دانلود کتاب Global Surgery: How to Work and Teach in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

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Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Introduction
First, Do no Harm
Know Your Patients
Reach Your Objectives
Learn, Teach, and Serve with the Humility to Listen, Learn, and Grow
Support and Interactions
Specific Surgical Interventions
Surgical and Anesthesia Program Initiatives
Additional Challenges
References
Part I: System Strengthening
2: How to Prepare for Short- or Long-Term Surgical Practice in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Scope of Medical Trainee or Practitioner in Global Health Involvement
Preparations
The Visitor’s Role at the Host Facility
Availability of Supervision
Record Keeping
Impact of Global Health Experiences
Volunteer-Trainee Perspective
Host Institution Perspective
References
3: How to Maintain Ethical Standards of Global Surgery Practice and Partnerships
Introduction
Ethical Challenges in the History of Global Surgery
Frameworks for Global Surgery Ethics for Practice and Partnerships
The Ethical Fishing Principles
Projects – Guidelines for HIC Surgeons on Establishing Projects in Low-Income Countries
Partnerships – The Monette Principles Applicable to Global Surgery
Education – The Fair-Trade Learning Rubric and Principles Applicable to Global Surgery [18]
Practice – Mitigating the “Seven Sins of Humanitarian Medicine” Framework [12]
Practical Considerations
Ethical Considerations in Trans-Border Global Surgical Care Delivery
Ethical Engagement and Planning
Execution of Surgical Interventions and Missions
Ethical Quality Improvement Assessment
Ethical Adjustments
Ethical Considerations in Trans-Border Global Surgery Education
Ethical Considerations in Trans-Border Global Surgery Research
Ethics of Involvement of Partners in Research
Ethics of Authorship
Institutional Review Boards (IRB) and Permissions for Research
Data Management and Publishing
Photography, Publicity, and Social Media
Ethical Considerations in Trans-Border Global Surgery Partnerships and Collaborations
Conclusions
References
4: How to Develop Bidirectional Partnerships
Introduction
The Pan-African Academy of Christian Surgeons Experience
The Vanderbilt-Kijabe, Kenya Experience
Barriers to Bidirectional Partnership and a Call to Action
References
5: How to Strengthen Surgical Systems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
What Is Surgical System Strengthening?
What Are Health Systems?
What Is Health System Strengthening?
Why Is Global Surgery Health System Strengthening Important?
Key Steps in Surgical System Strengthening
Securing Political Commitment
Conducting Health System Assessments
Priority Setting and Planning
Designing and Implementing Locally Contextualized Interventions
Monitoring and Evaluation
Developing a Toolkit for Surgical System Strengthening
Future Directions for Surgical System Strengthening
Conclusion
References
6: How to Do Surgical Needs Assessments: Where to Start, How to Do It, and What to Keep in Mind
Introduction
What Is Surgical Care? What Is “Surgical Need”?
Initiation of Surgical Needs Research
Local Leadership and Expertise
Open Mind – An Approach Beyond the Operating Room
Beyond Treatment
Biases
Frameworks
Framework 1: Surgical Measurements and Phases of Surgical Care
Framework 2: The 5As of Access to Health Care
The Levels of Surgical Needs Assessments
Level 1: The Population (Fig. 6.1)
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Sampling Strategies
Barriers in Population-Based Research
Level 1: Population-Based Survey Tools
Level 2: Hospital Level
Level 3: Availability and Quality of Surgical Procedures
Level 4: Ministry of Health (MOH)
Level 5: Global Estimations
Conclusions
References
7: How to Build Pediatric Neurosurgical Capacity Practice in Low- and Middle-Income Countries and How to Focus on Treatment of a Neurosurgical Disease
Background
The Medical Landscape in 2009
Early Experience – 2009 – SBH simply was “not on the radar”
The Birth of an Idea
Steps in Establishing the Pediatric Neurosurgical Program
The Early Days of Neurosurgery in Ethiopia
Paradigm Shift
Other Significant Considerations in Establishing a Multi-Specialty Treatment Program for SBH
Building Public Awareness of SBH
The Present Urgency for Prevention and Treatment of SBH is Worldwide
The Impact of Food Fortification on Neurosurgical Manpower in Ethiopia
Conclusion
References
8: How to Train Surgical Subspecialists in Sub-Saharan Africa
Introduction
Background – Ethiopia
Ethiopia Declares the Desire to Offer Kidney Transplant Services
Background – Renal Failure Care in Addis Ababa in 2013
Background – Is Kidney Transplant Appropriate for LMIC?
