دانلود کتاب Handbook of Gravitational Wave Astronomy

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Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Section Editors
Contributors
Part I Introduction
1 Introduction to Gravitational Wave Astronomy
Contents
Introduction
Historical Development
Content of This Chapter
Propagation of Gravitational Waves
Linearized Einstein Equations in Vacuum
Gauge Transformations
Plane Wave Solutions
The TT Gauge
The Effect of a Gravitational Wave on a System of Test Particles
Generation of Gravitational Waves
Linearized Einstein Equations with Matter: The Quadrupole Formula
Example: Equal Mass Circular Binary
Energy of Gravitational Waves
Beyond the Quadrupole Formula
The Gravitational Wave Field of an Orbiting Binary
Inspiral Rate and Time to Merger
Eccentricity Reduction by Gravitational Waves
Detection of Gravitational Waves
GW Detection Facilities
Data Interpretation and Determination of Source Parameters
GW Observations: Contributions to Physics and Astrophysics
Fundamental Physics
Cosmology
Astrophysics
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
Part II Gravitational Wave Detectors
2 Terrestrial Laser Interferometers
Contents
Introduction: A Historical Perspective
Resonant Mass Detectors
The Beginnings of Laser Interferometry
Principles
Coupling of Gravitational Waves to a Michelson Interferometer
The Michelson Interferometer Response
Gravitational Waves as Phase Modulation
Extensions to the Michelson Interferometer
Noise Sources and Noise Reduction Strategies
Quantum Noise
Thermal Noise
Seismic and Gravity Gradient Noise
Noise from Technical Constraints
Some Enabling Technologies
Lasers
Vacuum Systems
Seismic Isolation
Feedback Control
Things Not Yet Mentioned
Precision Optics
Simulation and Diagnostic Methods
Robustness
Calibration
Laser Interferometers World-Wide
LIGO
Virgo
KAGRA
GEO600
Outlook
LIGO A+ and Virgo AdV+ Upgrades
LIGO-India
Third-Generation Detectors
Final Words
Cross-References
References
3 Space-Based Gravitational Wave Observatories
Contents
Introduction
LISA
Interferometry
Gravitational Reference Sensor
Data Analysis of Space-Based Observatories
Time-Delay Interferometry
Introduction
Spacecraft Jitter Measurement and Subtraction
Suppressing Laser Frequency Noise
Suppressing Clock Noise and TTL Using TDI
Impact on Unsuppressed Noises
Noise Quasi-uncorrelated TDI Generators
Instrument Response to GW and Sensitivity
Data Analysis Strategies
Matched Filtering and Bayesian Analysis
Global Fit Strategies
Robust Analysis and Other Analysis
Instrumental Artifacts and Noise Characterization
Ground Segment Design
GW Sources for Space-Based Observatories
Compact Binaries in the Milky Way
Stellar-Origin Black Hole Binaries
Massive Black Hole Binaries
Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
Cosmological Sources
Science with Space-Based Observatories
Astrophysics
Compact Binaries in the Milky Way
Stellar-Origin Black Hole Binaries
Massive Black Hole Binaries
Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
Cosmology
Probes of the Early Universe
Cosmography with Standard Sirens
Fundamental Physics
Elucidating Dark Matter
Testing the Foundations of the Gravitational Interaction
Testing the Nature of Black Holes
Prospects for Space-Based Observatories
Cross-References
References
4 Pulsar Timing Array Experiments
Contents
Introduction
Radio Emission from Pulsars
Pulsar Life Cycle and Spin Properties
Pulsar Timing and Pulsar Timing Arrays
Template Profiles
Template Matching
Timing Model Determination
Interstellar Propagation Delays
Timing Noise
Other Noise Sources
Pulsar Timing Software
Gravitational Waves and Other Correlated Signals
Correlated Signals in Pulsar Timing Data
Effect of Gravitational Waves
GW Sources in the PTA Band
Present PTA Constraints
Recent and Ongoing Improvements in PTA Sensitivity
Pulsar Surveys
IISM Studies
Sensitivity Predictions
Summary
Cross-References
References
5 Quantum Sensors with Matter Waves for GW Observation
Contents
Introduction
Atom Interferometry and GW Detection
Principle of GW Detection Using Matter Waves Interferometry
Space-Based and Terrestrial Instruments
Classes of Quantum Sensor-Based Gravitational Wave Detector
Two-Photon Transition-Based Interferometers
Optical Clocks and Single-Photon-Based Interferometers
Noise Sources
Interferometer Arrays for Rejecting Gravity-Gradient Noise
Long-Baseline Atom Interferometers
