دانلود کتاب Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity

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Preface to the 3rd Edition of the Handbook
Contents
Part I Diagnosis of Eating Disorders
1 Classification and Diagnosis: A Historical Perspective
1.1 A Truly Biopsychosocial Phenomenon
1.2 History of Obesity Diagnosis
1.3 History of Anorexia Nervosa and its Diagnosis
1.4 History of the Diagnosis of Binge Eating and Overeating
1.5 History of Bulimia Nervosa and its Diagnosis
1.6 Influences of Medical Disease Concepts on Eating Disorders
1.7 Developments in Classification and Diagnosis
References
2 Dieting Behavior and Body Image in Societal Change
2.1 How Common are Body Image Problems and Dieting Behavior? And How are They Related?
2.2 Do Body-Related Attitudes and Eating Behavior Change in the Transition from Adolescence to Young Adulthood?
Conclusion
References
3 Eating Disorders in the ICD-11 and DSM-5
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anorexia Nervosa
3.3 Bulimia Nervosa
3.4 Binge Eating Disorder
3.5 Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
3.6 Pica
3.7 Rumination and Regurgitation
3.8 “Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder” and “Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder”
References
4 Clinical Aspects of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder in Adulthood
4.1 Classification of Anorexia Nervosa
4.1.1 Subtypes of Anorexia Nervosa
4.2 Classification of Bulimia Nervosa
4.2.1 Subtypes of Bulimia Nervosa
4.3 Avoidant-Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
4.4 Compensatory Behaviors
4.4.1 Fasting
4.4.2 Vomiting
4.4.3 Abuse of Medications
4.4.4 Excessive Exercise
4.4.5 Additional Compensatory Behaviors
References
5 Clinical Aspects of Binge-Eating Disorder
5.1 Diagnostic Criteria
5.2 Further Psychopathological Features
5.3 Epidemiology and Course
5.4 Comorbidities
5.4.1 Mental Comorbidity
5.4.2 Obesity
References
6 Atypical Eating Disorders and Eating Disorders Not Otherwise Specified
6.1 Atypical, Subsyndromal Eating Disorders
6.2 Purging Disorder
6.3 Night Eating Syndrome
6.4 Pica
6.5 Rumination Disorder
6.6 Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)
