دانلود کتاب Handbook of Classical and Modern Mandaic

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Preface\nContents\nAbbreviations\nIntroduction\nPreliminary Remarks on Pronunciation of Mandaic\nI. SCRIPT AND PRONUNCIATION\n§ I. Abāgāda (name of the alphabet and number of letters)\n§ 2. Alphabet\n§ 3. Spelling\n§ 4. Order of letters\n§ 5. The letter ḏ-\n§6. Supplementary letters\n§ 7. Double consonants\n§ 8. Scriptio plena\na) Front vowels\nb) Central vowels\nc) Back vowels\n§ 9. Length and timbre of vowels\na) æ,a,ā\nb) e,i,ī\nc) u, ū, o, ō\n§ 10. Diphthongs\na) Original\nb) Secondary\nc) In Arabic and Persian loan-words\n§ 11. Economy in the use of the letters ṣ, h, u\na) uh, hu, uṣ and un\nb) uṣ and hn\n§ 12. Šwa mobile\na) Changed to a šwa quiescens\nb) Šwa mobile remained\nc) Full vowel restored\n§ 13. Prevention of consonantal groups in modern loan-words\n§ 14. Scriptio defectiva\na) Accidental\nb) Regular in special short words\n§ 15. Proclitics and enclitics\n§ 16. Conclusion\nII. PHONETICS\nA. CLASSIFICATION OF PHONEMES\n§17. Consonantal and vocal groups\na) Consonants\nb) Vowels and Diphthongs\n§ 18. Relative frequency of consonantal phonemes\n§ 19. Voiced and unvoiced consonants\nB. BEGADKEFAT\n§ 20. b\ng\nd\nk\np\nt\nC. LIQUIDS (m,n,l,r)\n§ 21. Relationship between the four liquids in general\n§ 22. n > m before labials\n§ 23. m:b = n:d (n:z, n:g)\na) mb by dissimilation of bb\nb) nd, nz by dissimilation of dd, zz\nc) ng by dissimilation of gg\nd) n before unvoiced plosives\n§ 24. Etymological n before d, g, z\n§ 25. Assimilation of n\na) As first radical\nb) As last radical before t\n§ 26. Apocope of plosive liquids\na) m\nb) n\nc) Syncope of n before gutturals\n§ 27. n:l\n§ 28. l:r\n§ 29. Reduplication of r\nD. LABIALS\n§ 30. Regressive assimilation of sonority\n§ 31. Progressive assimilation of sonority\n§ 32. b > w> (β)\n§ 33. Final b > m\nE. DENTALS AND SIBILANTS\n§ 34. Media t > media d\n§ 35. Ultima t > ultima d\n§ 36. Vanishing of dentals\na) For prosodic reasons\nb) By syncope after fricatives\nc) eϑ + ka > ekka\nd) Regressive assimilation of the final t to the modern enclitic d\ne) Syncope of t in compounds with bit\nf) Different cases of the syncope of d\ng) Mod. t > k\nh) Mod. t > h\n§ 37. Relationship between d and ṭ and t and ṭ\n§ 38. Relationship between d and z\n§ 39. Emphatics\na) s (z) ṣ > before ṭ\nb) ṣ > s (z) before labials and voiced alveolars\n§ 40. Regressive assimilation of sonority in the sibilants\na) Before voiced plosives\nb) Before unvoiced plosives\n§ 41. Replacement of š by other sibilants\nF. PALATALS AND VELARS\n§ 42. Relationship between g and q\n§ 43. Relationship between q and k\na) q > k\nb) Pahl. -ak > Mand. -qa\n§ 44. Relationship between g and k\na) k > g\nh) g> k\n§ 45. Syncope of palatals\n§ 46. g in old loan-words\na) Syncopated\nb) Maintained\nG. GUTTURALS\n§ 47. General remarks\n§ 48. Etymological (?>) h remained\na) As first radical\nb) As second radical\n§ 49. Vanishing of initial ?,?\n§50. Vanishing of ?,?,as 2nd radical\n§51. Has third radical\na) Preserved before a vowel\nb) Preserved before t and ?\nc) Vanished\nd) Graphical final h\ne) Facultatively preserved\n§ 52. Preservation of final h (< ?) by metathesis\n§ 53. Original and actual phonetic value of h?\n§ 54. ?)?,?) > i between two vowels\n§ 55. Vanishing of ?,?