دانلود کتاب Great events from history. The ancient world, prehistory-476 C.E. V. 1. c. 25,000 B.C.E.-312 B.C.E.

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Publisher’s Note
Contributors
Keyword List of Contents
List of Maps and Tables
Maps of the Ancient World
Ancient World
25,000 -10,001 b.c.e.
c. 25,000 b.c.e., San Peoples Create Earliest African Art
c. 18,000-c. 11,000 b.c.e., Bering Strait Migrations
c. 16,000-c. 3000 b.c.e., BaTwa Peoples Thrive in Central Africa
c. 15,500 b.c.e., Early Australians Create the Bradshaw Rock Paintings
c. 15,000 b.c.e., Early Europeans Create Lascaux Cave Paintings
c. 13,000 b.c.e., Humans Enter the South American Continent
c. 13,000-c. 7000 b.c.e., Paleo-Indian Culture Flourishes in North America
10,000 - 5001 B.C.E.
c. 10,000-c. 300 b.c.e., Jdmon Culture Thrives in Japan
c. 10,000 b.c.e.-c. 1 c.e., Saharan Peoples Create Rock Art
c. 9500-c. 9000 b.c.e., Clovis Culture Rises in New Mexico
c. 9500-c. 5000 b.c.e., Settlement Established at Abu Hureyra in Syria
c. 9000-c. 8000 b.c.e., Cochise Culture Thrives in American Southwest
c. 9000-c. 7000 b.c.e., Nilo-Saharan Peoples Produce Food and Pottery
c. 8800-c. 8500 b.c.e., Folsom People Flourish in New Mexico
c. 8000 b.c.e., Permanent Settlement of the Andean Altiplano Begins
c. 8000-c. 4000 b.c.e., Plano Culture Flourishes in Great Plains Area
c. 8000-c. 1000 b.c.e., Archaic Indians Adapt to Warmer Climates
c. 7700-c. 1000 b.c.e., Native Cultures Flourish on the North Pacific Coast
c. 7500 b.c.e., Birth of Shinto
c. 7500 b.c.e., East Asian Grain Cultivation Begins
c. 7200 b.c.e., Kennewick Man Lives in North America
c. 7000-c. 6000 b.c.e., Khoisan Peoples Disperse Throughout Southern Africa
c. 7000-c. 4900 b.c.e., (Jatalhuyiik Flourishes as Center of Anatolian Culture
c. 6800-c. 4900 b.c.e., Kitoi People Live Near Lake Baikal in Siberia
c. 6500-c. 5000 b.c.e., Nilo-Saharan Farmers Spread Cultivation and Herding
c. 6200-c. 3800 b.c.e., Ubaid Culture Thrives in Mesopotamia
c. 6000-c. 5000 b.c.e., Niger-Congo Religion Takes Hold Across West Africa
c. 6000-c. 1500 b.c.e., Yangshao and Longshan Cultures Flourish in China
c. 6000-c. 1000 b.c.e., Omotics Advance Farming Practices in Horn of Africa
c. 5800-c. 3700 b.c.e., Chinchorro Inhabit the Peruvian and Chilean Coasts
c. 5500-c. 4500 b.c.e., Halafian Culture Flourishes in Northern Mesopotamia
c. 5500-c. 4500 b.c.e., Niger-Congo Peoples Spread Agriculture in Africa
5000 - 3001 b.c.e.
c. 5000 b.c.e., Aleutian Coastal Hunters Flourish
c. 5000-c. 3000 b.c.e., Kelteminar Culture Flourishes in Central Asia
c. 5000 b.c.e.-c. 1 c.e., Red Paint Culture Flourishes in Eastern North America
c. 4000 b.c.e., Horse Is Domesticated
c. 4000 b.c.e., Sumerian Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia
c. 4000-c. 1000 b.c.e., Old Copper Complex Flourishes in North America
c. 4000 b.c.e.-c. 100 c.e., Ban Chiang Culture Flourishes in Thailand
c. 3800 b.c.e., Cities and Civic Institutions Are Invented in Mesopotamia
c. 3500 b.c.e., Indus Valley Civilization Begins in South Asia
c. 3300-c. 1500 b.c.e., Valdivia Culture Forms Villages in Coastal Ecuador
c. 3100 b.c.e., Sumerians Invent Writing
c. 3100-c. 1550 b.c.e., Building of Stonehenge
c. 3050 b.c.e., Unification of Lower and Upper Egypt
3000 - 2001 b.c.e.
