دانلود کتاب Handbook of electric power calculations

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62983_fm.pdf
Front Matter
Preface
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_toc.pdf
Front Matter file://62983_fm.pdf#page=1 Table of Contents
1. Basic Network Analysis file://62983_01.pdf#page=1 2. Instrumentation file://62983_02.pdf#page=1 3. dc Motors and Generators file://62983_03.pdf#page=1 4. Transformers file://62983_04.pdf#page=1 5. Three-Phase Induction Motors file://62983_05.pdf#page=1 6. Single-Phase Motors file://62983_06.pdf#page=1 7. Synchronous Machines file://62983_07.pdf#page=1 8. Generation of Electric Power file://62983_08.pdf#page=1 9. Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground Cables file://62983_09.pdf#page=1 10. Electric-Power Networks file://62983_10.pdf#page=1 11. Load-Flow Analysis in Power Systems file://62983_11.pdf#page=1 12. Power-Systems Control file://62983_12.pdf#page=1 13. Short-Circuit Computations file://62983_13.pdf#page=1 14. System Grounding file://62983_14.pdf#page=1 15. Power-System Protection file://62983_15.pdf#page=1 16. Power-System Stability file://62983_16.pdf#page=1 17. Cogeneration file://62983_17.pdf#page=1 18. Stationary Batteries file://62983_18.pdf#page=1 19. Electric Energy Economic Methods file://62983_19.pdf#page=1 20. Lighting Design file://62983_20.pdf#page=1 Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_01.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 1. Basic Network Analysis
Series-Parallel dc Network Analysis
Branch-Current Analysis of a dc Network
Mesh Analysis of a dc Network
Nodal Analysis of a dc Network
Direct-Current Network Solution Using Superposition Theorem
Direct-Current Network Solution Using Thevenin\'s Theorem
Direct-Current Network Solution Using Norton\'s Theorem
Balanced dc Bridge Network
Unbalanced dc Bridge Network
Analysis of a Sinusoidal Wave
Analysis of a Square Wave
Analysis of an Offset Wave
Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input Consisting of a dc Voltage in a Series with an ac Voltage
Steady-State ac Analysis of a Series RLC Circuit
Steady-State ac Analysis of a Parallel RLC Circuit
Analysis of a Series-Parallel ac Network
Analysis of Power in an ac Circuit
Analysis of Power Factor and Reactive Factor
Power-Factor Correction
Maximum Power Transfer in an ac Circuit
Analysis of a Balanced Wye-Wye System
Analysis of a Balanced Delta-Delta System
Response of an Integrator to a Rectangular Pulse
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_02.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 2. Instrumentation
Voltage Measurement
Current Measurement
Power Measurement Using a Single-Phase Wattmeter
Power Measurement Using a Three-Phase Wattmeter
Power Measurement on a Four-Wire Line
Reactive-Power Measurement
Power-Factor Measurement
Electric Peak-Power Demand Metering
Temperature Measurement
Pressure Measurement
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_03.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 3. dc Motors and Generators
Direct-Current Generator Used as Tachometer, Speed/Voltage Measurement
Separately Excited dc Generator\'s Rated Conditions from No-Load Saturation Curve
Terminal Conditions Calculated for dc Compound Generator
Added Series Field Calculated to Produce Flat Compounding in dc Generator
Calculation of Interpole Windings for a dc Generator
Design of Compensating Winding for dc Machine
Stator and Armature Resistance Calculations in dc Self-Excited Generator
Efficiency Calculation for dc Shunt Generator
Torque and Efficiency Calculation for Separately Excited dc Motor
Design of a Manual Starter for a dc Shunt Motor
Consideration of Duty Cycle Used to Select dc Motor
Calculation of Armature Reaction in dc Motor
Dynamic Braking for Separately Excited Motor
A Three-Phase SCR Drive for a dc Motor
Direct-Current Shunt-Motor Speed Determined from Armature Current and No-Load Saturation Curve
Chopper Drive for dc Motor
Design of a Counter-emf Automatic Starter for a Shunt Motor
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_04.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 4. Transformers
Analysis of Transformer Turns Ratio
Analysis of a Step-Up Transformer