\na) Preceded by a šwa mobile or an auxiliary vowel\nb) Preceded by a consonant or a šwa mobile\nc) Secondary reduplication of the 2nd radical after the vanishing of the Ist guttural radical\nd) 3rd radical after the vanishing of the 2nd guttural radical\ne) Vanishing of ?,? as 3rd radical\n§ 56. Pronunciation of proclitics after the vanishing of ?,? as Ist radical\n§ 57. Replacing of ?,? by h\na) As initial sound\nb) As second radical\nc) As third radical\n§ 58. ???? treated as ???\n§ 59. Initial ? > q\n§ 60. Arabic gutturals in modern Mandaic\nH. SEMIVOWELS\n§61. y\na) Initial\nb) Final -?) (a)\n§ 62. w\na) Initial\nb) Middle\nc) Syncopated in certain forms of HUA\nI. VOWELS AND DIPHTHONGS\n§63. General remarks\n§ 64. Shortening of long vowels\n§65. Structural influence of a long vowel\na) On the vowel of the preceding syllable\nb) On the vowel of the following syllable\n§ 66. Šwa mobile\n§ 67. Wavering between vowels\na) Central and front\nb) Back and front\n§68. Front vowel as combinatory variant of a in closed syllable\n§ 69. Influence of III r on the preceding e\n§ 70. Influence of gutturals on the preceding vowel\n§71. Short vowels before reduplicated consonants\na) r\nb) In the place of a vanished ?\n§72. Labialization of vowels\na) Before m\nb) Before p,f\nc) Before b, ß\nd) Progressive labialization\n§73. Back vowel instead of the front or central vowels\n§ 74. Special remarks on long vowels\na) ?\nb) ?\nc) ?\n§75. Diphthongs\na) Original\nb) Secondary\n§76. Special changes of original diphthongs\na) Final ya > ya, ?\nb) Epenthesis\nJ. SECONDARY VOWELS\n§ 77. Prosthetic vowel\n§78. Dissolution of consonantal groups by auxiliary vowels\n§ 79. Restoration of a full vowel instead of a šwa\n§ 80. Full vowel in classical verbal prefixes\n§81. Full vowel before verbal endings and enclitics\n§82. Auxiliary vowel to prevent gemination\na) In the plural of nouns\nb) In verbs???\n§83. Secondary vowel preserved by the analogy\n§ 84. Abuse of the prosthetic vowel\nK. OMISSION OF VOWELS\n§85. Apocope of unstressed vowels\n§86. Graphical omission of initial etymological vowels\n§87. Aphaeresis of etymological vowels\n§88. Contraction of an initial vowel with the vowel of the proclitic\n§89. Syncope\nL. ACCENT AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE VOCAL STRUCTURE OF THE WORD\n§90. General rules\n§91. Aphaeresis of unstressed vowels\n§92. Syncope of short vowels before the principal accent\n§93. Stress of secondary vowels to avoid gemination\n§ 94. Apocope and syncope of unstressed vowels\n§95. Length of the stressed vowel\na) Changes of the length and timbre depending on the change of the accent\nb) Change of the degree of aperture\nc) Contraction of diphthongs in a stressed syllable\n§96. Accent in modern loan-words\n M. PHONETIC STRUCTURE OF THE MANDAIC SYLLABLE AND WORD § 97. Syllabic structure\na) With short vowel\nb) With long vowel\nc) With a semivowel (šwa mobile)\n§ 98. Secondary types of syllabic structure\na) With a vowel preceded by two consonants\nb) With a vowel followed by two consonants\n N. HAPLOLOGY\n§ 99. a) In verbs\nb) In derivatives from???