Steps to Initiate a Kidney Transplantation Program
Program Planning and Team Selection
Establishment of Legal Framework
Establishment of Formal Training Protocols
“The Team, The Team, The Team”
Establishment of a Transplant Protocol
Creation of a Transplant Center
Procurement – The Biggest Challenge
Dress Rehearsal: Porcine Transplants
Transplants Begin – The Team Learns by Doing
Summary
References
9: How to Develop a Sustainable Program for Volunteer Medical Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Mission Statement and Guiding Principles of Care
Site Selection and Developing Partnerships
Funding
Team Development
Anesthesia
Surgical Team
Nursing
Pediatricians
Comprehensive Care
Emergency Planning and Postoperative Care
Medical Records
Care After the Team Leaves
Availability of Patients
Local Diplomacy
Conclusion
References
10: How to Organize a Colon Cancer Screening Program in a Low- and Middle-Income Country
Introduction
Establish Connection with Provider
Site Visit
Assemble a Team
Acquire Equipment
Equipment List
Funding
Supplies
Supply List
Raising Awareness
Navigating Local Authorities and Systems
Pathology Services
Licensing
Shipping/Transporting Supplies
Setting Up Space
Pre-Procedural Assessment
Sedation/Drugs
Technique
Local Accommodations
Entertainment
Data Recording
Follow-Up Care
Surgical Care
Results Review and Continuous Improvement
Develop Local Resources
Conclusion
11: How to Establish and Expand an Intensive Care Unit in a Low- and Middle-Income Country
Introduction
The ICU Design
Common Design Elements
The Critical Care Unit Zones
Patient Care Zone
Clinical Support Zone
Unit Support Zone
Family Support Zone
ICU Classification
ICU Organizational Models
ICU Standards
ICU Staffing
ICU Equipment
Monitoring in ICU
Specific Medical Conditions
Challenges and Future Directions for ICUs
Conclusion
Annexes
Annex I
List of equipment
Annex II
ICU quality indicators
References
12: How to Create a Post Anesthesia Care Unit for Recovery After Surgery and Anesthesia in a Low- and Middle-Income Country
Introduction
Physical Space and Equipment
Personnel, Roles, and Training
Common PACU Issues and Emergencies
Quality Improvement
Conclusion
References
13: How to Establish and Maintain a Functional Operating Room in a Low-Resource Environment
Introduction
Overall Physical Structure and Layout
Personnel
Electricity
Environmental Conditions and Considerations
Oxygen Supply
Anesthesia Machine
Anesthesia Supplies/Equipment, Monitoring, and Medications
Blood Products
Summary
References
14: How to Establish a Trauma and Disaster Response Service in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Including Staff, Transportation, Testing, Triage, Resuscitation Training, and Facilities
How To Establish a Trauma Disaster Response Service
Trauma System
Infrastructure of Trauma System
Leadership
Technology
Personnel
Education and Training
Information Management
Finances
Transportation
Triage
Essential Components of Disaster Preparedness
Disaster Management Committee
Incident Command System
Chain of Command
How to Activate Disaster Response
Initial Assignment of Responsibilities
Surge Capacity
Planning for Disaster Beds
Other Services
Visitor’s Policy
Trauma Resuscitation Training
Disaster Drill
How To Coordinate a Response in the Setting of Public Health Emergency
COVID-19 Lessons from Different Environments
Conclusion
References
15: How To Select a Database Software for Surgical Data in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
How To Choose a Program
Data Entry
Getting Started
Indexes and Multiuser Configurations
Summary
References
Websites
Part II: Education and Training
16: How to Establish Surgical Teaching, Guidance, and Simulation Practices in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Background
Specific Challenges
Solutions to Specific Challenges
Conclusions
References
17: How to Teach Technical and Judgment Skills Effectively from Outside the Operating Room (Including Virtually)
Introduction
Needs Assessment and Faculty Development
Technical Skill
Surgical Judgment
Implementing Progressive Autonomy
Developmental Trajectories
Conferences
Morning Report
Morbidity and Mortality
Case Conference/Public Mock Oral Examination
Surgical Planning Conference
Grand Rounds/Didactic Conference
Simulation
Video-Based Teaching
Independent Study
Podcasts
Conclusion
References
18: How to Teach Teamwork and Leadership Skills Effectively from Outside the Operating Room (Including Virtually)
Introduction
Surgical Leaders Are Visionaries
Leader Surgeons Are Humble
Surgeon Leaders Are Good Managers
Surgeon Leaders Walk the Talk
Surgeon Leaders Are Effective Communicators
Surgeon Leaders Handle Criticism
Leader Surgeons Are Good Mentors
Global Leaders Have Cross-Cultural Sensitivity
Leader Surgeon And the Digital (Virtual) World
Conclusion
Virtual Teaching in Leadership and Teamwork
Example of an Approach to Teach Leadership Virtually
Conclusion
References
19: How to Organize and Provide ICU Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Establishing Critical Care: The Ethiopian Experience
Pivoting to Address COVID in Ethiopia
What Does It Take to Set Up an ICU in LMICs?