MIGA: Matter-Wave Laser Interferometric Gravitation Antenna
Functioning and Status of the MIGA Antenna
MIGA Sensitivity and Prospects
MAGIS: Mid-band Atomic Gravitational Wave Interferometric Sensor
ZAIGA: Zhaoshan Long-Baseline Atom Interferometer Gravitation Antenna
AION: Atom Interferometry Observatory and Network
VLBAI: Very Long-Baseline Atom Interferometry
Role of Atom Interferometry in GW Astronomy
GW Sources in the Atom Interferometry Detection Bandwidth and Multiband Astronomy
Outlook
Roadmap to Increase Sensitivity
ELGAR: European Laboratory for Gravitation and Atom-Interferometric Research
Cross-References
References
6 CMB Experiments and Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
CMB B-Modes and Foregrounds
Primordial B-Modes
Reionization
Lensing B-Modes
Foregrounds
Key Instrument Technologies
Detectors
Optics, Cryogenics, and Multiplexing
Overview of Experiments
Large-Aperture Telescopes
ACT
SPT
CLASS: A Small-Aperture Telescope
Spider: A Balloon-Borne Telescope
Satellite Telescopes
WMAP
Planck
Future Experiments
Simons Observatory
CMB-S4
Future Outlook and Summary
References
7 Third-Generation Gravitational Wave Observatories
Contents
Introduction
3G Science Targets
Extreme Gravity and Fundamental Physics
Extreme Matter
Observing Stellar-Mass Black Holes Throughout the Universe
Sources at the Frontier of Observations
Cosmology and Early History of the Universe
From the Second to the Third Generation
Cosmic Explorer (CE)
A Brief History of CE
CE Detector Instrumentation
CE Status and Timing
Einstein Telescope (ET)
A Brief History of ET
ET Detector Instrumentation
ET Status and Timing
Down Under
The Path to 3G Observatories
References
8 Research and Development for Third-Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors
Contents
Introduction
The Three Generations of Gravitational Wave Detectors
Quantum Noise
Input/Output Relations
Squeezing
Squeezing for Silicon-Based Interferometers
Radiation Pressure Noise
Frequency-Dependent Squeezing
Interferometer Topologies
Speedmeters
Interferometers with Non-linear Elements
High-Power Lasers
Consequences of High Circulating Optical Power
Thermal Noise
Fluctuation Dissipation Theorem
Application to More Complex Systems
Dissipation from Heat Flow
Coating Thermal Noise
Multilayer Dielectric Coating
Brownian Thermal Noise
Thermo-optic Noise
Coating Materials
Low mechanical loss
Young\'s modulus
Thermo-optic parameters
Contrast of refractive index
Optical absorption
Ta2 O5/SiO2 Coating
Other Coating Materials
Multi-material Coating
Nano-layer Construction
Crystalline Coating
Large Laser Beams
Khalili Cavity
Substrate Thermal Noise
Substrate Brownian Noise
Substrate Thermoelastic Noise
Substrate Thermo-refractive Noise
Candidate Materials
Fused Silica
Sapphire
Silicon
Suspension Thermal Noise
Thermal Noise Formula
Losses in a Suspension
Dilution Effect by Gravity
Fused Silica Fibers
Cryogenic Suspension Materials
Experimental Methods for Thermal Noise Study
Quality Factor Measurement
Direct Measurement of Thermal Noise
Cryogenic Technologies
Extraction of Heat from Mirrors
Conductive Cooling
Radiative Cooling
Black Coatings
Heat Injection into Mirrors
Laser Power Absorption
Room Temperature Radiation
Cooling Engines
Preventing Vibrations
Molecular Layer Formation
Cryogenic Compatible Sensors and Actuators
Seismic Noise
Seismic Isolation
Newtonian Gravitational Noise
Seismic Sources
Atmospheric Sources
Seismic Management Through Architecture
Seismic Meta Materials
Technical Noise
Prototypes
Controls
Vacuum Technology
Conclusion
References
9 Squeezing and QM Techniques in GW Interferometers
Contents
Introduction
Quantum Fluctuations of the Electromagnetic Field and States of Light
Expectation Values of Quantum Fluctuations of the Electromagnetic Field
States of Light
Quadrature Noise Estimation
Generation of Nonclassical States of Light
Quantum Noise in the Interferometric Gravitational Wave Detectors
Quantum Noise in a Michelson Interferometer
Quantum Noise in Power Recycled Interferometers
Quantum Noise in Dual Recycled Interferometers
Quantum Noise in Presence of Squeezed Light
Quantum Noise in Real Interferometers
State of the Art
Advanced Methods for Quantum Noise Reduction
Variational Readout
Speed Meters
EPR Squeezing
Other Methods
Cross-Reference
References
10 Environmental Noise in Gravitational-Wave Interferometers
Contents
Introduction