\n O. SPECIAL SYNCOPATION\n § 100. Syncope\na) Of fricative liquids\nb) Of plosives\n P. EUPHONIC RULES\n§ 101. General remarks\n§ 102. Combinatory doubling of the consonant in a short open syllable\n III. MORPHOLOGY\n§103. A. INTERJECTIONS AND ONOMATOPOEIC EXPRESSIONS\n B. NOUNS\n a) Pronouns\n 1. Personal pronouns\n§104. Independent personal pronouns\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n§105. Personal pronouns used enclitically\na) Classical\nb) Modem\n§ 106. Possessive Suffixes\na) Classical\nb) Modem\n?) With nouns\nß) With certain participles\n?) Special remarks\n§107. Accusative suffixes\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n2. Demonstrative pronouns\n§ 108. h?\n§ 109. ??, ??\n§110. Pointing to the nearer object\n§III. Pointing to the farther object\n§112. Modern demonstrative pronouns\na) Pointing to the nearer object\nb) Pointing to the farther object\n3. Relative pronouns\n§ 113. a) d?-\nb) kd? = modem ke\n4. Interrogative pronouns\n§ 114. a) Classical\nb) Modern\nb) Substantives and adjectives\n1. Nouns from biradical roots\n§ 115. Family members, parts of the body, other common terms\n2. Nouns from three-radical roots without external addition\n?) The simplest formation\n§ 116. a) fa‘ (a) l\nb) With transition of a to i\nc) With feminine ending\n§117. a) fi‘I\nb) With feminine ending\n§118. a) fu‘l\nb) With feminine ending\n?) With an original short vowel after the Ist and 2nd radicals\n§ 119. fa‘al\na) masculine form\nb) feminine form\nc) From roots I w, y\n§120. With third radical doubled\n?) With a long vowel after the Ist or 2nd or both first radicals not doubled\n§ 121. f?‘ al\n§ 122. f?‘il\n§ 123. f?‘ul\n§124. a) fa‘?l, fi‘ ?l, fu‘?l>p?‘?l\nb) With feminine ending\n§125. a) f?‘?l > p?‘?l\nb) With feminine ending\n§ 126. fu‘ayl\n§127. a) fa‘?l,fi‘?l>p?‘?l\nb) With feminine ending\n?) With reduplication of the second radical\n§ 128. With two short vowels\n§129. a) fa‘‘?l\nb) With feminine ending\n§ 130. fi“?l\n§131. fu‘‘?l\n§ 132. fa“?l\na) Qualificative adjectives\nb) Verbal adjectives\nc) Substantives\nd) Feminine forms\n§133. With ? after the 2nd radical\na) fa“?l\nb) fi‘‘?l\n3. Nouns from quadriradical roots\n§134. a) Nomina actionis\nb) Concrete nouns by repeating biradical roots\nc) By repeating the third radical\nd) Concrete nouns ending in -la\ne) Various formations\n4. Nouns with prefixes and suffixes\n?) With prefixes\n§135. With m-\na) maf‘al\nb) mif‘al\nc) Feminine forms\nd) malif‘?l\ne) mif‘?l\nf) maf‘?l\n§136. Participles with m-\na) Pa. act\nb) Pa. pass\nc) Af. act\nd) Af. pass\n§137. Participles with mit-\na) Ethpe\nb) Ethpa\nc) Ettaf\nd) From quadriradical verbs\n§138. Rests of pual-participles\n§ 139. With t-\na) Nomina actionis\nb) Concrete nouns\n§ 140. With a-\n§ 141. Other forms with a-,‘-, h-\n§ 142. With n(i)-\nß) With suffixes\n§ 143. With -?n\na) Abstract and concrete nouns\nb) Adjectives\nc) Nomina agentis\n§ 144. Suffix -?n > ?n\n§ 145. Diminutives with -?n\n§ 146. With -?m\n§ 147. With -y?(a)\n§ 148. With -?\n§ 149. Abstract nouns with -??(a) > mod. o?ta\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n§ 150. With -ia, -ita\na) Masculine\nb) Feminine\n?) With foreign prefixes and suffixes\n§151. With bi-, -i, -?i\n5. Compound nouns\n§ 152. a) With bil and mar\nb) With bit, bi-\nc) With br, bar\nd) With riš\ne) With rab\nf) With la\ng) With numerals\nh) Mod. artißel\ni) With prepositions\n6. Inflexion of nouns\n§153. Status, gender and number\n§154. Inflexional endings\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n§155. Special remarks on inflexion\n§156. Inflected forms\n§157. Structural differences between the status absolutus and constructus\na) Simple formation\nb) Contraction of the diphthong\nc) Suppression of the vowel after the first radical\nd) p?