دانلود کتاب Geological hazards : their assessment, avoidance, and mitigation

فهرست مطالب :

Contents......Page 4
1.1 Introduction......Page 8
1.2 Risk assessment......Page 12
1.3 Remote sensing, aerial photographs and hazards......Page 14
1.4 Hazard maps......Page 16
1.5 Land-use planning and hazards......Page 19
References......Page 21
2.1 Introduction......Page 23
2.2 Volcanic form and structure......Page 25
2.3 Types of central eruption......Page 32
2.4 Volcanic products: volatiles......Page 35
2.5 Volcanic products: pyroclasts......Page 36
2.6 Volcanic products: lava flows......Page 39
2.7 Mudflows or Iahars......Page 44
2.8 Volcanic hazard and prediction......Page 45
2.8.1 Methods of prediction......Page 46
2.8.2 Assessmet of volcanic hazard and risk......Page 50
2.8.3 Dealing with volcanic activity......Page 60
References......Page 63
3.1 Introduction......Page 66
3.2 Intensity and magnitude of earthquakes......Page 69
3.3 Effects of earthquakes......Page 77
3.4 Ground conditions and seismicity......Page 79
3.5.1 Earthquake prediction......Page 83
3.5.2 Assessment of movement along faults......Page 88
3.5.3 Aseismic investigation......Page 89
3.5.4 Accelerographs......Page 91
3.6 Seismic hazard and risk......Page 92
3.7 Seismic zoning......Page 94
3.8.2 Dynamic behaviour of structures......Page 101
3.8.3 Earthquake spectra and the design earthquake......Page 102
3.9 Structural damage and its prevention......Page 104
3.10 Earthquakes and dams......Page 110
3.11 Induced seismicity......Page 112
References......Page 117
4.1 Soil creep and valley bulging......Page 121
4.2 Causes of landslides......Page 123
4.3 Classisfication of landslides......Page 129
4.3.1 Falls......Page 131
4.3.2 Slides......Page 134
4.3.3 Flows......Page 136
4.4 Landslides in soils......Page 139
4.5 Landslides in rock masses......Page 142
4.6 A brief note on slope stability analysis......Page 146
4.7 Monitoring slopes......Page 151
4.7.1 Monitoring movement......Page 152
4.7.2 Monitoring load......Page 154
4.7.3 Monitoring groundwater......Page 155
4.8 Landslide hazard, investigation and mapping......Page 157
4.9.1 Rockfall treatment......Page 170
4.9.2 Alteration of slope geometry......Page 172
4.9.3 Reinforcement of slopes......Page 173
4.9.4 Restraining structures......Page 176
4.9.5 Drainage......Page 180
References......Page 182
5.1 Quicksands......Page 188
5.2 Expansive clays......Page 192
5.3 Dispersive soils......Page 202
5.4 Collapsible soils......Page 209
5.5 Quick clays......Page 214
5.6 Soils of arid regions......Page 220
5.7 Tropical soils......Page 225
5.8 Peat......Page 233
5.9 Frozen soil......Page 237
References......Page 246
6.1 Fluvial processes......Page 252
6.1.1 River flow......Page 256
6.1.2 River erosion......Page 260
6.1.3 River transport......Page 261
6.2 Floods......Page 268
6.3 Factors affecting run-off......Page 271
6.4.2 Measurement of current velocity......Page 278
6.4.3 Peak flow......Page 279
6.4.4 Hydrograph analysis......Page 282
6.5 Hazard zoning, warning systems and adjustments......Page 284
6.6 River control and flood regulation......Page 288
6.6.1 River training......Page 289
6.6.2 Dredging......Page 290
6.6.3 The design flood and flood control......Page 291
References......Page 296
Marine action and control......Page 299
7.1 Waves......Page 300
7.1.1 Force and height of waves......Page 301
7.1.2 Wave refraction......Page 305
7.2 Tides......Page 306
7.3 Beach zones......Page 307
7.4 Coastal erosion......Page 311
7.5 Beaches and longshore drift......Page 313
7.6 Storm surges and marine inundation......Page 316
7.7 Shoreline investigation......Page 321
7.7.1 Recording devices......Page 322
7.7.2 Topographic and hydrographic surveys......Page 324
7.7.3 Modelling......Page 325