References
7 Orthorexia Nervosa
7.1 Concept and Definition
7.2 Symptomatology
7.3 Nosological Classification
7.4 Diagnosis and Epidemiology
7.5 Etiology
7.6 Relation to Other Eating Disorders
7.7 Treatment
References
8 Body Image Disturbances
8.1 Body Image Issues in Eating Disorders
8.2 Body Image Disturbance: Theoretical Conceptions and Definition Attempts
8.2.1 Perceptual Component
8.2.2 Cognitive-Affective or Cognitive-Evaluative Component
8.2.3 Behavioral Component
8.3 Body Image Disturbances as Core Symptoms of Eating Disorders: Research Approaches and Empirical Findings
8.4 Evaluation of Existing Findings
References
9 Diagnosis of Eating Disorders
9.1 Screening for Eating Disorders
9.2 Detailed Psychological Assessment for a Suspected Eating Disorder
9.2.1 Search for Physical, Psychological, or Behavioral Characteristics of an Eating Disorder
9.2.1.1 Underweight or Overweight
9.2.1.2 Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics
9.2.1.3 Restriction of Calorie Intake
9.2.1.4 Binge Eating
9.2.1.5 Compensatory Behavior
9.2.2 Assessment of Impairment due to Disturbed Eating Behavior
9.2.3 Operationalized Diagnostics
9.3 Medical Diagnostics for Eating Disorders
9.4 Differential Diagnostic Considerations
References
Part II Epidemiology, Etiology, and Course of Eating Disorders
10 Prevalence and Incidence of Anorectic and Bulimic Eating Disorders
10.1 Prevalence
10.2 Incidence
References
11 Course and Prognosis of Anorexia Nervosa
11.1 Results of the Research on the Course of AN
11.2 Mortality
11.3 Prognostic Indicators for a Poor Course
References
12 Course of Bulimia Nervosa and Binge-Eating Disorder
12.1 Diagnosis
12.2 Course of Eating Disorder Symptoms
12.2.1 Remission and Recovery
12.2.2 Relapse and Chronicity
12.2.3 Mortality
12.3 Comorbidity
12.4 Social Factors
12.5 Prognosis
12.5.1 Age and Duration of Illness
12.5.2 Severity of Eating Disorder and Treatment
12.5.3 Comorbidity
12.5.4 Personality Traits
12.5.5 Family of Origin Characteristics
Further References
13 Course and Prognosis of Binge Eating Disorder
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Onset
13.3 Distribution
13.4 Comorbidity—Quality of Life—Level of Functioning
13.5 Disorder Duration
13.6 Course of Treatment
13.7 Change of Eating Disorder Diagnosis
13.8 Mortality
13.9 Prognosis: What Promotes and What Hinders a Positive Course?
References
14 Anorexia Nervosa in Childhood and Adolescence
14.1 Definition and Classification
14.2 Epidemiology
14.3 Symptomatology
14.4 Comorbidity and Differential Diagnosis
14.4.1 Psychological Comorbidity
14.4.2 Somatic Comorbidity
14.5 Differential Diagnosis
14.6 Course
References
15 Eating Disorders in Men
15.1 General Information on Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa in Men
15.1.1 “Muscularity-Oriented Disordered Eating”
15.2 Onset of the Disorder
15.2.1 Risk Factor: Body Dissatisfaction
15.2.2 Additional Risk Factors
15.3 Disease Course
15.4 Treatment and Outcome
15.5 Atypical Eating Disorders and Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
References
16 Eating Disorders and Competitive Sports
16.1 Body Weight and Body Composition in Competitive Sports
16.2 Energy Balance in Competitive Sports
16.3 Epidemiology
16.4 Risk Factors
16.5 Pathophysiological Mechanisms
16.5.1 Eating Disorders
16.5.2 Menstrual Cycle Disorders and Reduction of Testosterone Levels
16.5.3 Low Bone Density
16.6 Health Consequences
16.6.1 Medical Consequences
16.6.2 Psychological and Social Consequences
16.7 Screening and Diagnosis
16.7.1 Screening
16.7.2 Diagnostic Procedure
16.7.2.1 Anamnesis
16.7.2.2 Bone Density Measurement
16.8 Prevention and Therapy
16.8.1 Prevention
16.8.2 Therapy
16.9 Performance-Optimized Weight Management for Athletes
16.9.1 Guidelines for Appropriate Weight Loss
16.9.2 Guidelines for Performance-Enhancing Weight Gain
Further Reading
17 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Models
17.1 Predisposing Factors
17.1.1 Biological Factors
17.1.2 Sociocultural Factors
17.1.3 Family Factors
17.1.4 Individual Factors
17.2 Triggering Factors
17.3 Maintaining Factors
17.4 The Transdiagnostic Model
References
18 Psychodynamic Model Concepts
18.1 Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnosis (OPD)
18.2 Effectiveness of Psychodynamic Psychotherapy Methods
References
19 Epidemiology, Etiology, and Course of Eating Disorders
19.1 Systemic and Family Perspective
19.1.1 Historical Development
19.1.2 The Family as a “Risk Factor”
19.1.3 The Family as a Resilience-Promoting Institution
19.2 Does the Family Influence the Eating Disorder or Vice Versa?
19.3 Conclusions for Practice
References
20 Genetic Aspects of Eating Disorders
20.1 Anorexia Nervosa
20.1.1 Family and Twin Studies
20.1.2 Rare Variants
20.1.3 Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS)
