دانلود کتاب Green Infrastructure and Climate Change Adaptation: Function, Implementation and Governance

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Preface Contents 1 Introduction References Part I Concept and Synthesis 2 Concept and Application of Green and Hybrid Infrastructure 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Conceptual Framework for Hybrid Infrastructure 2.3 Attenuation of Flood Peaks by Forest and Wetland Ecosystems (Examples of GI-1 in Fig. 2.4c) 2.4 Traditional Measures Against Large Floods (Examples of GI-2) 2.4.1 Discontinuous Levees 2.4.2 Overflow Embankment 2.4.3 Flood Protection Forest 2.5 Hybrid Infrastructure at Watershed Scale 2.6 Green Infrastructure Functioning as Ecological Networks 2.7 Important Points for Planning, Implementation, and Governance of GI References 3 An Economic Analysis of Optimal Hybrid Infrastructure: A Theoretical Approach in a Hydro-Economic Model 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Green, Gray, and Hybrid Infrastructures 3.2.1 Green Infrastructure 3.2.2 Gray Infrastructure 3.2.3 Hybrid Infrastructure 3.2.4 Ratios of Prevented Hazard by GNI and GYI 3.3 Optimal Hybrid Infrastructure 3.4 Concluding Remarks References 4 Flood Management Policy in Shiga Prefecture, Japan: Implementation Approach of a Risk-Based Flood Management System at Catchment Scale 4.1 Changes in Flood Risk Management in Japan 4.2 Flood Management Policy in Shiga Prefecture: Policy Formulation 4.2.1 The History of Wise Land Use and Urban Development: Hints from History 4.2.2 Policy Features: Process Management and Framework Design 4.2.3 Site Safety Level: Basic Information for Policy Decisions 4.2.4 Floodplain Disaster Mitigation Measures 4.3 Floodplain Management and Green Infrastructure 4.3.1 Establishing a “Floodplain Manager”: Social Implementation and Points of Practice 4.3.2 Artificial Structures and Green Infrastructure 4.3.3 Green Infrastructure: The Trump Card in Floodplain Management References 5 Toward Social Infrastructure: Typological Idea for Evaluating Implementation Potential of Green Infrastructure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Classification Basis for GIs 5.3 Classification of GI 5.4 Three Dimensions for the Implementation Potential of GI 5.4.1 Natural Condition 5.4.2 Top-Down Regulation 5.4.3 Bottom-Up Regulation: Residential Demands and Requirements 5.5 Evaluation of the Potential for Introduction of GI 5.6 Conclusion and Perspective References Part II Forest Ecosystem 6 Riparian Forests and Climate Change: Interactive Zone of Green and Blue Infrastructure 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Riparian Forest as an Interactive Zone of Green and Blue Infrastructure 6.3 Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change Using Riparian Green/Blue Infrastructure 6.3.1 Maintain River Dynamics Using Artificial Floods 6.3.2 Maintain Riparian Forests Continuously from Headwater Streams to Lowland Rivers 6.3.3 Remove or Improve Check Dams for Material Transport and Fish Migration 6.3.4 Broaden Riparian Forests and Remeander Rivers Where Possible 6.4 Conclusion References 7 Improvement of the Flood-Reduction Function of Forests Based on Their Interception Evaporation and Surface Storage Capacities 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Rainwater Runoff Mechanisms in Mountainous Forests and Measures to Improve the Flood-Reduction Functions of Forests 7.3 Runoff Model for Evaluating Flood-Reduction Function 7.4 Enhancing Interception Evaporation Capacity Through Afforestation 7.5 Enhancing the Interception Evaporation Capacity and Surface Storage Capacity by Vegetation Conversion 7.6 Methods and Limitations of Early Enhancement of Flood Mitigation Functions of Forests References 8 Forest Green Infrastructure to Protect Water Quality: A Step-by-Step Guide for Payment Schemes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Identifying the Problem 8.3 Role of Opportunity Mapping 8.4 How Can FGI Help? 8.5 Importance of Design and Management of FGI 8.6 Managing Potential Disbenefits 8.7 Identifying and Assessing Multiple Benefits 8.8 How to Design a PES Scheme 8.9 Monitoring, Evaluation