دانلود کتاب Handbook of Catalysis

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Cover
Half Title
Handbook of Catalysis
Copyright
About the Editor
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Abbreviations
Preface
1. Fundamentals of Catalysis
Contents
1.1. Introduction
1.2. What Is Catalysis?
1.3. Molecules, Atoms, Solid Surfaces, and Enzymes as Catalysts
1.3.1. Homogeneous Catalysis
1.3.2. Biocatalysis
1.3.3. Heterogeneous Catalysis
1.4. Why Is Catalysis Important?
1.4.1. Catalysis and Green Chemistry
1.4.2. E Factors, Atom Efficiency, and Ecological Affability
1.4.3. The Chemical Industry
1.5. Multidisciplinary Field of Catalysis
1.5.1. Length Gages (Scales) of a “Catalyst”
1.5.2. Time Gages (Scales) in Catalysis
References
2. Basics of Catalysis Reactions and Chemical Kinetics
Contents
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Order of a Reaction
2.2.1. Reaction Rate Determination
2.2.2. Initial Rates Technique
2.2.3. Integral Technique
2.2.4. Differential Technique
2.2.5. Different Variation in Reaction Order
2.2.6. Zero Order Reaction
2.2.7. First Order Reaction
2.2.8. Pseudo-First Order Reaction
2.2.9. Second Order Reaction
2.2.10. Complex Order Reaction
2.2.11. Factors Affecting Reaction Rate
2.2.12. Rate Constant Calculations
2.3. Integrated Reaction Rate Laws
2.4. Half-Life
2.5. Rate Law Determination From Experimental Information
2.5.1. Isolation Method
2.5.2. Differential Methods
2.5.3. Integral Methods
2.6. Experimental Methods
2.6.1. Methods for Blending the Reactant Materials and Instigating the Reaction
2.6.1.1. Flow Techniques
2.6.1.2. Laser Pump-Probe and Flash Photolysis Techniques
2.6.1.3. Relaxation Methods
2.6.2. Methods for Observing Concentrations with Respect to Time
2.6.2.1. Absorption Spectroscopy
2.6.2.2. Resonance Fluorescence
2.6.2.3. Laser-Induced Fluorescence
2.6.3. Temperature Measurement and Regulation
2.7. Complex Reactions
2.8. Catalysis
2.8.1. Illustration
2.8.2. Units
2.8.3. Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms
2.8.4. Reaction Energetics
2.9. Significance
2.9.1. Energy Processing
2.9.2. Bulk Chemicals
2.9.3. Fine Chemicals
2.9.4. Food Processing
2.9.5. Environment
2.10. Inhibitors, Poisons, and Promoters
References
3. Homogeneous Catalysis
Contents
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Metal Compound Catalysis in the Liquid Phase
3.2.1. Elementary Phases in Homogeneous Catalysis
3.2.1.1. Ligand Exchange: Dissociation and Coordination
3.2.1.2. Oxidative Addition
3.2.1.3. Reductive Elimination
3.2.1.4. Insertion and Migration
3.2.1.5. De-Insertion and b-Elimination
3.2.1.6. Nucleophilic Attack on an Organized Substrate
3.2.1.7. Other Reaction Types
3.2.2. In Homogeneous Catalysis, the Structural Relationships
3.2.2.1. Steric Effects: Symmetry, Flexibility, and Ligand Size
3.2.2.2. Electronic Effects of Solvents, Substrates, and Ligands
3.2.3. Asymmetric Homogeneous Catalysis
3.2.4. Industrial Examples
3.2.4.1. SHOP (The Shell Higher Olefins Process)
3.2.4.2. The Wacker Oxidation Process
3.2.4.3. The Du Pont Synthesis of Adiponitrile
3.2.4.4. The Ciba–Geigy Metolachlor Method
3.3. Homogeneous Catalysis Without Metals
3.3.1. Classic Acid/Base Catalysis
3.3.2. Organocatalysis
3.4. Scaling Up Homogeneous Reactions: Cons and Pros
3.4.1. Catalyst Recycling and Recovery
3.4.2. Hybrid Catalysts: Bridging the Homogeneous/Heterogeneous Gap
3.5. “Click Chemistry” and Homogeneous Catalysis
References
4. Heterogeneous Catalysis
Contents
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Classic Gas/Solid Systems
4.2.1. The Concept of the Active Site
4.2.2. Model Catalyst Systems
4.2.3. Real Catalysts: Poisons, Modifiers, and Promoters
4.3. Preparation of Solid Catalysts: Black Magic Revealed
4.3.1. Alloy Leaching and High-Temperature Fusion
4.3.2. Slurry Precipitation and Co-Precipitation
4.3.3. Impregnation of Porous Supports
4.3.4. Hydrothermal Synthesis
4.3.5. Drying, Calcination, Activation, and Forming
4.4. Selecting the Right Support
4.4.1. Specific Surface Area
4.4.2. Substrate Accessibility
4.4.3. Catalyst Stability
4.5. Catalyst Characterization
4.5.1. Traditional Surface Characterization Methods
4.5.2. Determining the Surface Area
4.5.3. Temperature-Programed (TP) Techniques
4.5.4. Spectroscopy and Microscopy
4.5.4.1. Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (SS-NMR)
4.5.4.2. Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
4.6. The Catalytic Converter: An Instance from Everyday Life
References
5. Environmental Catalysis
Contents
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Attributes of Environmental Catalysis
5.3. Catalysis All Over
5.4. Environmental Catalysis as a Driver for Innovation
5.5. Sustainable Catalytic Materials
5.6. Environmental Electrocatalysis
References
6. Fundamentals of Biocatalysis
Contents
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Biocatalysts
6.3. Strategies to Improve the Performance of Biocatalysts
6.4. Biocatalysts: An Interdisciplinary Science
6.5. The Effect of Biocatalysis on Teaching Natural Science
References
7. Pharmaceutical Applications of Catalysis
Contents
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Biocatalysts in Pharmaceutical Industry
7.3. Over the Counter and Remedy Drugs
7.4. Hydrogenation of C=C Double Bonds
7.5. Semi-Hydrogenation of C=C Triple Bonds
7.6. Improved Methods for Catalyst Recovery in Biopharmaceutical Production
7.6.1. Synthesis of Cefprozil
7.6.2. Catalyst Recovery
7.7. The Problem With Carbon
7.8. A More Selective Method: Ion Exchange Resins
References
8. Applications of Catalysis in Nanotechnology and Energy
Contents
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Nanoparticles in Catalysis
8.3. Nanocatalysis
8.3.1. Effect of Size
8.3.1.1. On Catalytic Properties
8.3.1.2. Size-Dependent Coordination Environment
8.3.1.3. Size-Dependent Electronic State
8.3.1.4. Size-Dependent Adsorption Energy
8.3.2. Impact of Shape on Catalytic Properties
8.3.3. Composition Effect
8.3.4. Highly Selective Nanocatalysts
8.4. Solar-Driven Water Splitting
8.4.1. Electrocatalysts
8.4.2. Light Absorbers
8.4.3. Developments in Science and Technology to Solve Problems
References
Index
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