Analysis of a Transformer Connected to a Load
Selection of a Transformer for Impedance Matching
Performance of a Transformer with Multiple Secondaries
Impedance Transformation of a Three-Winding Transformer
Selection of a Transformer with Tapped Secondaries
Transformer Characteristics and Performance
Performance and Analysis of a Transformer with a Lagging Power-Factor Load
Performance and Analysis of a Transformer with a Leading Power-Factor Load
Calculation of Transformer Voltage Regulation
Calculation of Efficiency
Analysis of Transformer Operation at Maximum Efficiency
Calculation of All-Day Efficiency
Selection of Transformer to Supply a Cyclic Load
Analysis of Transformer under Short-Circuit Conditions
Calculation of Parameters in the Equivalent Circuit of Power Transformer Equivalent Circuit Using Open- and Short-Circuit Tests
Performance of a Step-Up Autotransformer (Buck/Boost Transformer in Boost Mode)
Analysis of a Delta-Wye Three-Phase Transformer Bank Used as a Generator-Step-Up Transformer
Performance of an Open Delta or Vee-Vee System
Analysis of a Scott-Connected System
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_05.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 5. Three-Phase Induction Motors
Introduction
Equivalent Circuit
Determination of Equivalent Circuit Parameters
Performance Characteristics
Plugging
Braking
Autotransformer Starting
Resistance Starting
Reactance Starting
Series-Parallel Starting
Multistep Starting
Speed Control
Line-Voltage Control
Frequency Control
Selection of Motor Starting and Speed Control
Motor Selection for a Constant Load
Motor Selection for a Variable Load
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_06.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 6. Single-Phase Motors
Equivalent Circuit of a Single-Phase Induction Motor Determined from No-Load and Locked-Rotor Tests
Torque and Efficiency Calculations for Single-Phase Induction Motor
Determination of Input Conditions and Internally Developed Power from the Equivalent Circuit for Single-Phase Induction Motors
Determination of Input Conditions and Internally Developed Power from the Approximate Equivalent Circuit for Single-Phase Induction Motors
Loss and Efficiency Calculations from the Equivalent Circuit of the Single-Phase Induction Motor
Starting-Torque Calculation for a Capacitor Motor
Starting Torque for a Resistance-Start Split-Phase Motor
Shaded-Pole Motor Losses and Efficiency
Synchronous Speed and Developed Torque for a Reluctance Motor
Maximum Value of Average Mechanical Power for a Reluctance Motor
Breakdown Torque-Speed Relationship for a Fractional-Horsepower Motor
Field- and Armature-Winding Design of a Repulsion Motor
ac/dc Torque Comparison and Mechanical Power for a Universal Motor
Single-Phase Series Motor (Universal) Equivalent Circuit and Phasor Diagram
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_07.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 7. Synchronous Machines
Per-Unit Base Quantities
Per-Unit Direct-Axis Reactances
Per-Unit Quadrature-Axis Reactances
Per-Unit Open-Circuit Time Constants
Per-Unit Short-Circuit Time Constants
Steady-State Phasor Diagram
Generator-Capability Curve
Generator Regulation
Generator Short-Circuit Ratio
Power Output and Power Factor
Generator Efficiency
Synchronizing Power Coefficient
Generator Grounding Transformer and Resistor
Power-Factor Improvement
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_08.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 8. Generation of Electric Power
Major Parameter Decisions
Optimum Electric-Power Generating Unit
Annual Capacity Factor
Annual Fixed-Charge Rate
Fuel Costs
Average Net Heat Rates
Construction of Screening Curve
Noncoincident and Coincident Maximum Predicted Annual Loads
Required Planning Reserve Margin
Ratings of Commercially Available Systems
Hydropower Generating Stations
Largest Units and Plant Ratings Used in Generating-System Expansion Plans
Alternative Generating-System Expansion Plans
Generator Ratings for Installed Units
Optimum Plant Design
Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs vs. Installed Capital Costs
Thermal Efficiency vs. Installed Capital and/or Annual Operation and Maintenance Costs