20.2 Bulimia Nervosa and Binge Eating Disorder
20.2.1 Family and Twin Studies
20.2.2 Association Studies
20.2.3 Genome-wide Association Studies
20.3 Outlook—Gene-Environment Interactions and Epigenetics
References
21 Psychosocial Risk Factors
21.1 Anorexia nervosa
21.1.1 Gender
21.1.2 Ethnicity and Age
21.1.3 Factors Related to Pregnancy and Birth
21.1.4 Eating and Feeding Problems
21.1.5 Mother’s Educational Level
21.1.6 Preoccupation with Shape and Weight/Dieting/Body Weight, Body Dissatisfaction
21.1.7 Acculturation
21.1.8 Sexual Abuse
21.1.9 Attachment Style and Family Climate
21.1.10 Family Psychopathology
21.1.11 Own Psychopathology
21.1.12 Self-esteem
21.1.13 Perfectionism and Neuroticism
21.1.14 Occupational Groups and Risk Sports
21.2 Bulimia nervosa
21.2.1 Gender, Ethnicity, Time of Birth, and Age
21.2.2 Eating and Feeding Problems
21.2.3 Preoccupation with Shape and Weight/Dieting/Body Weight
21.2.4 Acculturation
21.2.5 Own Psychopathology
21.2.6 Family Psychopathology
21.2.7 Sexual Abuse
21.2.8 Attachment Style and Family Climate, Negative Comments about Food, Weight, and Body Shape
21.2.9 Problems with Self-Esteem
21.2.10 Perfectionism and Neuroticism
21.2.11 Professional Groups and Risk Sports
21.2.12 Additional factors
21.3 Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
21.3.1 Findings from Longitudinal Studies
21.3.2 Findings from Cross-sectional Studies
21.4 Interaction of Risk Factors in the Development of Eating Disorders
21.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
22 Sociocultural Aspects of Eating Disorders
22.1 Anorexia nervosa
22.1.1 Cultural-historical perspective
22.1.2 Prevalence in Different Cultures
22.1.3 Influences of the Thin Body Ideal
22.1.4 Other Sociocultural Influencing Factors
22.2 Bulimia nervosa
22.2.1 Cultural-Historical Perspective
22.2.2 Prevalence in Cultures with and without Connection to Western Media Content
22.2.3 Influences of the Thin Body Ideal
22.2.4 Further sociocultural influencing factors
22.3 Cultural Factors in Weight Gain, Obesity, and Binge Eating Disorder
22.3.1 The Role of Norms and Ideals in Media and Public Morality
22.4 Common Factors: Upheaval and Migration, Religious Orientation, and Role Expectations for Women
22.5 Conclusion and Limitations
References
23 The Influence of Media on Body Image
23.1 The Media Image of the Female Body
23.2 Television Shows and Eating Disorders
23.3 Social Media and BodyDissatisfaction
23.4 Social Media and Eating Disorders
23.5 What Might Help?
References
Part III Psychological Comorbidity
24 Affective Disorders and Anxiety Disorders
24.1 Comorbidity in Mental Disorders
24.2 Anorexia nervosa
24.3 Bulimia nervosa
24.4 Binge Eating Disorder
24.5 Obesity
24.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
25 Psychological Comorbidity and Personality Disorders
25.1 Prevalence of comorbidity between eating disorders and other mental disorders
25.1.1 Eating Disorders and Depressive Disorders
25.1.2 Eating Disorders and Anxiety Disorders
25.1.3 Eating Disorders and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
25.1.4 Eating Disorders and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
25.1.5 Eating Disorders and Disorders with Psychotropic Substances
25.1.6 Eating Disorders and Sexual Disorders
25.1.7 Eating Disorders and Personality Disorders
25.1.8 Cluster Analyses of Comorbid Disorders in Eating Disorders
25.2 Delineation of Differential Diagnosis vs. Comorbidity
25.3 Mechanisms of Interaction between Eating Disorders and Other Mental Disorders
25.3.1 Comorbid Disorders as a Specific Risk Factor for Eating Disorders
25.3.2 Comorbid Disorders as a Complication of Eating Disorders
25.3.3 Common Risk Factors for Eating Disorders and Comorbid Disorders
25.4 Therapy for Comorbid Disorders Including Eating Disorders
25.4.1 Treatment for Eating Disorders and Depressive Disorder
25.4.2 Treatment for Eating Disorders and Cluster-C Personality Disorder
25.4.3 Treatment for Eating Disorders and Cluster-B Personality Disorder
25.4.4 Treatment for Eating Disorders, Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and PTSD
25.4.5 Eating Disorders and Disorders with Psychotropic Substances
25.4.6 Eating Disorders and Sexual Disorders
References
26 Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Eating Disorders
26.1 NSSI: An Overview
26.2 Associations Between NSSI and Eating Disorders
26.3 Therapy for NSSI and Eating Disorders
References
27 Mechanisms of Addiction in Eating and Weight Disorders
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Models of the Development and Maintenance of Dependent Behavior