(1) and (2) Infrastructure, Equipment and Supplies
(3) and (4) Education and Training, and Interdisciplinary Best Practice Models
Specialist Training Models
Impact of National and International Societies
Critical Care Improves Outcomes
Summary
References
20: How to Use Surgical Ultrasound in Resource-Limited Settings
Background
Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation
Scanning Techniques
Training and Certification
Neck Ultrasound
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Cervical Lymph Nodes
Utilization and Training
Summary
Breast Ultrasound
Breast Screening
Palpable Mass
Nipple Discharge
Inflammatory Disease
Axillary Ultrasound
Breast Ultrasound Certification
Thoracic Ultrasound
Ultrasound in the Emergent Setting
Trauma
The Acute Abdomen
Ultrasound-Guided Procedures
Abdominal Surgical Ultrasound
Liver Resection
Ablative Therapies
Targeted Biopsy
Laparoscopic Ultrasound
Training and Certification
Skills and Equipment Acquisition in Resource-Limited Settings
Training
Equipment Acquisition
Summary
References
21: How to Build an Academic Global Surgery Center: The UCSF CHESA Experience
Introduction/Background
Definitions of Key Concepts
Global Surgery
Academic Global Surgery
Health Equity
Public Health
Resource-Constrained Settings
University of California, San Francisco Center for Health Equity in Surgery and Anesthesia
Components of a Center
Fellowship Program
Education and Expert Consultation
Research
Partnerships
Advocacy, Allyship, and Policy
Generalized “How To”
How to Secure Funding
How to Recruit and Deploy Committed Faculty and Staff
How to Set up the Governance
How to Promote Opportunities for Learning and Collaboration
Reflections
What Works
Conclusion and Challenges
References
22: How to Build Research in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Background
A Framework for Developing Research in an LMIC
What Is the Current Capacity for Research?
Who Are the Stakeholders at your Institution or Region?
Develop a Strategic Plan for a Research Program
Ethical Considerations
Implement Action Plan
Assess Progress and Modify for Improvement or Expansion
Conclusion
References
Part III: General Surgery: Organ-Focused Selected Interventions
23: How to Manage Urgent Neurosurgical Problems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Neurosurgical Management of Brain Hemorrhage
Acute Subdural Hematoma (ASDH)
Clinical Presentation
Chronic Subdural Hematoma (CSDH)
Clinical Presentation
Epidural Hematoma (EDH)
Clinical Presentation
Traumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (tSAH)
Brain Contusions
Management of Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Emergency Department Management (Spectrum of Resources)
Surgical Treatment of Acute Epidural Hematoma
Surgical Treatment of Acute Subdural Hematoma
Surgical Treatment of Traumatic Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Surgical Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma
Spontaneous Bleeds
Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (sSAH)
Clinical Features
Management of sSAH
Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage (SICH)
Initial Management of SICH
Surgical Management of SICH
Management of Traumatic Intracranial Hypertension (TICN)
Treatment of TICN
Diagnostic Lumbar Puncture
Overview
Procedure
Brain Tumors
Presentation
Classification of Brain Tumors
Diagnostics for Brain Tumors: Challenges and Approaches
Spine Stabilization and Urgent Repair and/or Decompression
Overview
Nonsurgical Stabilization
Rapid Surgical Decompression/Repair
Surgical Stabilization
Summary/Conclusion
References
24: How to Manage Urgent Problems in the Neck: Foreign Bodies in the Trachea and in the Esophagus in Children and Adults and Other Surgical Problems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Trachea
Foreign Bodies in Children
Clinical Vignette
Airway Foreign Bodies in Adults
Esophagus
Foreign Bodies in Children
Clinical Vignette
Esophageal Foreign Bodies in Adults
Foreign Bodies in Ear or Nose
Lymph Node Biopsies
Difficult Airway and Access
The Pediatric Airway
The Adult Airway
Immobilization of the Neck
Pre-Hospital Measures
Hospital Measures
Injuries to the Neck
Vignette
Injury to the Trachea
Injury to the Thyroid
Injury to the Esophagus
Conclusion
References
25: How to Manage Thoracic Surgical Problems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Trauma
Loss of Consciousness with Loss of Airway/Endoscopy
Diagnosis of Airway Obstruction
Treatment of Airway Obstruction Due to Loss of Consciousness
Treatment of Airway Obstruction Due to Loss of Consciousness in Trauma Patients
Endoscopy for Intubation
Advanced Endoscopy (Bronchoscopy)
Tension Pneumothorax
How Can you Diagnose a Tension Pneumothorax?