Gravitational-Wave Interferometer at a Glance
Environment Monitoring
Environmental Sensors
Physical Environment Monitors
Geophysical Monitors
Infrastructure Monitors
Sensors Integration
Methods for Investigating Environmental Noise
Noise Hunting
Data Mining Techniques
Experimental Techniques
Coupling Functions
Validation of Gravitational-Wave Events
Seismic Noise
Earth Crust Deformations
Earthquakes
Sea and Wind
Anthropogenic Seismic and Acoustic Sources
Sound and Vibrations
Sound and Vibration Sources
Vibration Noise Reduction
Vacuum Pumping System
Cooling and Climatization System
Clean Room Areas
Optical Benches
Vibration Isolation
Tuned Damper
Beam Jitter Noise
Scattered Light
Scattering Processes
Scattered Light Noise Model
Morphology of Scattered Light Noise
Scattered Light Hunting Methods
Inspection and Tapping
Noise Injections
Switch-Off Tests
Scattered Light Coupling Measurement
Scattered Light Mitigation
Electromagnetic Noise
EM Noise Coupling to Electronics
Noise from the Utility Mains
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Switching Devices
Power Supplies
Digital Devices
External Sources of RF Noise
Magnetic and Electric Fields Coupling to Test Masses
Global Magnetic Noise
Magnetic Field Influences
Note on Barkhausen Noise
Electric Field Influences
Charging and Discharging Processes
Cosmic Rays
Gravity Gradient Noise
Newtonian Noise from Ground Density Fluctuations
Newtonian Noise from Air Density Fluctuations
Environmental Noise Considerations in Site Selection and Site Facilities
Site Selection Considerations for Minimizing Environmental Noise
Site Facilities Considerations for Minimizing Self-Inflicted Environmental Noise
Buildings
Site Roads and Parking Areas
Mains Electrical Considerations
HVAC and Other Equipment
Conclusions
References
11 Detection Landscape in the deci-Hertz Gravitational-Wave Spectrum
Contents
Introduction
Experimental Frontiers
DECIGO
B-DECIGO and Technology Developments
Lunar-Based Experiments
Summary
Cross-References
References
Part III Gravitational Wave Sources
12 Binary Neutron Stars
Contents
Introduction: General Description of Neutron-Star—Neutron-Star Mergers
Gravitational Waves from the Pre-merger Phase
Tidal Effects and Their Relation with the Neutron-Star Equation of State
Other Finite-Size Effects
Detectability and Detection of Pre-merger Gravitational Waves
Gravitational Waves from the Merger and Post-merger Phases
Spectral Properties and Their Relation with the Neutron-Star Equation of State
Detectability of Post-merger Gravitational Waves
Investigating Phase Transitions with Post-merger Waveforms
Cross-References
References
13 Isolated Neutron Stars
Contents
Introduction
Continuous Gravitational Wave Emission from Rotating Sources
Multipole Radiation
Gravitational Wave Strain
Composition and Material Properties of Compact Stars
Phases of Dense Matter
Rigidity and Shear Modulus
Viscous Damping
Heat Transport and Cooling
Gravitational Waves Due to ``Mountains\'\'
Crustal Mountains
Magnetic Deformations
Exotic Matter and Core Deformations
Gravitational Wave Seismology
Orthogonal Oscillation Modes and Instabilities
f- and r-Modes in Newborn and Young Sources
r-Modes in Recycled Sources
Multi-messenger Observations
Gravitational Wave-Driven Spin Evolution
Impact of Oscillation Modes on the Thermal Evolution
Continuous GW Searches and Current Bounds
Present Searches
Electromagnetic Constraints
Gravitational Wave Constraints
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
14 r-Process Nucleosynthesis from Compact Binary Mergers
Contents
Introduction
Matter Ejection from Compact Binary Mergers
Ejecta from Binary Neutron Star Mergers
Ejecta from Neutron Star-Black Hole Mergers
Ejecta Expansion and Thermodynamics
r-Process Nucleosynthesis in Compact Mergers
Compact Binary Mergers as r-Process Site
The Working of the r-Process in Compact Binary Mergers
The NSE Phase
The r-Process Nucleosynthesis Phase
The Neutron Freeze-Out and the Decay Phases
The r-Process Peaks and the s-Process Nucleosynthesis
Nucleosynthesis in High-Entropy and Fast-Expanding Ejecta
Nuclear Physics Input and Detailed Network Calculations
Detailed Network Calculations and Nucleosynthesis Yields from Compact Binary Mergers
Nucleosynthesis Yields from Compact Binary Mergers
Observables of Compact Binary Merger Nucleosynthesis
Electromagnetic Signatures of r-Process Nucleosynthesis in Compact Binary Mergers
What Is a Kilonova?