Replacement Fuel Cost
Capability Penalty
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_09.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 9. Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground Cables
Introduction
Conductor Resistance
Inductance of Single Transmission Line
Inductance of Two-Wire Transmission Line
Inductive Reactance of Two-Wire Transmission Line
Inductance of Stranded-Conductor Transmission Line
Inductance of Three-Phase Transmission Lines
Per-Phase Inductive Reactance
Inductance of Six-Conductor Line
Inductive Reactance of Six-Conductor Line
Inductive Reactance of Bundled Transmission Line
Inductive Reactance Determined by Using Tables
Effect of Mutual Flux Linkage
Inductive Impedances of Multiconductor Transmission Lines Including Ground-Return Corrections
Inductive Sequence Impedances of Three-Phase Transmission Lines
Inductive Reactance of Cables in Ducts or Conduit
Inductive Impedances of Multiconductor Underground Cables Including Ground-Return Corrections
Inductive Sequence Impedances of Three-Phase Underground Cables
Capacitance Associated with Transmission Lines
Capacitance of Two-Wire Line
Capacitive Reactance of Two-Wire Line
Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines
Capacitive Reactance of Three-Phase Lines
Capacitive Susceptances of Multiconductor Transmission Lines
Capacitive Sequence Susceptances of Three-Phase Transmission Lines
Capacitive Susceptances Associated with Underground Cables
Charging Current and Reactive Power
Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies
Medium Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies
Long Transmission-Line Models for Power-Frequency Studies
Complex Power
Surge-Impedance Loading
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_10.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 10. Electric-Power Networks
Power System Representation: Generators, Motors, Transformers, and Lines
Per-Unit Method of Solving Three-Phase Problems
Per-Unit Bases for Short-Circuit Calculations
Changing the Base of Per-Unit Quantities
Wye-Delta and Delta-Wye Conversions
Per-Unit Reactances of Three-Winding Transformers
Calculation of Complex Power P + jQ
Checking Voltage Phase Sequence with Lamps
Total Power in Balanced Three-Phase System
Division of Load between Transformers in Parallel
Phase Shift in Wye-Delta Transformer Banks
Calculation of Power, Apparent Power, Reactive Power, and Power Factor
The Power Diagram: Real and Apparent Power
Static Capacitors Used to Improve Power Factor
Three-Phase Synchronous Motor Used to Correct Power Factor
Power Calculation of Two-Winding Transformer Connected as an Autotransformer
Two-Wattmeter Method for Determining the Power of a Three-Phase Load
Open-Delta Transformer Operation
Real and Reactive Power of a Three-Phase Motor in Parallel with a Balanced-Delta Load
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_11.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 11. Load-Flow Analysis in Power Systems
Introduction
Nomenclature
Developing Power Flow Equations
Power-Flow Solution
Example of N-R Solution
Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_12.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 12. Power-Systems Control
Introduction
Power-Systems Control
Objectives of Power-Systems Control
Classification of Control Tools
Assumptions Underlying Control Design in Normal Operation
Hierarchical Control in the Regulated Electric-Power Industry
Power-Systems Control in the Changing Industry
Conclusions
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_13.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 13. Short-Circuit Computations
Transformer Regulation Determined from Short-Circuit Test
Terminal Voltage of Single-Phase Transformer at Full Load
Voltage and Current in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
Three-Phase Short-Circuit Calculations
Subtransient, Transient, and Synchronous Short-Circuit Currents
Power in Unbalanced Three-Phase Circuits
Determination of Phase-Sequence Components
Properties of Phasor Operators, j and a
Complex Power Calculated with Symmetrical Components
Impedances and Reactances to Different Sequences
Line-to-Line Short-Circuit Calculations