c. 3000 b.c.e., Australian Aborigines Create Wandjina Cave Paintings
c. 3000 b.c.e., Canaanites Inhabit the Levant
c. 3000-c. 500 b.c.e., Elamite Empire Rises in Near East
2953-2838 b.c.e. traditionally, Reign of China’s Legendary First Ruler, Fu Xi
c. 2900-c. 2340 b.c.e., Early Dynastic Period Flourishes in Southern Mesopotamia
c. 2700-c. 1400 b.c.e., Gash Civilization Thrives in Africa
c. 2687 b.c.e., Old Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt
c. 2682 b.c.e., Legendary Founding of China by Huangdi
c. 2600 b.c.e., Leizu Discovers Silk Making
c. 2575-c. 2566 b.c.e., Building of the Great Pyramid
c. 2500 b.c.e., Construction of Monumental Architecture at Caral in Peru
2500-1900 b.c.e., Wawat Chiefdom Flourishes in Lower Nubia
c. 2500-c. 1500 b.c.e., Southeast Asians Migrate into the South Pacific
c. 2340 b.c.e., Sumerian Uruk-Agina Makes Social and Political Reforms
c. 2334-c. 2279 b.c.e., Sargon of Akkad Establishes the Akkadian Dynasty
c. 2333 b.c.e., Old Choson State Founded in Korea
c. 2300 b.c.e., Enheduanna Becomes First Named Author
c. 2300-c. 2000 b.c.e., First Great Expansion of Berber Peoples Across North Africa
c. 2300-c. 1800 b.c.e., Beaker People Live in Western Europe
c. 2200-1500 b.c.e., Kerma Kingdom Develops and Dominates Lower Nubia
c. 2160 b.c.e., First Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt
c. 2112 b.c.e., Ur-Nammu Establishes a Code of Law
c. 2100 b.c.e., Xia Dynasty Marks Start of Historical China
c. 2100-c. 600 b.c.e., Mogollon Culture Rises in American Southwest
c. 2055 b.c.e., Middle Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt
2000 -1501 B.C.E.
c. 2000 b.c.e., Composition of the Gilgamesh Epic
c. 2000 b.c.e., Mon-Khmer Migrate into Southeast Asia
c. 2000 b.c.e., Mongols Inhabit Steppes North of China
c. 1900-1527? b.c.e., Kerma Kingdom Rules Nubia
c. 1900-c. 1400 b.c.e., Early Villages Form in Oaxaca
c. 1800-c. 1500 b.c.e., Construction of El Paraiso in Peru
c. 1800-c. 700 b.c.e., Poverty Point Culture Builds Earthworks
c. 1770 b.c.e., Promulgation of Hammurabi’s Code
1750-800 b.c.e., Andronovo Culture Rises in Central Asia
c. 1650 b.c.e., Hyksos Create Second Intermediate Period
1650-1620 b.c.e., Hattusilis I Establishes the Old Hittite Kingdom
c. 1600 b.c.e., Shang Dynasty Develops Writing and Bronzework
c. 1600-c. 1500 b.c.e., Flowering of Minoan Civilization
c. 1600-c. 1300 b.c.e., Mitanni Kingdom Flourishes in Upper Mesopotamia
c. 1600-c. 1000 b.c.e., City of Mycenae Flourishes
c. 1570 b.c.e., New Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt
c. 1530 b.c.e., Mixtec Civilization.Develops in Western Oaxaca
1500 -1001 b.c.e.
From c. 1500 b.c.e., Dissemination of the Book of the Dead
1500-1100 b.c.e., Compilation of the Vedas
c. 1500-c. 1000 b.c.e., Aryans Appear in India
c. 1500-c. 300 b.c.e., Olmec Civilization Rises in Southern Mexico
c. 1500 b.c.e.-c. 500 c.e., Lapita Culture Colonizes the South Pacific
c. 1450 b.c.e., International Age of Major Kingdoms Begins in the Near East
14th-9th centuries b.c.e., Umfield Culture Flourishes in Northwestern Europe
1400-1300 b.c.e., Aqhat Epic Is Composed in Ugarit
c. 1338 b.c.e., Failure of Akhenaton’s Cultural Revival
c. 1280 b.c.e., Israelite Exodus from Egypt
c. 1275 b.c.e., Battle of Kadesh
c. 1250 b.c.e., Fall of Troy Marks End of Trojan War
c. 1250 b.c.e., Transmission of the European Alphabet
c. 1250-c. 700 b.c.e., Karasuk Culture Flourishes on Eurasian Steppes
c. 1200-c. 1050 b.c.e., Sea Peoples Contribute to Mediterranean Upheaval
c. 1200-c. 1000 b.c.e., Berbers Expand Across North Africa
c. 1100 b.c.e., Arameans Emerge in Syria and Mesopotamia
c. 1100-c. 500 b.c.e., Hallstatt Culture Dominates Northern Europe
1069 b.c.e., Third Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt
c. 1066 b.c.e., Western Zhou Dynasty Begins in China
1000 - 801 b.c.e.