and Review 8.10 Spreading the Word References Part III River and Floodplain Ecosystem (Including Paddy Field and Other Farmlands) 9 Wetland Paddy Fields as Green Infrastructure Against Flood 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Studied Area 9.3 Inundation Simulation 9.3.1 Simulation Model 9.3.2 Precipitation and River Discharge Setting 9.4 Results and Discussions 9.4.1 Model Verification 9.4.2 Surface Water Flooding 9.4.3 River Flooding Combined with Surface Water Flooding 9.4.4 Discussions 9.5 Concluding Remarks References 10 Change in Floodwater Retention Function of a Paddy Field Due to Cultivation Abandonment in a Depopulating Rural Region in Japan 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Material and Methods 10.2.1 Study Area 10.2.2 Two-Dimensional Inundation Analysis 10.3 Results 10.4 Discussion 10.5 Mitigating Flood Risk Using Abandoned Paddy Field Through Wetland Restoration 10.6 Changes in Water Storage Function with Structural Change and Their Management at Abandoned Paddy Fields References 11 Paddy Fields as Green Infrastructure: Their Ecosystem Services and Threatening Drivers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Habitat Service: Biodiversity Conservation in Paddy Fields 11.3 Regulating Service: Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) by Paddy Fields 11.4 A Strategy to Use and Maintain Paddy Fields as GI 11.5 Conclusion and Perspective References Part IV Wetland Ecosystem (Including Flood-Control Pond) 12 Flood-Control Basins as Green Infrastructures: Flood-Risk Reduction, Biodiversity Conservation, and Sustainable Management in Japan 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Flood-Control Basins in Japan 12.3 Case Study: Biodiversity Conservation in Flood-Control Basins 12.4 Future Issues for the Construction and Management of Flood-Control Basins 12.4.1 Social Issues for Construction 12.4.2 Ecological Issues for Constructions 12.4.3 Sustainable Management of Flood-Control Basins 12.4.4 Importance of Multifunctionality References 13 Natural Succession of Wetland Vegetation in a Flood-Control Pond Constructed on Abandoned Farmland 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Materials and Methods 13.2.1 Experiment Started Before the Construction of Crane Pond: Exploring the Seed Bank Species in Fallow Farmland 13.2.2 Experiment and Survey Started After the Construction of Crane Pond: Exploring the Vegetation that Regenerated Naturally 13.3 Species Composition of Buried Seeds in Crane Pond 13.3.1 Species Identification by a Combination of Morphological and DNA Features 13.3.2 Species Composition in Each Soil Layer from Different Depths 13.4 Natural Succession in Crane Pond 13.4.1 Features of Species Generated from Different Water Depths 13.4.2 Years from Excavation, Water Depth, and Water Quality Determine the Plant Community 13.5 Implications for Management of the Flood-Control Basin as GI 13.5.1 Management of the Supply of Propagules 13.5.2 Management for Suitable Habitat References 14 Biodiversity Conservation through Various Citizen Activities in a Flood Control Basin 14.1 Introduction: Floodplain and Flood Control Basin 14.1.1 Floodplain 14.1.2 Potential of Flood Control Basins 14.1.3 Utilization of Land in a Flood Control Basin 14.2 Asahata Flood Control Basin 14.2.1 Geomorphological Features and Changes in Land Use 14.2.2 Activities in the Asahata Flood Control Basin 14.3 Effect of Activities on Plant Diversity 14.3.1 Activities 14.3.2 Vegetation 14.4 Generality of the Results 14.5 Activity Redundancy and Conservation Sustainability References Part V Urban and City Ecosystem 15 Toward Holistic Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation 15.1 Toward Holistic Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation 15.2 GI Visions and Frameworks: “Green City, Clean Water” Citywide Green Infrastructure Implementation Frameworks in the City of Philadelphia 15.3 National-Scale Holistic GI Visions and Approaches: “ABC Water Design Guidelines in Singapore” 15.4 GI Approaches: Site-Scale GI Implementation 15.5 Street as GI: “City of Copenhagen's New GI Street Approaches” 15.6 Kashiwanoha Aqua Terrace: “Closed Retention Pond to GI Open Space” 15.7 Minami-Machida Grandberry Park: Creating Livable, Sustainable City with Open Spaces 15.7.1 GI Visions and Frameworks 15.7.2 Design of Places and Public Engagement 15.8 Toward Urban Green Infrastructure Implementation: Open Space as GI References 16 Changes in the Use of Green Spaces by Citizens Before and During the First COVID-19 Pandemic: A Big Data Analysis Using Mobile-Tracking GPS Data in Kanazawa, Japan 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Materials and Methods 16.2.1 Study Area 16.2.2 The GPS Data and Sample 16.2.3 Analysis Methods 16.2.3.1 Behavioral Changes of Kanazawa Citizens 16.2.3.2 Percentage Increase/Decrease in the Number of Visits to each Green Space and Distance Traveled 16.3 Results and Discussion 16.3.1 General Change of Activity Pattern 16.3.2 Average Number of Outings and Total Time Spent out of the House per Day 16.3.3 Maximum Distance Traveled per Day 16.3.4 Number of Outings by Means of Transportation 16.3.5 Number of Visits by Destination 16.3.6 Percentage Increase/Decrease in the Number of Visits to each Green Space and Distance Traveled 16.3.7 Green Space Planning in Kanazawa City in Relation to the Research Hypothesis 16.4 Conclusions References 17 Land Use Planning as a Green Infrastructure in a Rural Japanese Depopulated Town 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Disaster Risk and Living Environment 17.3 Classification of Target Area 17.4 Overlay Analysis 17.5 Land Use Regulation in the Target Area 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Toward an Equitable Distribution of Urban Green Spaces for People and Landscapes: An Opportunity for Portland's Green Grid 18.1 Introduction 18.2 An Abridged Overview of Green Infrastructure in Portland 18.3 Outcomes and Experiences of Green Infrastructure in Portland 18.4 Next Steps: Activating the Green Grid References Part VI Coast and Estuary Ecosystem 19 Effectiveness and Sustainability of Coastal Hybrid Infrastructures for Low-Frequency Large-Scale Disasters: A Case Study of Coastal Disaster Assessment for aComplex Disaster 19.1 Current Status and Issues of Coastal Protection Measures in Japan 19.2 Overview of the Study Area 19.3 Scenario Analysis of Tsunami Hazard by Numerical Simulation 19.4 Relationship Between Typhoons and the Formation Process of Hybrid Infrastructure References 20 Challenging a Hybrid Between Green and Gray Infrastructure: Coastal Sand-Covered Embankments 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Coastal Ecotones 20.3 Recovery and Reconstruction from the Disaster of the Great East Japan Earthquake Using Gray Infrastructures 20.4 Sand-Covered Embankments as Hybrid Infrastructure for Coastal Community Resilience 20.5 Conclusion References 21 Green Infrastructures in Megacity Jakarta: Current Status and Possibilities of Mangroves for Flood Damage Mitigation 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Floods in Jakarta 21.2.1 Most Vulnerable People 21.2.2 Causes of Floods 21.2.3 Current Countermeasures 21.3 Mangroves in the Gulf of Jakarta 21.3.1 Recognition of Mangroves as GI in Indonesia 21.3.2 Functions and Status of Mangroves 21.3.3 Mangroves in North Jakarta 21.4 Possibilities of Mangroves for Flood Damage Mitigation 21.4.1 Hard Measures: Rehabilitation of Mangroves for GI 21.4.2 Soft Measures: Mangroves as a Disaster Prevention Icon References 22 Implementation of Japanese Blue Carbon Offset CreditingProjects 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Carbon Offset Credits 22.3 Offset Crediting by the Yokohama Blue Carbon Project 22.3.1 Background 22.3.2 Calculation Methodology 22.3.3 Implementation 22.4 Offset Credit System of Fukuoka City 22.4.1 Background and Framework 22.4.2 Carbon Offset Credit Scheme and Implementation 22.4.3 Funding Scheme and Implementation 22.5 Offset Crediting Demonstration by the Japanese National Government 22.5.1 Background 22.5.2 Characteristics of the Carbon Offset Scheme 22.5.2.1 Multiple Methodological Options 22.5.2.2 Continuous Review and Revision 22.5.2.3 Variable Transaction Prices 22.5.3 Case Study 22.6 Keys for Successful Implementation 22.6.1 Yokohama City 