27.3 Mechanisms of Dependent Behaviorin Eating and Weight Disorders
27.4 The Concept of “Food Addiction”
27.5 Therapy
27.6 Summary
References
Part IV Biological and Medical Aspects of Eating Disorders
28 Hunger and Satiety
28.1 The Process of Food Intake
28.1.1 Cephalic Phase
28.1.2 Gastric Phase
28.1.3 Intestinal Phase
28.2 Biological, Sensory, and Psychological Factors of Hunger and Satiation
28.2.1 Biological Factors
28.2.1.1 Peripheral Hormonal Regulatory Processes
28.2.1.2 Central Nervous Hunger and Satiety Regulation
28.2.1.3 Genetic Factors
28.2.2 Sensory Factors
28.2.3 Psychological Factors
28.2.3.1 Cognitive Factors
28.2.3.2 Emotional Factors
28.2.3.3 Social Factors
28.3 Hunger and Satiety and the Regulation of Body Weight
References
29 Peripheral Peptide Hormones, Neuropeptides, and Neurotransmitters
29.1 Peripheral Peptide Hormones and Neuropeptides
29.1.1 Basics
29.1.2 Findings in Eating Disorders
29.1.2.1 Leptin
29.1.2.2 Ghrelin
29.1.2.3 PYY
29.1.2.4 CCK
29.1.2.5 Centrally Secreted Neuropeptides of Weight Regulation
29.2 Neurotransmitters
29.2.1 Basics
29.2.2 Findings in Eating Disorders
29.2.2.1 Serotonin
29.2.2.2 Dopamine
29.2.2.3 Norepinephrine
References
30 Reward System in Eating Disorders and Obesity
30.1 General Neural Reward Processing
30.2 Relationship between Neural Reward Processing and EatingBehavior
30.3 Anorexia nervosa
30.4 Bulimia nervosa
30.5 Binge Eating Disorder
30.6 Obesity
References
31 Neuropsychological Findings in Eating Disorders
31.1 Research Questions
31.2 Attentional Bias
31.3 Learning and Memory
31.4 Executive Functions, Reward Processing, and Decision-Making
31.5 Central Coherence and Theory of Mind
31.6 Factors Influencing Neurocognitive Deficits
31.7 Neuropsychological Findings in the Course of Therapy
31.7.1 Can Neuropsychological Performance Predict the Course of the Eating Disorder?
31.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
32 Imaging Techniques in Eating Disorders
32.1 Overview
32.2 Anorexia nervosa
32.2.1 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
32.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
32.2.3 Positron Emission Tomography (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography)
32.2.3.1 Without Activation
32.2.3.2 With Activation
32.2.4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
32.2.5 Neurotransmitter Studies using SPECT and PET
32.3 Bulimia nervosa
32.3.1 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
32.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
32.3.3 Positron Emission Tomography (Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography)
32.3.3.1 Without Activation
32.3.3.2 With Activation
32.3.4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
32.3.5 Neurotransmitter Studies using SPECT and PET
References
33 The Gut Microbiome in Anorexia Nervosa
33.1 Weight development
33.2 Immunology and Inflammation
33.3 Gut-Brain Axis
References
Part V Medical Complications and Somatic Comorbidity
34 Medical Complications in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
34.1 Physical Complaints and Laboratory Chemical Changes
34.2 Organ Manifestations
34.2.1 Cardiovascular System
34.2.2 Skeletal System
34.2.3 Gastrointestinal Tract
34.2.4 Skin and Teeth
34.2.5 Endocrine System
34.2.6 Kidney, Water, and Electrolyte Balance
34.2.7 The Refeeding Syndrome
References
35 Gynecological Aspects in Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
35.1 Hormonal Disorders
35.1.1 Occurrence of Menstrual Cycle Disorders
35.1.2 Primary Amenorrhea
35.1.3 Secondary Amenorrhea
35.1.4 Endocrine Pathomechanism
35.1.5 Oral Hormonal Contraceptives and Bone Metabolism
35.2 Fertility and Reproduction
35.3 Pregnancy and Birth
35.3.1 Anorexia nervosa
35.3.2 Bulimia nervosa
35.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
36 Eating Disorders and Diabetes Mellitus
36.1 Eating disorders and type 1 diabetes
36.2 Diabetes Mellitus and Eating Disorders, a Coincidental Coincidence?
36.3 Insulin Dose and Weight Regulation (“Insulin Purging”)
36.4 Course of Eating Disorders in People with Diabetes Mellitus
36.5 Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus and Eating Disorders
References
Part VI Treatment of Eating Disorders
37 Prevention of Eating Disorders
37.1 Types of Prevention
37.2 The “Diet Culture”
37.3 Target Areas for Primary Prevention of Eating Disorders
37.4 Efficacy of Prevention
37.4.1 Efficacy of Primary Prevention
37.4.2 Efficacy of Secondary Prevention
37.4.3 The Use of New Technologies in Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention
37.4.4 Joint Prevention Programs for Eating Disorders and Obesity
References
38 Treatment of Eating Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
38.1 Somatic rehabilitation and nutritional therapy
38.2 Individual Psychotherapeutic Treatment
38.3 Involvement of the Family
38.3.1 Group Psychoeducation for Parents
38.3.2 Family-Based Intervention
38.3.2.1 Conclusion
38.4 Treatment of Comorbidity and Medication
38.4.1 Anxiety Disorders
38.4.2 Social Phobia
38.4.3 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression
38.4.4 Pharmacological Treatment
38.4.4.1 Anorexia Nervosa
38.4.4.2 Bulimia Nervosa
References
39 Alternatives to Inpatient Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa in Childhood and Adolescence—Day Patient Treatment and Home Treatment
39.1 Disadvantages of inpatient treatment for children and adolescents
39.2 Day Patient Treatment
39.2.1 Practical Implementation
39.2.2 Efficacy of Day Patient Treatment
39.2.3 Multi-Family Therapy
39.3 Home Treatment
39.3.1 Advantages of Home Treatment (HoT)
39.3.2 Framework and Funding of HoT
39.3.3 Practical Implementation of HoT
39.3.4 Initial Results of HoT
References
40 Family-Based Therapy
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Description of Family-Based Treatment