How Do you Treat a Tension Pneumothorax?
How Can a Collapsed Lung be re-Expanded?
Procedural Steps in Chest Tube Insertion
Without a Controlled Suction System, how Will Air Escape from the Pleural Cavity and the Collapsed Lung Get Re-Expanded?
Open Chest Wound/Sucking Chest Wound
Diagnosis of an Open Chest Wound/Sucking Chest Wound
Management of an Open Chest Wound/Sucking Chest Wound
Flail Chest
Management of a Flail Chest
Thoracic Infections
Airway Obstruction by Infection/Foreign Bodies
Diagnosis of Airway Obstruction
Management of Airway Obstruction
Cricothyroidotomy
Esophageal Injuries: Mediastinitis
Chest Wall Burns
Cardiac Injuries
Summary
References
26: How to Manage Conditions of the Stomach in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Endoscopy
Heartburn
Endoscopy in GERD
Gastritis
Gastric Ulcers
Perforation
Fistulation
Bleeding
Perforation
Bezoars
Gastric Cancer
Epidemiology and Demographics
History
Physical Examination
Investigations
Staging and Treatment
Staging Laparoscopy
Staging
Role of Perioperative Nutrition
Peri-Operative Chemotherapy/Neo-Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Surgery
Lymphadenectomy
Reconstruction
Follow-Up
Palliation
Best Supportive Care
Prognosis
Treatment of Recurrent Disease
References
27: How to Diagnose and Manage Acute Abdomen and Intra-Abdominal Infections in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction and Background
Principles of Diagnosis
Principles of Management (Fig. 27.1)
The Use of Antibiotics
Management of Sepsis
Vasopressor Agents
Complications of Management of Acute Abdomen
Acute Abdomen and Peritonitis
Appendicitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Cholecystitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Cholangitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Diverticulitis
Etiology
Diagnosis
Management
Sigmoid Volvulus
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Abdominal Emergencies of Parasitic and Uncommon Origin
Intestinal Tuberculosis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Typhoid
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Dysentery
Amoebic Dysentery (Amoebiasis)
Bacillary Dysentery (Shigellosis)
Diagnosis of Dysentery
Management of Bacterial Dysentery
Management of Amoebic Dysentery
Complications
Ascaris
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Filariasis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Schistosomiasis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Conclusion
References
28: How to Diagnose and Manage Anorectal Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction/Background
Principles of Diagnosis
History and Physical Examination
Principles of Management
Hemorrhoids
Anal Fissures
Anorectal Abscess and Fistulas
Anorectal Infections
Anal Cancer
Conclusion
References
29: How to Manage Hernias in Limited-Resource Settings
Introduction
Imaging
Laparoscopy
Availability of Mesh
Observation Vs Repair
Groin Hernias
Ventral Hernias
Conclusion
References
30: How to Diagnose and Treat Benign and Malignant Diseases of the Breast in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Anatomy
Hormonal Regulation of the Breast
Evaluation of the Breast
History
Breast Examination
Screening and Diagnostic Mammography
Breast Biopsy
Benign Breast Disease
Breast Infection
Breast Infection Can Occur during Lactation or May be Spontaneous
Malignant Breast Diseases
Breast Cancer Risk Factors
Breast Cancer Biological Characteristics
Molecular Subtypes
Breast Cancer Staging and Survival
Breast Cancer Treatment
Breast Cancer Prevention
Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Outcomes
Influence of Unfavorable Tumor Biologic Characteristics on Survival
Barriers to Healthcare in African American and Blacks Worldwide
Intervention to Correct Breast Cancer Disparities
Patient Navigation Program
Tumor Board and Coordination of Treatments
Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Breast Cancer During Pregnancy and Lactation
Male Breast Disease
Gynecomastia
Male Breast Carcinoma
References
31: How to Provide Acute Burn Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Preparation
Prehospital Burn Care
Prevention
Burn First Aid
Barriers to Care
Preoperative Management
Fluid Resuscitation
Wound Evaluation
Wound Care
Nutrition
Operative Planning and Management