22.6.2 Fukuoka City 22.6.3 National Demonstration Project 22.7 Challenges for Future Blue Carbon Offset Schemes 22.7.1 Quantification and Reducing Uncertainty 22.7.2 Considering Emissions from SCEs 22.7.3 Expanding the Scope of Carbon Offsetting 22.7.4 Considering Co-benefits 22.7.5 Monetizing and Crediting Co-benefits 22.7.6 Challenges to Expanding Credit Trading References Part VII Economic Evaluation 23 Understanding Preference Differences Among Individuals for the Reduction in Flood Risk by Green Infrastructure 23.1 Introduction 23.1.1 Background 23.1.2 The Purpose of the Study 23.2 Methods 23.2.1 Literature Review 23.2.2 Survey Design 23.3 Results 23.3.1 Surveys 23.3.2 Descriptive Statistics 23.3.3 The Conditional Logit Result 23.3.4 The Latent Class Result 23.4 Discussion 23.4.1 The General Attitude toward Green Infrastructure 23.4.2 Interpretation of the Results of the Discrete Choice Experiment 23.4.3 Several Perspectives toward Consensus Building 23.5 Concluding Remarks Appendix References 24 Assessing Public Preference for Construction of Giant Seawalls Using the Best –Worst Scaling Approach 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Methods 24.3 Results and Discussion 24.4 Conclusions References 25 Coastal Community Preferences of Gray, Green, and Hybrid Infrastructure Against Tsunamis: A Case Study of Japan 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Survey Design 25.2.1 Data Collection 25.2.2 Experimental Design 25.2.2.1 Review of Economic Evaluation 25.2.2.2 Choice Experiments 25.2.3 Attributes and Levels 25.2.3.1 Additional Seawall Height 25.2.3.2 Forest Width 25.2.3.3 Landscape 25.2.3.4 Recreation 25.2.3.5 Bird Species 25.2.4 Profile Design 25.3 Econometric Models 25.3.1 Conditional Logit and Mixed Logit Models 25.3.2 Estimation 25.3.3 CL Versus ML Model 25.3.4 WTP 25.4 Results 25.5 Discussion and Conclusion Appendix References 26 Forest Green Infrastructure and the Carbon Storage and Substitution Benefits of Harvested Wood Products 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Carbon Storage in Wood Products 26.3 Carbon Substitution Benefits of Wood 26.4 Wider Issues 26.4.1 Double-Counting 26.4.2 Rebound Effects 26.5 Monitoring and Accounting 26.6 Recommendations References Part VIII Governance 27 Social System in Collaborative Activities for Conserving Coastal Pine Forest in Karatsu City, Kyusyu, Japan 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Study Area 27.3 Methods 27.4 Results 27.4.1 Background of Restoration and Conservation Works 27.4.2 Activities Managed by NPO KANNE 27.4.2.1 Conservation Activities in the Pine Forest 27.4.2.2 Efforts to Increase Participants in Conservation Activity 27.5 Discussion References 28 Governance for Realizing Multifunctional Floodplain: Flood Control, Agriculture, and Biodiversity in Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area, California, USA 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Interview and Inspection 28.3 Background of Yolo Bypass 28.4 Yolo Bypass Wildlife Area and its Management 28.5 Significant Role of Yolo Basin Foundation in Governance Structure 28.6 Environmental Education by Yolo Basin Foundation 28.7 Concluding Remarks References 29 Analysis of the Description of the Multifunctionality of Farmland in the Administrative Plans of Local Municipalities 29.1 Background and Goal of the Study 29.2 Method 29.2.1 Content Analysis 29.2.2 Municipalities for Analysis 29.2.3 Administrative Plans for Analysis 29.2.4 Organizing and Classifying the Multiple Functions of Farmland 29.2.5 Establishment of Criteria for the Reference to the Multifunctionality of Farmland in Administrative Plans 29.2.6 Analysis of Descriptions According to Municipal Characteristics 29.3 Results and Discussion 29.3.1 Description of the Multifunctionality of Farmland in each Administrative Plan 29.3.2 Tendency of the Description of the Multifunctionality of Farmland According to the Characteristics of Municipalities 29.3.3 Number of Plans with Descriptions with Respect to Population Size and Farmland Acreage 29.4 Conclusion: Issues and Future Directions of Green Infrastructure Policies for Farmland References Index