Impedance to Zero Sequence for Generators, Transformers, and Transmission Lines
Line-to-Ground Short-Circuit Calculations
Subtransient-Current Contribution from Motors; Circuit-Breaker Selection
Induction-Motor Inrush Current
Induction-Motor Short-Circuit Current
Bus Voltages Calculated by Matrix Equation and Inversion
Power Flow through a Transmission Line; ABCD Constants
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_14.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 14. System Grounding
Selection of Grounding System
Recommended Ground Resistance for Solidly Grounded System
Fortuitous Construction Grounds
Concrete Pier Grounds
Ground Resistivity and Design of Driven Grounds
Grounding with Ground Grids
Grounding with a Six-Point Star
Effect of Ground-Fault Distance from Ground Point
Effect of Resistivity of Earth and Inductance on Depth of Ground Current
Impedance of Long-Distance Faults Compared with Grounding Resistance
Impedance of Short-Distance Faults Compared with Grounding Resistance
Grounding Electrodes
System Design and Planning
Testing Existing Grounding Systems
Soil Resistance Testing
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_15.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 15. Power-System Protection
Current Transformer Connection and Sizing
Time Overcurrent Protection of Radial Primary Distribution Systems
Differential Protection
Step Distance Protection
Small Motor Protection
Summary
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_16.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 16. Power-System Stability
Introduction
Dynamic Modeling and Simulation
Transient Stability Analysis
Single Machine - Infinite Bus Illustration
Selecting Transient Stability Design Criteria
Transient Stability Aids
Selection of an Underfrequency Load-Shedding Scheme
Steady-State Stability Analysis
Voltage Stability Analysis
Data Preparation for Large-Scale Dynamic Simulation
Model Validation
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_17.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 17. Cogeneration
Introduction
Power Output Developed by Turbine Stages
Generator and Mechanical Losses
Boiler-Feed and Condensate Pump Power Consumption
Gross and Net Power Output
Heat and Fuel Consumption
Heat Rate
Feedwater-Heater Heat Balance
Gas-Turbine-Based Cogeneration Plant
Gas-Turbine Output and Heat Rate in Cogeneration-Plant Mode
Comparative Analysis of STCP and GTCP
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_18.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 18. Stationary Batteries
Selection
Ratings
C Rate
Calculating Battery End Voltage for a dc System
Sizing Methods - Constant Current
Sizing Methods - Constant Power
Determining the Current of a Constant-Power Load
Number of Positive Plates
Discharge Characteristics
Using Fan Curves
Using S Curves
Using K Factors
Voltage Depression - Nickel-Cadmium on Float Charge
Number of Cells for a 48-Volt System
Number of Cells for 125- and 250-Volt Systems
Selecting Nickel-Cadmium Cells
Load Profiles
Profile for Random Load
Loads Occurring During First Minute
Sizing Battery for Single-Load Profile
Sizing Battery for Multiple-Load Profile
Ampere-Hour Capacity
Sizing Battery for Constant Power
Calculating Battery Short-Circuit Current
Charger Size
Recharging Nickel-Cadmium Batteries - Constant Current
Temperature and Altitude Derating for Chargers
Calculation of the Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Content of Electrolyte
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_19.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 19. Electric Energy Economic Methods
Introduction
Reregulated Environment
Theory of the Firm
Production Costing
Opportunity Costs and Resources
Project Selection
Uncertainty
Appendix: Table of Variables
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_20.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 20. Lighting Design
Introduction
Average Illuminance
Illuminance at a Point
Lighting System for an Indoor Industrial Area
Lighting System for an Outdoor Area
Roadway Lighting System
Bibliography
Index file://62983_indx.pdf#page=162983_indx.pdf
Table of Contents file://62983_toc.pdf#page=1 Index
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