r-Process Nucleosynthesis and Kilonovae
Modeling Kilonovae
GW170817 and Its Kilonova
Compact Binary Mergers and the Chemical Evolution
Summary and Outlook
Cross-References
References
15 Black Hole-Neutron Star Mergers
Contents
Introduction
Black Hole-Neutron Star Binary Population
Event Rates
Binary Parameters
Dynamics of BHNS Mergers
Tidal Disruption
Disk Formation
Post-merger Evolution
Gravitational Wave Signals
Observing BHNS Mergers Through Gravitational Waves
Waveform Models and Their Accuracy
Detectability and Detection Biases
Current BHNS Merger Candidates
R-Process and Kilonovae
Nucleosynthesis in BHNS Mergers
Radioactively Powered Transients: Kilonovae
Kilonova Models
UV/Optical/IR Follow-Up of BHNS Merger Candidates
Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
Other EM Counterparts to BHNS Mergers
Radio Emission from Mildly Relativistic Outflows
Extended X-Ray Emission
Pre-merger Electromagnetic Signals
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
16 Dynamical Formation of Merging Stellar-Mass Binary Black Holes
Contents
Introduction
BH Mergers in Globular Clusters
Dynamical Processes in Globular Clusters
Merger Probability in Globular Clusters
Merger Rate Density
GW Frequency and Eccentricity Distribution for Globular Clusters
BH Mergers in Galactic Nuclei
Mergers Driven by Binary-Single Encounters
Single-Single Gravitational Wave Captures
Mergers Triggered by the Kozai-Lidov Effect
Gas-Assisted Mergers in Active Galactic Nuclei
Further Observational Diagnostics of the Dynamical Channel
Mass, Spin, and Redshift Distributions
Universal Gravitational Wave Statistics
Observed Merger Fraction and Branching Ratios
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
17 Formation Channels of Single and Binary Stellar-Mass Black Holes
Contents
Introduction: Observational Facts About Gravitational Waves
The Formation of Compact Remnants from Single Stellar Evolution and Supernova Explosions
Stellar Winds and Stellar Evolution
Core-Collapse Supernova (SN) or Direct Collapse
Pair Instability and the Mass Gap
The Mass of Compact Remnants
Compact Object Spins
Natal Kicks
Binaries of Stellar Black Holes
Mass Transfer
Common Envelope (CE)
Alternative Evolution to CE
BBH Spins in the Isolated Binary Evolution Model
Summary of the Isolated Binary Formation Channel
The Dynamics of Binary Black Holes (BBHs)
Dynamically Active Environments
Two-Body Encounters, Dynamical Friction, and Core Collapse
Binary: Single Encounters
Hardening
Exchanges
Stellar Mergers and BHs in the Pair-Instability Mass Gap
Direct Three-Body Binary Formation
Dynamical Ejections
Formation of Intermediate-Mass Black Holes by Runaway Collisions
Hierarchical BBH Formation and IMBHs
Alternative Models for Massive BHs and IMBH Formation in Galactic Nuclei
Kozai–Lidov Resonance
Summary of Dynamics and Open Issues
BBHs in the Cosmological Context
Data-Driven Semi-analytic Models
Cosmological Simulations
Summary and Outlook
Cross-References
References
18 The Gravitational Capture of Compact Objects by Massive Black Holes
Contents
Introduction: Why Is This Important?