‘ol as st. abs. of p?‘l?\ne) In nouns from ???\n§158. Nouns occurring only in the status absolutus or status emphaticus\n§159. Nouns with feminine endings\na) Adjectives\nb) Substantives\n§ 160. Feminine nouns without the feminine ending\na) Feminine by nature\nb) Animal-names\nc) Parts of the body\nd) Inanimate objects\ne) Earth, elements etc\nf) Foreign words\ng) Wavering in gender\n§161. Final t of the root regarded as a feminine ending\n§162. Nouns with feminine ending treated as masculine\na) In the status absolutus\nb) With the ending -??a\n§163. Classical plurals\n§ 164. Plurals formed by the repetion of the last radical\n§165. Plurals with -ayy?, -(ay)y?\n§166. Plural with -(a)w??a\na) From ???\nb) From the singular with -??a\nc) From other nouns\n§ 167. Plurals with -??a and -y??a\na) -??a (-y??a)\nb) -y??a (-??a)\n§ 168. Plurals formed by adding -??/a to the st. emph. of fern, nouns\n§169. Feminine nouns with masculine plurals\n§ 170. Masculine nouns with feminine plurals\n§ 171. Plurals with -?n (-ania)\n§ 172. Modern plurals\na) With -?n\nb) With -??a, -y??a, -w??a\nc) With -??a\n7. Irregular nouns\n§ 173. a) Nouns from biradical roots; heteroclite and other irregular plurals\nb) Pluralia tantum\n§ 174. An inflexible noun: mindam\n8. Nominal forms before possessive suffixes\n§175. Casual endings\n§176. Influence of the accent\n§ 177. Plural nouns with suffixes\nC. NUMERALS\n§178. Cardinal Numbers\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n§ 179. tartin, trin, tart?\n§ 180. hdadia\n§181. Ordinal numbers\n§ 182. Fractions\nD. PARTICLES\nI. Prepositions\n§183. l and ‘l\n§184. Proclitic prepositions\na) b, mod. q?\nb) Comparative preposition k\n§185. Independent prepositions\n§186. Compound prepositions\n§187. Compound prepositional expressions\na) With mn\nb) With b, l, ‘l\nc) adinqia\n§188. Prepositions with personal suffixes\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n2. Adverbs and Original Adverbial Locutions\n§189. Adjectives used as adverbs of quality\n§190. Adverbial ending -???\n§191. Adverbial ending -??\n§192. Adverbs by origin\na) Adverbs of time\nb) Adverbs of place\nc) Interrogative adverbs\nd) Adverbs of assertion and comparison\ne) Other adverbs\n7. Conjunctions\n§193. Coordinative conjunctions\n§ 194. Subordinative conjunctions\nE. VERBS\nI. General remarks\n§195. Verbal stems\na) Peal, pael, afel, ethpeel, ethpaal, ettafal\nb) Hafel\nc) Remarks on reflexive stems\nd) Šafel, eštafal\ne) Safel\nf) Palpel ( : panpel, parpel)\ng) Parel\nh) Pawel\ni) Papel\nj) Remark on quadriliterals (f—i)\nk) Dissimilated pael and ethpaal-forms\n1) Denominative verbs\n?) From nouns with prefixes\nß) From nouns with suffixes\nm) Original quadriradical verbs\nn) Disparition of quadriradical verbs from the vernacular\n§ 196. Peculiarities of weak roots\na)?=?? = ???\nb) ?=?? = ???\nc) II guttural = ???