–7E: Compressed liquid water Table A–8E: Saturated ice–water vapor Figure A–9E: T-s diagram for water Figure A–10E: Mollier diagram for water Table A–11E: Saturated refrigerant-134a—Temperature table Table A–12E: Saturated refrigerant-134a—Pressure table Table A–13E: Superheated refrigerant-134a Figure A–14E: P-h diagram for refrigerant-134a Table A–15E: Properties of saturated water Table A–16E: Properties of saturated refrigerant-134a Table A–17E: Properties of saturated ammonia Table A–18E: Properties of saturated propane Table A–19E: Properties of liquids Table A–20E: Properties of liquid metals Table A–21E: Ideal-gas properties of air Table A–22E: Properties of air at 1 atm pressure Table A–23E: Properties of gases at 1 atm pressure Table A–24E: Properties of solid metals Table A–25E: Properties of solid nonmetals INDEX NOMENCLATURE Conversion Factors and Some Physical Constants