c. 10th century b.c.e., Queen of Sheba Legends Arise
c. 1000 b.c.e., Establishment of the United Kingdom of Israel
c. 1000 b.c.e., Greek Alphabet Is Developed
c. 1000 b.c.e., Sub-Saharan Ironworking Begins
c. 1000-900 b.c.e., Ionian Confederacy Forms
c. 1000-c. 700 b.c.e., Mashariki Bantu Establish Chifumbaze Ironworking Culture
c. 1000-c. 690 b.c.e., Cimmerian Culture Rises in Russia
c. 1000-c. 500 b.c.e., Nok Artists Develop Terra-cotta Sculpture
c. 1000-c. 200 b.c.e., Compilation of the Upanisads
c. 1000 b.c.e.-c. 100 c.e., Adena Mound Builders Live in North America
c. 1000 b.c.e.-c. 300 c.e., Urban Commerce Develops in the Sudan Belt
c. 1000 b.c.e.-c. 900 c.e., Woodland Culture Flourishes in Northern America
c. 966 b.c.e., Building of the Temple of Jerusalem
c. 950 b.c.e., Composition of the Book of Genesis
c. 922 b.c.e., Establishment of the Kingdom of Israel
c. 900-c. 200 b.c.e., Chavin de Huantar Is Peru’s Urban Center
c. 883-c. 824 b.c.e., Second Assyrian Empire Displays Military Prowess
800 - 701 b.c.e.
8th century b.c.e., Kushite King Piye Conquers Upper Egypt
8th century b.c.e., Scythians Drive the Cimmerians from Central Asia
8th-6th centuries b.c.e., Phrygian Kingdom Rises
c. 800 b.c.e., Phoenicians from Tyre Found Carthage
c. 800-c. 600 b.c.e., Iron working Spreads into Sub-Saharan Africa
c. 783-c. 591 b.c.e., Napata Kingdom Flourishes in Kush
776 b.c.e., Olympic Games Are First Recorded
775 b.c.e., Delphic Oracle Provides Guidance for City-States
770 b.c.e., Eastern Zhou Dynasty Begins in China
c. 750 b.c.e., Homer Composes the Iliad
c. 750-c. 500 b.c.e., Marib Dam Is Built in Yemen
745 b.c.e., Tiglath-pileser III Rules Assyria
c. 736-716 b.c.e., Spartan Conquest of Messenia
c. 734-c. 580 b.c.e., Greeks Colonize the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions
c. 733 b.c.e., Founding of Syracuse
c. 712-698 b.c.e., Shabaka Reunites the Nile Valley
c. 705-330 b.c.e., Founding and Flourishing of the Achaemenian Dynasty
701 b.c.e., Sennacherib Invades Syro-Palestine
700 - 601 b.c.e.
c. 700 b.c.e., Hesiod Composes Theogony and Works and Days
c. 700-c. 500 b.c.e., Dorset Culture Extends into Labrador, Newfoundland, and Greenland
c. 700-330 b.c.e., Phalanx Is Developed as a Military Unit
700 b.c.e.-100 c.e., Paracas Culture Develops a Sophisticated Textile Tradition
c. 700 b.c.e.-c. 500 c.e., Mound Builders Rise in Ohio Valley
664 b.c.e., Saite Dynasty Begins in Egypt
c. 645-546 b.c.e., Lydia Rises to Power Under the Mermnad Family
c. 640 b.c.e., Greek City-States Use Coins as Means of Exchange
625-509 b.c.e., Rise of Etruscan Civilization in Rome
621 or 620 b.c.e., Draco’s Code Is Instituted
c. 607-562 b.c.e., Nebuchadnezzar Creates the First Neo-Babylonian State
Before 600 b.c.e., Celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries
600 - 501 b.c.e.
6th or 5th century b.c.e., Birth of Buddhism
c. 6th century b.c.e.-c. 350 c.e., Meroitic Empire Rules from Southern Egypt to the Blue Nile
6th-4th century b.c.e. (traditionally,!st millennium b.c.e.), Susruta, Indian Physician, Writes Medical Compendium
c. 600 b.c.e., Appearance of Zoroastrian Ditheism
600-500 b.c.e., Greek Philosophers Formulate Theories of the Cosmos
c. 594-580 b.c.e., Legislation of Solon
587-423 b.c.e., Birth of Judaism
c. 580 b.c.e., Greek Poet Sappho Dies
c. 550 b.c.e., Construction of Trireme Changes Naval Warfare
c. 550 b.c.e., Valmiki Composes the Ramayana
547 b.c.e., Cyrus the Great Founds the Persian Empire
October, 539 b.c.e., Fall of Babylon
c. 538-c. 450 b.c.e., Jews Return from the Babylonian Captivity
c. 530 b.c.e., Founding of the Pythagorean Brotherhood
527 b.c.e., Death of Vardhamana, Founder of Jainism
c. 525 b.c.e., Sibylline Books Are Compiled
520-518 b.c.e., Darius the Great Conquers the Indus Valley
520-518 b.c.e., Scylax of Caryanda Voyages the Indian Ocean
509 b.c.e., Rape of Lucretia
c. 509 b.c.e., Roman Republic Replaces Monarchy
508-507 b.c.e., Reforms of Cleisthenes
500 - 401 b.c.e.