40.3 Efficacy of Family-Based Therapy
40.3.1 FBT in the German Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Eating Disorders
40.3.2 Who benefits most from FBT?
40.4 Current Developments
40.5 Limitations of the Application of Family-Based Therapy
40.6 Conclusion for Practice
References
41 Psychodynamic Therapy
41.1 Foundations
41.2 Focal Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
41.3 Disorder-Specific Modifications of Psychodynamic Therapy
41.3.1 Anorexia Nervosa
41.3.2 Bulimia Nervosa
41.4 Binge Eating Disorder
References
42 Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
42.1 General Approach and Standard Elements in the Treatment of Eating Disorders
42.2 Normalization of Eating Behavior
42.2.1 Cognitive Treatment Elements
42.2.2 Specific Aspects in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa
42.2.2.1 Weight Restoration
42.2.2.2 Motivation
42.2.3 SpecificAspects in the Treatment of Binge Eating-Related Eating Disorders
42.2.3.1 Emotion Regulation and Impulsivity
42.2.4 Third-Wave Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Methods in the Treatment of Eating Disorders
42.2.4.1 DBT
42.2.4.2 ACT
42.2.4.3 Schema Therapy
42.2.4.4 Mindfulness-Based Therapy
42.2.4.5 CFT
42.2.5 Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Eating Disorders
42.3 Conclusions
References
43 Interpersonal Psychotherapy
43.1 Basics of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Eating Disorders
43.1.1 Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of IPT
43.2 Eating Disorder Treatment through IPT
43.2.1 Initial Phase
43.2.2 Middle Phase
43.2.3 Final Phase
43.3 Scientific Foundation of IPT
43.3.1 IPT for Bulimia nervosa
43.3.2 IPT for Binge-Eating Disorder
43.3.3 IPT for Anorexia nervosa
43.4 Summary and Outlook
References
44 Cognitive Remediation Therapy
44.1 Cognitive Inflexibility and Anorexia Nervosa
44.2 Set-shifting and Central Coherence
44.3 Translating Research Findings into a Targeted Intervention
44.4 Overview of the Intervention
44.5 Modules of the Intervention
44.6 Metacognitive Level
44.7 Example Presentation of the Exercises
44.8 Evidence
44.9 Conclusion for Practice
References
45 Treatment of Body Image Disorders
45.1 Development of a Disturbance Model
45.2 Modification of Dysfunctional Body-Related Cognitions
45.3 Body Exposure via Mirror and Video
45.3.1 Goals
45.3.2 Procedure
45.4 Exposure Exercises for Reducing Body-Related Avoidance and Checking Behavior
45.5 Building Positive Body-Related Activities
45.6 Findings on the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Improving Body Image
References
46 Pharmacotherapy of Eating Disorders
46.1 Anorexia Nervosa
46.1.1 Weight Restoration
46.1.2 Relapse Prevention
46.2 Bulimia Nervosa
46.2.1 Acute Therapy
46.2.2 Maintenance Therapy
46.2.3 Combination of Psychotherapy and Medication
46.2.4 Sequential Therapy
46.3 Binge Eating Disorder
46.3.1 Reduction of Binge Eating Episodes
46.3.2 Combination of Psychotherapy and Medication
References
47 Neuromodulation in Eating Disorders
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Assumed Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Eating Disorders
47.3 Introduction to Neuromodulation Methods
47.3.1 Evidence regarding the effectivity of Non-invasive Neuromodulation in Eating Disorders
47.3.1.1 Treatment Goal Enhancement of Self-Control
47.3.1.2 Treatment Goal Reduction of Self-Control
47.3.1.3 Treatment Goal Reduction of Eating Disorder-Related Cognitions
47.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
48 Inpatient and Day Hospital Treatment for Eating Disorders
48.1 Significance of Inpatient and Day Hospital Treatment
48.1.1 Overall Treatment Planning
48.1.2 Differences Between Inpatient and Day Hospital Programs
48.1.3 Goals
48.1.4 Elements of Inpatient and Day Hospital Treatment
48.2 Anorexia Nervosa
48.2.1 Indication
48.2.2 Treatment Agreements
48.2.3 Characteristic Difficulties
48.3 Bulimia Nervosa
48.3.1 Indication
48.3.2 Treatment Agreements
48.4 Binge Eating Disorder
48.4.1 Indication
48.4.2 Goals
48.5 Conclusion
References
49 Self-Help in Eating Disorders
49.1 Why Self-Help?
49.2 What is Self-Help?
49.3 Self-Help Guide
49.4 For Whom Is Self-Help Suitable?
49.5 Anorexia Nervosa
49.6 Bulimia Nervosa
49.7 Binge Eating Disorder
49.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
50 Use of Modern Media in Prevention and Treatment
50.1 Forms of Digital Interventions
50.2 Areas of Application for Digital Interventions
50.2.1 Prevention and Early Intervention
50.2.2 Self-help and Treatment
50.2.3 Aftercare and Relapse Prevention
50.3 Conclusion
References
51 Involuntary Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa
51.1 Forced Treatment Under Guardianship Law
51.2 Coercive psychotherapy
51.3 Procedure for Coercive Measures
51.4 Treatment With Respect
References
52 Treatment of Chronically Ill Patients
52.1 Definition of Terms
52.2 Initial Situation
52.3 Helpful Basic Principles in the Treatment of Chronically Ill Patients
52.3.1 Timing of Therapy Initiation
52.3.2 Transparency of Framework Conditions
52.3.3 Establishing Joint Therapy Goals
52.3.4 The Therapist as an Ally
52.3.5 Appeal to Personal Responsibility
52.3.6 Acceptance of the Protracted Length of Treatment
52.3.7 Voluntariness of Treatment
52.3.8 Integration into the Care Chain
52.3.9 “Right to Involuntary Admission”