Timing of Surgery
Type of Surgery
Escharotomy and Sloughectomy
Postoperative Care
Role of Antibiotics Postoperatively
Conclusion
References
32: How to Surgically Reconstruct Acute and Chronic Burn Wounds in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Aspects of Acute Burn Treatment
Diagnosis of Acute Burns
Principles for Improved Burn Care
Surgical Intervention in the Acute Stage
Skin Graft Procedures during the Early/Acute Stage
Basic Surgical Equipment
Surgical Technique in Acute and Chronic Burns
The Main Options Are
Split Thickness Skin Grafts (STSG)
Full Thickness Skin Grafts (FTSG)
Harvesting and Application of Skin Grafts
Care for Donor Wounds
Chronic Burn Wounds: A Challenge
Sub-Acute to Chronic Wounds
Post Burn Contractures
Facial Injuries
Eyelids
Radial Forearm Pedicle Flap
Neck Contractures
Upper Limb
Groin and Lower Limb
Knee Joint
Heel Reconstruction
Conclusion
33: How to Manage Soft Tissue Infections and Injuries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Diagnosis of NSTI
Animal Bites
Snakebites
Crocodile Bites
Spider Bites
Rodent Bites
Landmines
References
34: How to Approach NOMA and Facial Infections, Trauma, and Tumours Through Charity Missions: The Origins of Facing Africa and Lessons Learned
Introduction
Country and Site Selection
Facing Africa House and Rehabilitation Facility
Public Relations
Meeting Legal Requirements and Licensing
Negotiations
Recruiting the Team of Professionals
Recruiting the Patients with Noma
Motivation and Maintenance of the Team
Lessons from Initial Missions
Summary and Plans
35: How to Approach NOMA and Facial Infections, Trauma and Tumours Through Charity Missions: Facing Africa Non-operating Mission
Introduction
Aims
Discussion
Methodology of Study on Facial Norms in Ethiopia
Normal or Abnormal Ordinary, Attractive, Beautiful, Ugly
The Effect of Facial Deformity in Ethiopia
Conclusions
References
36: How to Approach Noma and Facial Infections, Trauma and Tumours Through Charity Missions: Ethics of Surgical Charity for Complex Patients
Introduction
The Meaning of Four Pillars
Illustrative Case of a Real Problem and its Solution
Conclusion
References
37: How to Approach Noma and Facial Infections, Trauma and Tumours Through Charity Missions: Noma – A Neglected Disease
Aetiology and Epidemiology
Facing Africa: Our Experience in Ethiopia
Pattern of Disease
Summary
References
38: How to Approach Noma and Facial Infections, Trauma, and Tumours Through Charity Missions: The Management of Trismus and Ankylosis in Noma
Introduction
Assessment
Management
Surgical Management
Fibrous Extra-Articular Ankylosis
Extra- and Intra-Articular Bony Ankylosis
Coronoid Process Hyperplasia
Procedure: Coronoidectomy
Procedure: Ankylosis Release
Post-Operative Management
Complications
Conclusion
References
39: How to Approach Noma and Facial Infections, Trauma, and Tumours Through Charity Missions: Anaesthesia Considerations in Noma
Pre-Operative Status
Airway Management
Anaesthesia
Post-Operative Care
Reference
40: How to Approach NOMA and Facial Infections, Trauma and Tumours Through Charity Missions: Wound Management and Nursing
Introduction
Education
Definition and Classification of Wounds
Factors that Affect Healing
Wound Healing in Children
Pre- and Peri-Operative Care
Nutrition
Post-Operative Care
Dressings
Head and Neck Surgery
Split-Skin Graft
Donor Site Management
Oral Care Pre- and Post Surgery
Animal Bites and Wound Management
References
41: How to Manage Vascular Trauma and Emergencies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
Mechanism/Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatments
Arterial Trauma
Venous Trauma
Fasciotomy
Nonoperative Management
Abdominal Vascular Trauma
Initial Assessment
Operative Approaches to Intraabdominal Bleeding
Management of Individual Abdominal Vessels
Retroperitoneal Bleeding
Repairs
Postoperative Care
Nontraumatic Vascular Emergencies
Introduction
Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia
Acute Limb and Cerebral Ischemia
Thromboemboli
Legs
Brain
Acute Limb Ischemia
Need Assessment
Diabetic Foot Syndrome
Limb Salvage: Treating Ischemia and Infections
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Conclusion
References