\nd) Peculiarities of different kinds\n§ 197. Tenses and moods\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperfect of the afel\nd) Imperfect used as subjunctive\ne) Distinction of gender in the imperfect\nf) Imperative\n2. Strong verbs\n§198. General characteristics\na) Three types of the peal\nb) Imperfect of the Ist type\nc) Wavering between the Ist and 2nd type\nd) Verbs with unknown classical perfect\ne) Verbs with unknown imperfect\nf) Verbs of the 3rd type\ng) Verbs III r\n§ 199. Personal endings and prefixes\na) Endings of the perfect\nb) Prefixes and endings of the imperfect\nc) Plural-endings of the imperative\nd) Participial present-future\n§200. Perfect\na) General remarks\nb) Classical peal\nc) Modern peal\nd) Classical pael\ne) Modern pael\nf) Classical afel\ng) Modern afel\nh) Classical reflexives\n?) With t in the prefix\nß) Without t in the prefix\ni) Modern reflexives\nj) Quadriradical verbs\n?) Fundamental forms\nß) Reflexive forms\nk) Personal endings before the enclitics\n?) Classical\nß) Modern\n§201. Imperfect\na) Peal\nb) Pael\nc) Afel\nd) Reflexive forms\n?) With t in the prefix\nß) Without t in the prefix\ne) Quadriradical verbs\n?) Fundamental forms\nß) Reflexive forms\nf) Personal endings before the enclitics\n§ 202. Imperative\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n§ 203. Participles\n§ 204. Participial present\na) Classical\nb) Before the enclitics\nc) Modern forms\n?) Peal\nß) Pael\n?) Afel\n?) Ethpeel\n?) Ethpaal = Pael\n?) Passive voice\n?) With the enclitic l\n§ 205. Infinitives\n3. Verbs III guttural\n§ 206. General remarks\n§207. Classical forms\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative\nd) Participles\ne) Participial present-future\nf) Infinitives\n§ 208. Modern forms\na) Perfect\nb) Present-future\nc) With the enclitic l\nd) Passive participle\ne) Imperative\n4. Verbs ???\n§ 209. General remarks\n§210. Classical forms\na) Imperfect peal\nb) Imperative peal\nc) Infinitive peal\nd) Afel\ne) Ettafel\n§211. Modern forms\na) As strong verbs (apart from the afel)\nb) Afel\n5. Verbs ???,?\n§ 212. General remarks\n§ 213. Classical forms\na) Peal\n?) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative\nd) Participles\nß) Pael and afel\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative\nd) Participles\ne) Infinitive\nf) Afel ??? = Afel ???\ng) haimin\n?) Reflexive forms\n§ 214. Modern forms\n?) Peal\na) Perfect\nb) With the enclitic l\nc) Present-future\nd) With the enclitic l\ne) Imperative\n?) Pael\na) Perfect\nb) Present-future\nc) With the enclitic l\n?) (Afel)\n?) Reflexive stem\n6. Verbs ???\n§215. General remarks\n§216. Classical forms\n?) Peal\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative\nd) Participle\ne) Infinitive\nß) Pael\n?) Afel\n?) Reflexive forms\n§217. Modern forms\n?) General remarks\nß) Peal\na) Perfect\nb) Present\nc) Imperative\n?) No derived stems\n7. Verbs ??? and ???\n §218. General remarks\na) With a consonantal w as 2nd radical\nb) ??? = ???\n§219. Classical forms\n?) Peal\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative\nd) Active participle\ne) Passive participle\nf) Infinitive\n?) Pael\n?) Afel\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative\nd) Participial forms: (I) Act., pt., (2) Inflected forms, (3) Participial present, (4) Pass, pt\ne) Infinitive\n?) Reflexive forms\na) Ethpeel\n(1) Perfect\n(2) Imperfect\n(3) Participle\nb) Ethpaal\n(1) Perfect\n(2) Imperfect\n(3) Participle\n(4) Infinitive\nc) Ettafal\n(1) Perfect\n(2) Imperfect\n§ 220. Verbs ??? and III guttural\n?) Peal: a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper., d) Pt\nß) Afel: a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper., d) Pt\n?) Reflexive stems: a) Pf\nb) Impf., c) Imper\n?) Pronunciation of the forms\n§221. Modern forms\n?) Peal\na) Perfect\nb) Pres., c) Imper., d) Pass, pt\ne) Two defective verbs: I. wayyeq, 2. ALL\nß) Afel\na) Past, b) Present-future, c) Imper\n8. Verbs II ?,? and t?mm?