52.3.10 Don\'t Give Up Hope
References
53 Working with Family Members
53.1 Definitions and Context
53.2 Why Work with Family Members?
53.3 Burden on Family Members
53.4 Needs of Family Members
53.5 Goals and Contents of Working with Family Members
53.6 Interventions for Family Members
53.7 Summary and Outlook
References
54 Relapse Prevention in Anorexia Nervosa
54.1 Relapses in Anorexia Nervosa
54.1.1 Protective and Risk Factors regarding Relapse
54.1.2 Care Situation and Risk of Relapse
54.2 Specifics of Relapse Prevention in AnorexiaNervosa
54.2.1 Importance
54.2.2 Treatment Goals
54.2.3 Treatment Elements
54.3 Therapy and Care Concepts
54.3.1 Guided Self-Help
54.3.2 Pharmacotherapy
54.3.3 Psychotherapy
54.3.4 Therapeutic residential groups
References
Part VII Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology of Obesity
55 Diagnosis and Etiology of Obesity
55.1 Diagnosis of Obesity
55.1.1 Anthropometry and Definition of Obesity
55.1.2 Methods for Measuring Body Composition
55.2 Causes of Obesity
55.2.1 Genetic Predisposition
55.2.2 Disturbance of Energy Intake
55.2.3 Regulation of Hunger and Satiety
55.2.4 Malnutrition
55.2.5 Significance of Macronutrients
55.2.6 Alcohol
55.2.7 Portion Sizes
55.2.8 Physical Inactivity, Immobility
55.3 Recording of Physical Activity
55.4 Low Socioeconomic Status
55.5 Sleep Deprivation—Disturbed Sleep
55.6 Diseases Associated With Obesity
55.7 Drugs and Weight Gain
References
56 Epidemiology of Obesity
56.1 Introduction
56.2 Definition of Obesity in Epidemiological Studies
56.3 Global and Temporal Trends in Obesity Prevalence
56.4 Development of Individual BMI Over the Life Course
56.5 Determinants of the Rising Prevalence of Obesity
References
57 Psychosocial Factors of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
57.1 Definition and Prevalence of Obesity
57.2 Social Stigmatization, Teasing, and Obesity
57.2.1 Negative Social Evaluation
57.2.2 Teasing
57.3 Psychological Disorders and Behavioral Problems
57.3.1 Affective Disorders
57.3.2 Anxiety Disorders
57.3.3 Externalizing Disorders
57.3.4 Loss of Control Eating and Binge Eating
57.3.5 Self-Esteem and Body Image
57.4 Quality of Life
57.5 Conclusion: Importance of Psychological Factors
References
58 Socioeconomic Aspects of Obesity
58.1 Background
58.2 Model Proposal
58.2.1 Obesogenic Environment
58.2.2 Material Deprivation
58.2.3 Health Literacy
58.2.4 Psychosocial Stressors and Resources
58.2.5 Pre- and Perinatal Factors
58.2.6 Nutrition, Exercise Behavior, and Resting Metabolism
58.3 Modern Explanatory Approaches—The Life Course Perspective
58.4 Selection Thesis
References
59 Genetic Aspects of Obesity
59.1 Twin and Adoption Studies
59.2 Monogenic Disorders
59.3 Association Studies
59.3.1 Candidate Gene Approach
59.3.1.1 Melanocortin Receptor 4
59.4 Polygenic Forms of Obesity
59.4.1 Polygenic Risk Scores
59.5 Conclusion
References
60 Microbiome and Inflammation in Obesity
60.1 Gastrointestinal (GI) Microbiota
60.2 GI Microbiota in Obesity
60.3 GI Microbiota and Inflammation in Obesity
60.4 Influence of Diet and Lifestyle on the GI Microbiota in Obesity
60.5 Influence of Pro- and Prebiotics on GI Microbiota in Obesity
References
61 Risk Factors of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
61.1 Background
61.2 Risk Factors and Causes
61.2.1 Social Inheritance
61.2.2 Genetics
61.2.3 Availability of Food and Portion Sizes
61.2.4 Sedentary and Resting Lifestyle
61.2.5 Industrialization and Globalization
61.2.6 Health Risks of Obesity
61.2.7 Risk Factors and Barriers
References
Part VIII Comorbidity of Obesity
62 Social and Psychosocial Consequences of Obesity: Weight-Related Stigmatization and Discrimination
62.1 Weight-related Stigmatization and Discrimination in Obesity
62.1.1 Professional Life
62.1.2 Healthcare
62.1.3 Childhood
62.1.4 Public Social Sphere
62.1.5 Media
62.1.6 State of Research
62.2 Psychosocial Consequences of Weight-Related Stigmatization and Discrimination
62.3 Conclusion and Outlook
References
63 Obesity and Comorbid Mental Disorders
63.1 Mental Stress and Illnesses in Obesity
63.2 Psychosocial Stress
63.3 Psychosomatic Aspects of Obesity
63.4 Obesity and Depression
63.5 Pathological Hypercaloric Eating Behavior and Binge Eating Disorder
63.6 Obesity, Personality Traits, and Personality Disorders
63.7 Obesity and Addiction Disorders
References
64 Metabolic Syndrome and Depression
64.1 Background
64.1.1 Prevalence
64.1.2 Definitions
64.1.3 Criticism of the Concept of Metabolic Syndrome
64.2 Epidemiology
64.2.1 Metabolic Syndrome
64.2.2 Depression
64.2.3 Metabolic Syndrome and Mental Disorders