5th century b.c.e., Composition of the Spring and Autumn Annals
c. 5th-4th century b.c.e., Creation of the Jatakas
c. 5th-3d century b.c.e., Composition of The Art of War
5th-1st century b.c.e., Composition of The Great Learning
c. 500 b.c.e., Acupuncture Develops in China
c. 500 b.c.e., Panini Composes Sanskrit Work of Grammar
c. 500-470 b.c.e., Hecataeus of Miletus Writes the First Geography Book
500-400 b.c.e., Creation of the Wujing
c. 500-400 b.c.e., Greek Physicians Begin Scientific Practice of Medicine
c. 500 b.c.e.-c. 200 c.e., Libyan Garamantes Flourish as Farmers and Traders
c. 500 b.c.e.-c. 300 c.e., Socially Stratified Kingdoms Arise Around the Middle Niger River
c. 500 b.c.e.-c. 600 c.e., Mithraism Emerges as Significant Religion
c. 500 b.c.e.-c. 700 c.e., Zapotecs Build Monte Alban
499-494 b.c.e., Ionian Revolt
494/493 b.c.e., Institution of the Plebeian Tribunate
September 17, 490 b.c.e., Battle of Marathon
483 b.c.e., Naval Law of Themistocles Is Instituted
480-479 b.c.e., Persian Invasion of Greece
479 b.c.e., Confucius’s Death Leads to the Creation of The Analects
478-448 b.c.e., Athenian Empire Is Created
475-221 b.c.e., China Enters Chaotic Warring States Period
c. 467 b.c.e., Gosala Maskariputra, Founder of Ajivika Sect, Dies
c. 456/455 b.c.e., Greek Tragedian Aeschylus Dies
451-449 b.c.e., Twelve Tables of Roman Law Are Formulated
c. 450-c. 425 b.c.e., History Develops as a Scholarly Discipline
450-100 b.c.e., City-State of Yeha Flourishes in the Ethiopian Highlands
447-438 b.c.e., Building of the Parthenon
445 b.c.e., Establishment of the Canuleian Law
c. 440 b.c.e., Sophists Train the Greeks in Rhetoric and Politics
c. 438 b.c.e., Greek Lyric Poet Pindar Dies
May, 431-September, 404 b.c.e., Peloponnesian War
c. 420 b.c.e.-c. 100 c.e., Yuezhi Culture Links Persia and China
June, 415-September, 413 b.c.e., Athenian Invasion of Sicily
406 b.c.e., Greek Dramatist Euripides Dies
September, 404-May, 403 b.c.e., Thirty Tyrants Rule Athens for Eight Months
401-400 b.c.e., March of the Ten Thousand
400 - 301 b.c.e.
c. 4th century B.c.E.-3d century c.e., Kautilya Compiles a Treatise on Practical Statecraft
Early 4th century b.c.e., Founding of Mohism
c. 400 b.c.e.-c. 300 c.e., Bantu Peoples Spread Farming Across Southern Africa
c. 400 b.c.e.-c. 300 c.e., Dong Son Culture Appears in Vietnam
c. 400 b.c.e.-400 c.e., Composition of the Mahabharata
399 b.c.e., Death of Socrates
Between 394 and 371 b.c.e., Xenophon Writes the Anabasis
386 b.c.e., King’s Peace Ends Corinthian War
c. 385 b.c.e., Greek Playwright Aristophanes Dies
c. 380 b.c.e., Plato Develops His Theory of Ideas
359-336 b.c.e., Philip II Expands and Empowers Macedonia
c. 350 b.c.e., Diogenes Popularizes Cynicism
340-338 b.c.e., Origin of Municipia
August 2, 338 b.c.e., Battle of Chaeronea
336 b.c.e., Alexander the Great Begins Expansion of Macedonia
c. 335-323 b.c.e., Aristotle Writes the Politics
333 b.c.e., Battle of Issus
332 b.c.e., Founding of Alexandria
October 1, 331 b.c.e., Battle of Gaugamela
327-325 b.c.e., Alexander the Great Invades the Indian Subcontinent
325-323 b.c.e., Aristotle Isolates Science as a Discipline
323 b.c.e., Founding of the Ptolemaic Dynasty and Seleucid Kingdom
c. 323-275 b.c.e., Diadochi Divide Alexander the Great’s Empire
c. 321 b.c.e., Mauryan Empire Rises in India
c. 320 b.c.e., Theophrastus Initiates the Study of Botany
312 b.c.e., First Roman Aqueduct Is Built