Fundamental Science
Extreme-Mass Ratio Inspirals
A Long Story Short
Stellar Tidal Disruptions
Relaxation Theory
The Loss-Cone
Formation of EMRIs via Relaxation
Formation of EMRIs via Tidal Separation of Binaries
Geodesic Motion and Relativistic Precession
Geodesic Motion Around a Schwarzschild Black Hole
Relativistic Precession
The Kerr Case
Evolution in Phase-Space
Accumulated Phase Shift
Event Rate of Relaxation EMRIs
Intermediate-Mass Ratio Inspirals
Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
Wandering of IMBHs
Numerical Simulations of IMRIs
Event Rate of IMRIs
Multi-bandwidth IMRIs
Modelling IMRIs
Extremely Large Mass Ratio Inspirals
A Relativistic Fokker-Planck Algorithm
Newtonian Motion Around a Newtonian Potential
Relations Between the Relativistic and Newtonian Parameters for a Schwarzschild SMBH
Relations Between the Relativistic and Newtonian Parameters for a Kerr SMBH
A Possible Scheme
Cross-References
References
19 Massive Black-Hole Mergers
Contents
Introduction
Dark Matter Halos
Basic Quantities
Formation Time, Fast Collapse vs. Slow Accretion
Median and Average Halo Mass Growth
Radial Mass Profile and Pseudo-evolution
Halo Spin
Halo Mass Function
Halo Merger Trees
Halo Merger Rates
Baryons and Black Holes
Black-Hole Mass Function at High Redshift
Delays Between Galaxy and Black-Hole Mergers
Predictions for LISA and PTAs
Future Prospects
Cross-References
References
20 LISA and the Galactic Population of Compact Binaries
Contents
Introduction
LISA Summary
Population Modeling
Field Evolution
Dynamical Evolution
Source Classes/Observed Systems
Detached Binary White Dwarfs
Interacting Binary White Dwarfs
Neutron Star-White Dwarf Binaries
Binary Neutron Stars
Black Hole-Neutron Star Binaries
Binary Black Holes
Detection
Resolved Systems
Confusion-Limited Signal
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
21 Gravitational Waves from Core-Collapse Supernovae
Contents
Introduction
Basic Overall Picture
The Road to Core Collapse
Core Collapse and Road to Explosion
Generation of Gravitational Waves
Non-rotating and Slowly Rotating Case
Early Quasi-periodic Signal
PNS Convection
Neutrino-Driven Convection
SASI
Protoneutron Star Pulsations
Explosion Phase Signal
Rapidly Rotating Case
Bounce and Ring-Down Signal
Non-axisymmetric Instabilities
Collapse to Black Hole
Anisotropic Neutrino Emission
Quark Deconfinement Phase Transition
Multi-messenger Aspects
GW Searches
Neutrino Searches
Combined Searches
Conclusion and Prospects
Cross-References
References
22 Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Waves in the Hz-kHz Range
Contents
Introduction
Astrophysical Sources of Gravitational Waves Detectable by Ground-Based Detectors
Binary Systems of Compact Objects
Core Collapse of Massive Stars
Isolated Neutron Stars
Expected Electromagnetic Counterparts of Gravitational Wave Signals
Gamma-Ray Bursts
Jet Launch by the Merger Remnant
The Dominant Form of Energy in the Jet
Jet Interaction with the Progenitor Material
Prompt Emission
Afterglow Dynamics and Emission
The Kilonova
Mass Ejection from Compact Binary Mergers: A Variety of Mechanisms, Compositions, and Morphologies
R-Process Nucleosynthesis and Ejecta Heating by Nuclear Decay
Kilonova Emission Features
Interaction with the Interstellar Medium: The Kilonova Radio Remnant
The Electromagnetic Follow-Up of Transient Gravitational Wave Sources
Low-Latency Search for Gravitational Wave Signals
The Gravitational Wave Alert System: Distribution and Alert Contents
The Gravitational Wave Sky Localization
Source Classification and Properties
Identification and Localization of the Counterpart
Electromagnetic Counterpart Search Strategies
Wide-Field Optical/IR Observatories for Candidate Detection
Wide-Field X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Observatories
Counterpart Classification and Follow-Up