64.3 Relationship Between Metabolic Syndrome and Depression
64.4 Therapy
64.4.1 General Aspects
64.4.2 Treatment Principles
64.4.3 Efficacy
References
65 Tobacco Dependence in Eating Disorders and Obesity
65.1 Foundations of Tobacco Dependence
65.1.1 Neurobiological Aspects of Tobacco Dependence
65.1.2 Psychosocial Aspects of Tobacco Addiction
65.2 Diagnosis of Tobacco Addiction
65.3 Tobacco Addiction and Eating Disorders
65.4 Factors Associated with Increased Smoking Prevalence in Eating Disorders
65.4.1 Weight Control and Weight Concerns
65.4.2 Emotion Regulation
65.4.3 Genetic Factors
65.5 Smoking and Obesity
65.6 Weight Gain Due to Tobacco Abstinence
65.7 Treatment of Tobacco Dependence
65.7.1 Medicinal Treatment Options
65.7.2 Motivational Interviewing and Psychotherapy
65.8 Tobacco Cessation in Patients with Eating Disorders
References
66 Impulsivity and Obesity
66.1 Impulsivity
66.1.1 Food-Associated Impulsivity in Obesity
66.1.2 Food-Independent Impulsivity in Obesity
66.2 Impulsive Disorders and Obesity
66.2.1 Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder
66.2.2 Obesity and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD)
66.2.3 Obesity and Self-Harming Behaviors
66.3 Conclusion
References
67 Obesity and Binge Eating Disorder
67.1 Obesity with Binge Eating Disorder
67.2 Etiology of Binge Eating Disorder
67.3 Specifics of Obesity with Binge Eating Disorder
67.4 Psychotherapeutic Treatment Approaches for Obesity with Binge Eating Disorder
67.5 Psychotherapeutic Treatment Approaches for Binge Eating Disorder
References
Part IX The Treatment of Obesity
68 Prevention of Obesity
68.1 Background
68.2 Concepts and Efficacy of Measures for Primary Prevention of Obesity Relating to Lifestyle and Living Environment
68.2.1 Strategies for Behavioral and Contextual Prevention
68.2.2 How Effective are Measures of Behavioral and Structural Prevention of Obesity?
68.2.3 What are Suitable Times for Prevention of Obesity in Children and Adolescents?
68.2.4 What are Suitable Settings for Obesity Prevention?
68.3 Prevention of Obesity—What’s Next?
References
69 Treatment of Obesity in Childhood and Adolescence
69.1 Indication
69.2 Treatment Goals
69.3 Approach and Treatment Components
69.3.1 Education Programs
69.3.1.1 Nutritional Therapy
69.3.1.2 Exercise Therapy
69.3.1.3 Behavioral Therapy Methods
69.3.1.4 Involvement of Parents or Caregivers
69.3.1.5 Long-Term Care
69.3.1.6 Group vs. Individual Therapy
69.3.1.7 Prognostic Factors for Successful Treatment
69.3.2 Other Therapies
69.3.3 Possible Side Effects of Treatment
References
70 Family-Based Approaches to Treatment
70.1 Introduction
70.1.1 Family Contribution to the Development of Obesity
70.1.1.1 Genetic Contribution vs. Lifestyle
70.1.1.2 Influence of Social Status and Migration Background
70.1.2 Basic Principles of Family Therapy for Chronic Diseases
70.2 Family-Based Treatment Approaches
70.2.1 Family Imprinting in Infancy and Preschool Age
70.2.1.1 Nutritional Behavior
70.2.1.2 Physical Activity Behavior
70.2.1.3 Media Consumption
70.2.2 Importance of Parenting Skills for Treatment
70.2.2.1 Inconsistent parenting style
70.2.2.2 Limited Parenting Ability Due to Mental Illness
70.2.3 Effects of Everyday Structure
70.3 Problem Areas of Family-Based Approaches
70.3.1 Psychosocial Stress Situations
70.3.2 Specifics in Families with Migration Background
70.3.3 Resource-Oriented Treatment Strategies
70.4 Conclusion and Implications
References
71 Fad Diets and Commercial Programs
71.1 Requirements for a Diet
71.2 Classification of Diets for Weight Loss
71.3 Evaluation of Diet Programs
71.4 Individualized Nutrition
References
72 Nutritional Therapy for Obesity
72.1 Introduction
72.2 Basic considerations for nutrition therapy
72.3 Possibilities of Nutritional Therapy
72.3.1 Fat Reduction Alone
72.3.1.1 Moderately Energy-Reduced Mixed Diets
72.3.2 Low-Carbohydrate Diets
72.3.3 Protein-Rich Diets
72.3.4 Significance of Macronutrient Composition
72.4 Very Low-Calorie Diet
72.4.1 Meal replacement strategy
72.4.2 Very low-calorie diets
72.4.3 Intermittent Fasting
72.4.4 Practical Aspects
72.5 Long-Term Weight Stabilization and Relapse Prevention
72.6 Nutritional Therapy in the German Healthcare System
References
73 Treatment of Obesity—Sports and Physical Activity
73.1 Effects of Sports and Physical Activity in Adults with Obesity
73.1.1 Effects on Body Weight, BMI, and Body Fat Percentage
73.1.1.1 Combination of Diet and Physical Activity
73.1.1.2 Reduction of Visceral Fat Mass
73.1.2 Effects on Cardiovascular and Metabolic Performance