42: How to Manage Common Pediatric Surgical Conditions: Infant Emergencies, Hernias, Congenital Malformations in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction: Pediatric Surgical Problems in Global Context
Stomach and Small Intestine
Pyloric Stenosis
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Neonatal Bowel Obstruction
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Biliary Atresia
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Hernias
Inguinal Hernia
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Umbilical Hernia
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Abdominal Wall Defects
Gastroschisis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Omphalocele (Exomphalos)
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Thoracic Congenital Malformations
Esophageal Atresia
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Malformations
Management
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Colon and Rectal Congenital Malformations
Hirschsprung’s Disease
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Anorectal Malformations
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology and Risk Factors
Clinical Manifestations
Management
References
43: How to Manage Common Orthopedic Injuries in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Introduction
General Principles of Closed Fracture Treatment
Common Orthopedic Emergencies
Differentiating between Emergency and Urgency
Compartment Syndrome
Open Fractures
Hemodynamically Unstable Pelvic Ring Injuries
Septic Arthritis
Injuries to Specific Anatomic Locations
A Note on Fracture Classification
Upper Extremity
Clavicle Fractures
Acromioclavicular Joint Injuries
Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations and Fracture Dislocations
Proximal Humerus Fractures
Humeral Shaft Fractures
Elbow Dislocations and Fracture Dislocations
Olecranon Fractures
Radial Head Fractures
Fractures of the Diaphyseal Forearm
Distal Radius Fractures
Fractures of the Carpus and Metacarpals
Phalanx Fractures of the Hand, Phalanx Dislocations, and Nail Bed Injuries
Injuries to Specific Anatomic Locations: Lower Extremity
Fractures of the Pelvis and Acetabulum
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the Intertrochanteric Region of the Femur
Femoral Shaft Fractures
Distal Femur Fractures
Dislocations of the Knee and Traumatic Knee Instability
Tibial Plateau Fractures
Tibial Shaft Fractures
Fractures of the Tibial Plafond (Pilon Fractures)
Rotational Ankle Fractures
Talus and Calcaneus Fractures
Midfoot and Forefoot Injuries
Injuries to Specific Anatomic Locations: Pediatric Injuries
Distal Humerus Supracondylar Fractures
Distal Humerus Lateral Condyle Fractures
Both Bone Forearm Fractures and Distal Radius Fractures
Femoral Shaft Fractures
Distal Femoral Physeal Fractures
Transitional Ankle Fractures
References
44: How to Care for Women’s Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Quick Overview and Procedural Guide for the Surgeon
Introduction
Pregnancy Dating and Pregnancy Abnormalities in the First and Second Trimester
Ectopic Pregnancy
Gestational Trophoblastic Disease/Molar Pregnancy
Miscarriages/Abortion Care
Antenatal Care: The Basics
Vaginal Deliveries and Complication Management
Special Delivery Scenarios
Postpartum Complications
Laceration Repair
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Postpartum Fever
Cesarean Delivery
Family Planning and Birth Spacing
Surgical Sterilization
Hysterectomy
Oophorectomy
Office Management of Gynecological Concerns
Vaginal Discharge and Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Sexual Violence
Conclusion
Further Reading
45: How to Manage Urologic Problems in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Penis and Male Urethra [1]
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Scrotum (Scrotal Mass and Acute Scrotum) [4]
Fournier’s Gangrene
Male Sexual Dysfunction [5]
Disorders of the Bladder [6]
Diverticula
Vesical Fistulas
Pelvic Lipomatosis [7]
Urinary Stone Disease [8]
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) [9]
Prevention
Chronic Pyelonephritis
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia [10]
Prostatitis [11]
Prostate Cancer [12]
Specific Infections of the Genitourinary Tract [13]
Treatment of Infectious Complications
Renal Cell Carcinoma [14]
Congenital Anomalies of the Kidneys [15]
References
Index