7.8.1 Sea walls......Page 326
7.8.2 Breakwaters......Page 328
7.8.3 Embankments......Page 330
7.8.4 Revetments......Page 331
7.9.1 Groynes......Page 332
7.9.2 Beach replenishment......Page 335
7.10 Tsunamis......Page 336
References......Page 341
8.1 Introduction......Page 344
8.2 Wind action......Page 346
8.3 Desert dunes......Page 352
8.4 Stream action in arid and semi-arid regions......Page 356
8.5 Flooding and sediment problems......Page 362
8.6 Movement of dust and sand......Page 364
8.7 Sabkha soil conditions......Page 377
8.8 Salt weathering......Page 381
References......Page 394
9.1 Introdcution......Page 397
9.2 Estimation of soil loss......Page 404
9.3 Sediment yield......Page 407
9.4 The Universal Soil Loss Equation......Page 411
9.5 Soil erosion by wind......Page 420
9.6 Erosion control and conservation practices......Page 426
9.6.1 Conversvation measures for water erosion......Page 428
9.6.2 Conservation measures for wind erosion......Page 432
9.7 Assessment of soil erosion......Page 433
9.8 Desertification......Page 443
9.9 Irrigation......Page 446
References......Page 455
10.1 Introduction......Page 459
10.2 Domestic refuse and sanitary landfills......Page 461
10.2.1 Design considerations for a landfill......Page 464
10.2.2 Degradation of waste in landfills......Page 478
10.2.3 Attenuation of leachate......Page 479
10.2.4 Surface and groundwater pollution......Page 481
10.2.5 Landfill and gas formation......Page 483
10.3 Hazardous wastes......Page 486
10.4 Radioactive waste......Page 490
10.5 Waste materials from mining......Page 497
10.5.1 Basic properties of coarse discard associated with colliery spoil heaps......Page 498
10.5.2 Spoil heap material and combustion......Page 501
10.5.3 Restoration of spoil heaps......Page 502
10.5.4 Waste disposal in tailings dams......Page 504
10.6 Contaminated land......Page 509
10.7 Remediation of contaminated land......Page 519
10.7.1 Soil remediation......Page 520
10.7.2 Groundwater remediation......Page 523
References......Page 524
11.1 Introduction......Page 529
11.2 A note on groundwater quality......Page 530
11.3 Rock type, pllution potential and attenuation of a pollutant......Page 533
11.4 Faulty well design and construction......Page 536
11.4 Induced infiltration......Page 537
11.5 Leachate from landfill sites......Page 540
11.6 Saline intrusion......Page 545
11.7 Nitrate pollution......Page 549
11.8 The problem of acid mine drainage......Page 550
11.8 Waste waters and effluents from coal mines......Page 557
11.9 Other causer of pollution......Page 561
11.10 Groundwater monitoring and artificial......Page 563
References......Page 569
12.2 Pillar and stall workings and their potential failure......Page 573
12.3 Investigations in areas of abandoned mine workings......Page 582
12.4 Old mine workings and hazard zoning......Page 587
12.5 Measures to reduce or avoid subsidence effects due to old mine workings......Page 591
12.6 Old mine shafts......Page 593
12.7 Longwell mining and subsidence......Page 597
12.7.1 Geological factors and subsidence due to longwall mining......Page 601
12.7.2 Prediction of subsidence due to longwall mining......Page 603
12.8 Damage associated with ground movements......Page 605
12.9 Measures to mitigate the effects of subsidence due to longwall mining......Page 610
12.10 Metalliferous mining......Page 612
12.11.1 Subsidence associated with groundwater abstraction......Page 614
12.11.2 Sinkholes and subsidence......Page 616
12.11.4 Subsidence due to the abstraction of oil or gas......Page 619
12.11.5 Subsidence due to the abstraction of brine......Page 621
12.11.6 Ground failure and the abstraction of fluids......Page 623
12.11.7 Prediction of subsidence due to the abstraction of fluids......Page 626
References......Page 627