73.1.3 Effects onCardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors and Overall Mortality
73.2 Gender-Specific Aspects of Sports and Physical Activity in Obesity
73.3 Effects of Sports and Physical Activity in Children with Obesity
73.4 General Recommendations for Physical Activity and Health
73.4.1 Recommendations for Adults between the Ages of 18 and 65
73.4.2 Recommendations for Older Adults and Adults with Chronic Illness
73.4.3 Recommendations for Children
73.5 Concrete Recommendations for Physical Activity
73.5.1 Recommendations for adult Adults with Obesity
73.5.2 Recommendations for Children and Adolescents with Obesity
Further Reading
74 Approaches to Eliminating Obesogenic Environments
74.1 Background
74.2 Conceptual Definitions: Definition of Obesogenic Environments
74.3 Systematization of Obesogenic Environments
74.4 Empirical Findings on Obesogenic Environments
74.5 Methodological Challenges in the Study of Obesogenic Environments
74.5.1 Distinction between Objective and Subjective Aspects
74.5.2 Distinction between Compositional and Contextual Effects
References
75 Behavioral Therapy for Obesity
75.1 Historical Overview
75.2 Essential Components of Behavioral Therapy for Obesity
75.2.1 Psychoeducation
75.2.2 Agreement on Therapy Goals
75.2.3 Self-Monitoring Behavioral Analysis
75.2.4 Stimulus Control
75.2.5 Cognitive Restructuring
75.2.6 Stress Management
75.2.7 Social Support
75.2.8 Social Competence Training
75.2.9 Problem-solving Training
75.3 Relapse Prevention
75.4 Maintaining the Lost Weight
75.5 Collaboration with Other Relevant Professional Groups
75.6 Individual or Group Therapy
References
76 Medication Therapy for Obesity
76.1 General Therapy Principles
76.2 Challenges in Drug Development for Obesity
76.3 Orlistat
76.3.1 Mechanism of Action
76.3.2 Pharmacokinetics
76.3.3 Drug Interactions
76.3.4 Efficacy
76.3.5 Adverse Effects
76.4 Liraglutide
76.4.1 Mechanism of Action
76.4.2 Efficacy and Safety
76.5 Naltrexone and Bupropion
76.5.1 Mechanism of Action
76.5.2 Efficacy and Safety
76.6 Norpseudoephedrine/Cathin
76.7 Potential Future Obesity Medications
76.7.1 Lorcaserin
76.7.2 Low-Dose Fixed Combination Phentermine/Topiramate
References
77 Weight Stabilization
77.1 What Does Weight Stabilization Mean?
77.2 Psychological Factors and Behavioral Aspects
77.2.1 Weight Course
77.2.2 Reasons for Weight Loss
77.2.3 Unrealistic Weight Loss Expectations
77.2.4 Dissatisfaction with Achievements
77.2.5 Dichotomous Thinking Style (“Black-and-White Thinking,” “All-or-Nothing Thinking”)
77.2.6 Eating for Emotion Regulation
77.2.7 Disinhibition of Eating Behavior versus Restrained Eating
77.2.8 Binge Eating
77.2.9 Impulsivity
77.2.10 Depression
77.2.11 Social Support and Critical Life Events
77.3 Therapeutic Approaches for Weight Stabilization
References
78 Bariatric Surgery and Metabolic Surgery
78.1 Indication
78.1.1 Indication for Bariatric Surgery
78.1.2 Indication for Metabolic Surgery
78.1.3 Contraindications for Bariatric Surgery and Metabolic Surgery
78.2 Surgical Procedures
78.2.1 General
78.2.2 Gastric Band
78.2.2.1 Results
78.2.2.2 Pros and Cons of the Gastric Band
78.2.3 Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG)
78.2.3.1 Results
78.2.3.2 Pros and Cons of Sleeve Gastrectomy
78.2.4 Proximal Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (pRYGB)
78.2.4.1 Results
78.2.4.2 Pros and Cons of the Proximal Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Procedure
78.2.5 Omega-Loop Gastric Bypass
78.2.5.1 Results
78.2.5.2 Pros and Cons of the Omega-Loop Gastric Bypass
78.2.6 Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD)
78.2.6.1 Results
78.2.6.2 Pros and Cons of Biliopancreatic Diversion (according to Scopinaro)
78.2.7 Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch
78.2.7.1 Results
78.2.7.2 Pros and Cons of Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch
78.2.8 Endoscopic Techniques
References
79 Psychosomatic Aspects of Bariatric Surgery
79.1 On the Question of Indication
79.2 Surgical Approach
79.3 Preoperative Diagnostics
79.4 Mental Well-Being After Bariatric Surgery
79.5 Bariatric Surgery and Eating Disorders
79.6 Increase in Eating Behavior Disorders (e.g., grazing, LOC eating)
79.7 Self-Harming Behavior, Suicide, and Suicidality
79.8 Bariatric Surgery and Addiction Behavior
79.9 Psychological Predictors for Weight Development
79.10 Corrective Plastic Surgery
References
80 New Media in Obesity Treatment
80.1 Digitalization
80.2 Telemedical Intervention
80.3 Telephone-based Intervention
80.4 Internet-based Intervention
80.5 Use of Smartphones
80.6 Digitale-Versorgung-Gesetz
80.7 Outlook
References