\n§222. General remarks\n§223. Classical forms\n?) Peal: a) Perfect, b) Imperfect\nc) Imper., d) Pt., e) Inf\nß) Pael: a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Pt., d) Inf\n?) Ethpaal: a) Pf., b) Impf\nc) Pt., d) Inf\n§ 224. Modern forms\n?) Peal: a) Past, b) Present\nß) Pael : a) Past, b) Present\nc) Imperative\n?) Dakka and t?mma/?\na) Past, b) Present, c) Imperative\n?) Ethpaal\n9. Verbs ???\n§225. General remarks\n§226. Classical forms\n?) Peal\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative, d) Participial forms\ne) Infinitive\nß) Pael and afel\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative, d) Participial forms\ne) Infinitive\n?) Reflexive forms\na) Perfect\nb) Imperfect\nc) Imperative, d) Participial forms\ne) Infinitives\n?) Quadriradical verbs???\n?) A five-radical verb???\n?) HUA\na) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper\nd) Participle, e) Inf\n?) HIA\n a) Pf., b) Impf., c) Imper., d) Pt., e) Inf., f) Pa., g) Nom. ag. af\n § 227. Modern forms\n ?) Peal\na) Past\nb) Present-future, c) With the encl. l\nd) Imper., e) Pass.pt\nß) Pael\na) Past, b) Present-future\nc) With the encl. l, d) Imper\n?) Afel\na) Past, b) Present-future\nc) Imperative\n?) Reflexive stems\n?) ab?, how? and HIA\na) Forms of ab?: (1) Past, (2) Present-future\nb) Forms of how?: (1) Past, (2) Present-future, (3) Imper\n c) Forms of HIA: (1) Imper. as greeting formula, (2) hiy?n + encl. pers. pron., (3) past, fut. and imper. with hiy?n\n10. Verbs with personal suffixes\n a) Verbs which are not ???\n §228. Perfect\na) Classical forms\nb) Modern forms\n§ 229. Imperfect\n§230. Imperative\na) Classical forms\nb) Modern forms\n b) Verbs ??? with personal suffixes\n§231. General remarks\n§ 232. Perfect\na) Classical forms\nb) Modern forms\n§ 233. Imperfect\n§234. Imperative\na) Classical forms\nb) Modern forms\nc) Participial present-future with personal suffixes\n§235. Comparison of modern and classical forms\na) Peal\nb) Pael, c) Afel\nd) Infinitives with personal suffixes\n§ 236. Peal, pael, afel\ne) ???\n§237. General remarks\n§238. ?) Classical forms\na) With enclitics\nb) With personal suffixes\nc) With -ka\nß) Modern forms\na) With enclitics, b) ‘ka ekka, lika lekka, c) With suffixes\nd) Past and future\nIV. ESSENTIALS OF SYNTAX\n§ 239. Preliminary remarks\nA. PARTS OF SPEECH\nI. Noun\na) Gender\n§ 240. Gender of interrogative pronouns\n§ 241. Neuter substituted by feminine\nb) Status absolutus and emphaticus\n§ 242. Acutally used\n§ 243. Special uses (1—10)\nc) Genitive expressions\n§ 244. Status constructus\na) actually used\nb) Replaced by other states\nc) Modern use\n§ 245. d?- after a determined noun\na) In the st. emph. — Exceptions\nb) Without suffix\nc) Determinative nouns separated from the determined noun\nd) Apposition\n§ 246. a) Attributive adjectives\nb) Adjectives of quantity and ordinal numbers\nc) Adjective before the substantive\nd) Adjective separated from the substantive\n§ 247. Position of the appositive\n§ 248. Proper names with appositives\na) Three ways of usage\nb) With an appositive consisting of several words or determined by a possessive suffix\nc) Modern use\n§ 249. Epitheton constans\na) With names of higher beings\nb) With common nouns\n§250. Appositive