Optical/NIR Observatories for Photometric and Spectral Classification
Radio Observations
High-Energy Follow-Up Observations
GW170817 and Its Electromagnetic Counterparts
References
23 Multi-messenger Astrophysics with the Highest Energy Counterparts of Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
GW Observations in a Multi-messenger Context
The Physical Parameters Derived from GW Observations
Complementarity of Electromagnetic, Gravitational Wavesand Particle Observations
High-Energy Neutrino Emission from Gravitational Wave Sources
UHECR Emission from Gravitational Wave Sources
The GeV-TeV Astronomy with the Gravitational Waves
The GeV-TeV Emission from GRBs as Gravitational Wave Counterparts
GeV-TeV Instruments
Space Gamma-Ray Observatories
Ground-Based Gamma-Ray Telescopes: Cherenkov Telescopes and Particle Detectors
High-Energy Gamma Rays from GRBs and Their Implications on Gravitational Wave Observations
GRB190114C and GRB160821B at the TeV Energies
Observation Strategies with Neutrino and Gamma-Ray Instruments
Neutrino Follow-Up of Gravitational Wave Candidates
GeV-TeV Follow-Up of GW Candidates
Summary on Open Questions
References
24 Mission Design for the TAIJI Misson and Structure Formation in Early Universe
Contents
Introduction
A Survey of Gravitational Wave Sources
Compact Binary Star Systems
Binary Black Hole Mergers
Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Binaries at High Redshift Universe
Supermassive Black Hole Mergers
Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
Intermediate-Mass Ratio Inspirals
Gravitational Waves from Early Universe
Burst Signals
Mission Design
Simulations of Cosmic Growth and Merger of Black Holes and Event Rate Estimates
Event Rate Estimate for the Detection of IMRIs in Dense Star Clusters
Concluding Remarks
References
25 Stochastic Gravitational Wave Backgrounds of Cosmological Origin
Contents
Introduction: Gravitational Waves in Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker Backgrounds
Cosmological (Ergo Stochastic) Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: General Properties
Characterization of a Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
Evolution of a Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background in the Expanding Universe
Signal from a Generic Stochastic Source of Gravitational Waves
Cosmological Gravitational Wave Backgrounds: Relevant Examples
First-Order Phase Transitions
Examples of Cosmological First-Order Phase Transitions
Elements of the Dynamics of the Expanding Bubbles and the Surrounding Fluid
Parametrization of the GW Signal
Cosmic Defect Networks
Irreducible Gravitational Wave Emission Due to Scaling
Gravitational Wave Background from the Decay of Cosmic String Loops
References
26 Primordial Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
Cosmological Inflation as Source of Primordial Gravitational Waves
Motivations for Cosmological Inflation
The Basic Mechanism of Gravitational Wave Production by Inflation
Realizations of Inflation with a Single Scalar Field
Beyond the Standard Mechanism of Inflationary Gravitational Wave Production
Propagation of Inflationary Gravitational Waves Through Cosmic History
Conclusions
References
27 Primordial Black Holes
Contents
Introduction
Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter
Conclusions
References
28 Testing the Nature of Dark Compact Objects with Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
Models of Exotic Compact Objects
ECO Phenomenology
Multipole Moments
Testing the Nature of Compact Objects with Multipole Moments
Tidal Heating
Tidal Deformability
Ringdown
Ergoregion Instability of ECOs
Gravitational-Wave Echoes
Conclusions and Open Issues
References
29 Quantum Gravity and Gravitational-Wave Astronomy
Contents
Introduction: Why Quantum Gravity?