of the personal pronoun\n§251. Repetition of the noun\na) Tautological, b) Distributive, c) Replacement of distributive repetions by words of distributive character\ne) Construction of kul\n§252. Classical and modem usages\nf) Coordination of nouns\n§253. a) With the conjunction\nb) Asyndetic\n§254. Distributive repetitions\n2. Pronouns\na) Personal pronouns\n§255. Used a) with participial present, b) independently\n§ 256. hu\n§257. Personal suffixes with intransitive verbs\na) Classical, b) Modern\n§258. Preposition with the pers. suffix to emphasize a determined noun\na) Preposition with suff. + d? + noun\nb) Preposition with suff. + preposition with noun\n§ 259. Independent use of the pers. suffix with an enclitic preposition\n§ 260. Independent possessive and intensive pronouns\na) Classical dil- = modern did\nb) As a possessive pronoun\nc) Instead of a possessive suffix or to emphasize it\nd) Instead of a pers. pronoun or to emphasize it\ne) In comparisons\nb) Reflexive pronoun\n§ 261. napš-\na) Examples from the classical language\nb) Mod. usage : ?) With verbs, ?) With nouns\nc) Demonstrative pronouns\n§ 262. Personal pronouns used as demonstratives\na) Classical\nb) Modern\n§ 263. Original demonstratives\na) Classical:\n?) Substantival use\n?) Adjectival use: ??) Before the substantive, ??) After the substantive\nb) Modern\n§ 264. Special classical demonstratives\na) dd?\nb) hazin\na) Substantival use\n?) Adjectival use: ??) Before the noun, ??) After the noun, ??) Emphasized by the personal pronoun\nd) Interrogative pronouns\n§ 265. a) Cl. man, mod. man, c) Cl. ma(hu)\nd) Mod. mo, m?-, e) Formed with hay-\ne) Relative pronoun\n§ 266. a) Cl. d?- = mod. ke\nb) After the procl. l, c) “that which”\nd) kul d?-, kul man d?-\n3. Numerals\n§267. Cardinal numbers\n§ 268. Repetition of the numeral\na) Distributive, b) Multiplicative\n§269. Another kind of distributive and multiplicative expressions\na) Distributive, b) Multiplicative, c) Colloquial\n§270. Ordinal numbers\n§ 271. hdadia\n4. Adverbial expressions\n§ 272. Nouns used adverbially\n§ 273. Adverbs of time\n§274. Expressions of weight and measure\n§275. Expression of circumstance (Ar. h?a?l)\n5. Prepositions\n§276. Semantic spectrum of l and ‘l\n(1) Dative (a—n)\n(2) Accusative (a—i)\n§ 277. ‘lau-\n§ 278. Semantic spectrum of b\n(1) Locative (a—k)\n(2) Instrumental (a—j)\n§ 279. binia and bit\n§ 280. Comparative confunctions\na) Classical (1—3), b) Modern\n§281. Semantic spectrum of mn (a—q)\n 6. Verb\n a) Person, number and gender\n§282. Indefinite subject\n§283. Impersonal verb\na) As feminine\nb) Idiom “it is possible”\nc) As masculine\n b) Tenses and modes\n § 284. Perfect\n a) To express the past, b) to express a desire, c) As past conditional, d) As pluperfect (with hua)\ne) As future perfect, f) As present\n§285. Imperfect\na) As present or future, b) With verbs of saying referring to the pase\nc) As desiderative and prohibitive, d) After “before” and “until”, e) As conditional, f) After hab, g) Not as past progr. tense\n§ 286. Active participle and participial present-future\n a) Without reference to a specific time, b) Adjectival use, c) As (historical) present, d) As future\ne) In clauses of fearing, f) To express a possibility, g) As conditional, h) As desiderative and prohibitive, i) As past progressive tense (with hua)\nj) Participial present-future\n§ 287. Passive participle\na) To express an accomplished action, b) Mod. predicative use\nc) With act. meaning, d) With the encl. 1\n§ 288. Imperative\n§ 289. Infinitive\na) To express a purpose, b) With BAA as future, c) As logical subject\nd) To express a circumstance, e) As gerund, f) As infinitive absolute, g) Completed by the logical subject\n c) Object of the verb § 290. Direct object\na) With and without I\nb) Undertermined noun, c) Omission of 1 before a determined noun, d) Omission of 1 before a noun provided with a reflexive pronoun\ne) Omission of an accusative 1 in the presence of a dative\nf) Double transitive verbs, g) Direct object understood\n§291. Inner object\na) Analogy of the infinitive absolute, b) To introduce a numeral\nc) Completed by an adjective, a substantive or by d?-\n d) The auxiliary HUA\n§292. a) Classical, b) Modern\n e) ‘(i)t and ai(i)t\n§293. For “to have”\n§ 294. As expression of existence\n B. SENTENCE\n I. Simple sentence\n a) Nominal sentence\n§ 295. a) Without the copula, b) With the copula\nc) With a superfluous copula\n§ 296. With personal pronoun as subject\n b) Verbal sentence\n§ 297. Order of words\n§ 298. Agreement of the parts of the sentence\n§ 299. Cons true tio ad sensum\n§ 300. “That which” as a subject\n§ 301. Partitive expressions as a subject\n§ 302. Construction of compound subjects and objects\na) As singular, b) As plural, c) With a personal pronoun as part of a compound subject\n§303. hua and nihuia with nouns in plural\n c) Negative sentence\n§304. a) Negative particles and their use\n b) lau in negat. question, c) la before a noun, d) la repeated before each noun\n §305. Impersonal negative expressions\na) “There is not”, b) “cannot”\n d) Interrogative sentence\n§306. Introduced by\na) Interrogative pronoun\nb) Interrogative particle\n§ 307. Negative question\n2. Compound sentence\n§308. Asyndetic compound sentence\na) With two verbs\nb) With several verbs, c) With an inchoative verb\nd) Parallel ideas\n§ 309. Use of coordinative conjunctions\n3. Complex sentence\n§ 310. Attributive relative clause\n§311. Relative clauses\na) Of time, b) Of place\n§ 312. Clauses of comparison\n§313. Indirect statement\n§ 314. Clause of fearing\n§315. Clause of purpose\n§ 316. Clause of result\n§ 317. Subordinate clause as object\n§ 318. Uses of kd? (mod. ke)\na) kd? = cum, b) kd? = sicut (?—?)\n§ 319. General rules about d?- and kd? (a—c)\n§ 320. Negative clause of purpose\n§ 321. Indirect question\na) Classical, b) Modern\n§ 322. Conditional clauses\na) Classical, b) Modern\n4. Elliptic locutions\n§ 323. Incomplete sentences\n§ 324. Conjurations and greeting formulas\na) Classical, b) Modern\n§325. Stylistic ellipses\na) Words understood, b) Unfinished or interrupted sentences\nc) Defective logical structure\nBIBLIOGRAPHY\nAPPENDIX\nA. A CLASSICAL TEXT\nTransliteration, Pronunciation\nTranslation\nNotes\nB. SAMPLES OF THE VERNACULAR\nI. “To be”, II. “To have”, III. Compliments\nIV. Time, V. Weather, VI. Purchase\nVII. Travelling, VIII. Varia\nC. VOCABULARY OF THE VERNACULAR\nD. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS\nto Drower-Macuch, A Mandaic Dictionary\nE. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE GRAMMAR\nINDICES\nA. PHILOLOGICAL\na) Mandaic\nb) Aramaic\nc) Hebrew\nd) Arabic\ne) Akkadian and Sumerian\nf) Ethiopie, Amharic, Mehri\ng) Iranian\nh) Greek\ni) Latin\nB. ANALYTICO-TOPICAL\nC. AUTHORITIES