Stochastic GW Background
Basics
Results in Quantum Gravity
String-Gas Cosmology
New Ekpyrotic Scenario
Brandenberger–Ho Non-commutative Inflation
Multi-fractional Spacetimes
Modified Dispersion Relation and Propagation Speed
Basics
Results in Quantum Gravity
Luminosity Distance
Basics
Results in Quantum Gravity
Strain Noise
Results in Quantum Gravity
Conclusions
References
30 LIGO, VIRGO, and KAGRA as the International Gravitational Wave Network
Contents
Introduction
Gravitational Wave Detectors
Basic Concepts
LIGO
VIRGO
KAGRA
International Gravitational Wave Network (IGWN)
Observing Runs
Observational Science Highlights
Observing Run 1 (O1)
Observing Run 2 (O2)
Observing Run 3: The First 6 Months (O3a)
Outlook
References
Part IV Gravitational Wave Modeling
31 Post-Newtonian Templates for Gravitational Waves from Compact Binary Inspirals
Contents
Introduction
Goal and Relation to Other Chapters
Notations
The Essence: Quadrupole Radiation from a Mass in Circular Orbit
Adiabatic Approximation
Stationary Phase Approximation
Post-Newtonian Gravitational Waveforms for Spinning, Nonprecessing Binary Black Holes
PN Binding Energy, Energy Flux, and BH Horizon Flux
Balance Equation for Slowly Evolving Black Holes
Accuracy of the Post-Newtonian Approximants
Time- and Frequency-Domain Inspiral Templates
Taylor Time-Domain Approximants
TaylorT1
TaylorT4
TaylorT2
TaylorT3
TaylorT5
Taylor Frequency-Domain Approximants
TaylorF1
TaylorF2
Beyond Spinning, Nonprecesssing Binary Black Hole Cases
Full Inspiral-Merger-Ringdown Waveform Models
Effective-One-Body (EOB) Approach
SEOBNR Family
TEOBResumS
Phenomenological (IMRPhenom) Models
IMRPhenomD Family
IMRPhenomX Family
IMRPhenomTP
GIMR for Modified Theory of Gravity
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
32 Effective Field Theory Methods to Model Compact Binaries
Contents
Introduction
Notation
The Setup
Classical Path Integral
Method of Regions
Gravitational Self-Interactions, Wick Contraction, and Power Counting
The Conservative Sector
Divergences
Infrared Divergences
The Radiative Sector
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
33 Repeated Bursts
Contents
Introduction
Eccentric Dynamics
Detection Strategies
Matched Filtering
Power Stacking
Modeling of Black Hole Binaries
Numerical Models
Numerical Relativity
Effective Kerr Spacetime
Inspiral-Merger-Ringdown waveforms
Analytic Models
Adiabatic Waveforms
Effective Flyby Approach
Timing Models
Tests of General Relativity
Binaries with Neutron Stars
Tidal Interactions and Resonances
Post-merger and Remnants
Cross-References
References
34 Numerical Relativity for Gravitational Wave Source Modeling
Contents
Introduction
The Role of Numerical Relativity in Gravitational Wave Astronomy
A Brief History and the Current Status of Numerical Relativity
The Core Difficulties of Numerical Relativity and Current Solutions
The Partial Differential Equation Formalism
The Singularity Inside the Black Hole
The Problem of Multiple Physical Scales
The Problem of Boundary Condition
The Problem of Coordinate Choice
The Problem of Parallel Computation
The Problem of Gravitational Waveform Extraction
Application of Numerical Relativity to Gravitational Wave Source Modeling
Binary Black Hole (BBH) System
Neutron Star-Black Hole Binary and Binary Neutron Star
Summary and Outlook
References
35 Black-Hole Superradiance: Searching for Ultralight Bosons with Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
Black-Hole Superradiance in a Nutshell
Superradiant Instabilities in the Presence of Ultralight Fields
Evolution of the Superradiant Instability
Evolution of Superradiant Instabilities for Astrophysical BHs
Bounds on Ultralight Bosons from BH Spin Measurements
GW Signatures of the Superradiant Instability
Direct GW Emission from Boson Clouds
GW Emission from Level Transitions
GW Bursts from Bosenova Explosions
Signatures in Binary Systems
Open Questions
References
36 Black Hole Perturbation Theory and Gravitational Self-Force
Contents
Introduction
Perturbation Theory in General Relativity
Isolated, Stationary Black Hole Spacetimes
Metric
Null Tetrads
Symmetries
Black Hole Perturbation Theory
The Teukolsky Formalism and Radiation Gauge
Geroch-Held-Penrose Formalism
Teukolsky Equations
Teukolsky-Starobinsky Identities
Reconstruction of a Metric Perturbation in Radiation Gauge
Gravitational Waves
GHP Formalism in Kerr Spacetime
Mode-Decomposed Equations in Kerr Spacetime
Sasaki-Nakamura Transformation
Metric Perturbations of Schwarzschild Spacetime
Alternative Tensor Bases
Regge-Wheeler Formalism and Regge-Wheeler Gauge
Regge-Wheeler Formalism in the Frequency Domain
Transformation Between Regge-Wheeler and Zerilli Solutions
Transformation Between Regge-Wheeler and Teukolsky Formalism
Gravitational Waves
Metric Reconstruction in Regge-Wheeler Gauge
Lorenz Gauge
Lorenz Gauge Formalism in the Frequency Domain
Lorenz Gauge Metric Reconstruction from Regge-Wheeler Master Functions
Gravitational Waves
Small Objects in General Relativity
Matched Asymptotic Expansions
Tools of Local Analysis
Local Solution: Self-Field and an Effective External Metric
Equations of Motion
Skeleton Sources: Punctures and Particles
Orbital Dynamics in Kerr Spacetime
Geodesic Motion
Constants of Motion, Separable Geodesic Equation, and Conventions
Quasi-Keplerian Parametrization
Fundamental Mino Frequencies and Action Angles
Fundamental Boyer-Lindquist Frequencies and Action Angles
Resonant Orbits
Accelerated Motion
Evolution of Orbital Parameters
Method of Osculating Geodesics
Perturbed Mino Frequencies and Action Angles
Perturbed Boyer-Lindquist Frequencies and Action Angles
Multiscale Expansions, Adiabatic Approximation, and Post-Adiabatic Approximations
Transient Resonances
Solving the Einstein Equations with a Skeleton Source
Multiscale Expansion
Structure of the Expansion
Multiscale Expansion of Source Terms and Driving Forces
Snapshot Solutions and Evolving Waveforms
Adiabatic Approximation
First Post-Adiabatic Approximation
Mode Decompositions of the Singular Field
Example: Leading Order Puncture for Circular Orbits in Schwarzschild Spacetime
Conclusion
Cross-References
References
37 Distortion of Gravitational-Wave Signals by Astrophysical Environments
Contents
Introduction
Standard Siren
Mass-Redshift Degeneracy
Effects of Astrophysical Environments
Strong Gravitational Lensing
The Effect of Motion
Deep Gravitational Potential
Peculiar Acceleration
The Effect of Gas
Summary
References
38 Emission of Gravitational Radiation in Scalar-Tensor and f(R)-Theories
Contents
Theory of Gravity and Its Extensions
Generation of Gravitational Waves
f(R)-Models
The Chameleon Mechanism in f(R)-Gravity
The Gravitational Wave Stress-Energy (Pseudo) Tensor
Application to Binary Systems and Observational Constraints
Time Variation of the Orbital Period in General Relativity
Periastron Advance in General Relativity
Other Post-Keplerian Parameters and Observational Constraints on General Relativity
First-Time Derivative of the Orbital Period in f(R)-Gravity
Observational Constraints on f(R)-Gravity from Binary Systems
Periastron Advance in f(R)-Gravity
Constraining Alternative Theories of Gravity Using GW150914 and GW151226
Constraints from the Shapiro Delay
Conclusions
Cross-References
References
39 Testing General Relativity with Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
Parameterized Tests
Formalism
Parameterized Waveforms
Parameter Estimation
Current Status
Future Prospects
Applications to Specific Theories
Inspiral-Merger-Ringdown Consistency Tests
Formalism
Current Status
Future Prospects
Applications to Specific Theories
Gravitational-Wave Propagation
Modified Dispersion Relation
Graviton Mass and GW Propagation Speed
Generic GW Propagation Tests
Amplitude Birefringence in Parity Violation
Open Questions
Cross-References
References
40 Nonlinear Effects in EMRI Dynamics and Their Imprints on Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction
Brief Introduction to Dynamical Systems
Continuous and Discrete Dynamical Systems
Hamiltonian Systems and Integrability
Poincaré Surfaces of Section
Stability of Orbits in Maps and Continuous Systems
Fixed Points in Discrete Dynamical Systems
Stability of Periodic Trajectories and Fixed Points in Continuous Systems
Stable and Unstable Manifolds
Stability of Generic Trajectories
KAM, Poincaré-Birkhoff Theorem, and Chaos
KAM Theory and Birkhoff Chains
Chaotic Layers
Tools to Study Resonances
Inspirals Through Resonances
A Generic Inspiral
Non-resonant Motion
Near-Resonant Motion
Error Budget
Additional Perturbations
Orbital Motion in Kerr Spacetimes and Perturbations
Deviating Spacetimes
Bumpy Black Holes
External Matter Deformation
Spinning Particle
Impact of Non-integrability on Extreme-Mass-Ratio Systems
Resonance Growth
Prolonged Resonances
Discussion
Cross-References
References
Part V Data Analysis Techniques
41 Principles of Gravitational-Wave Data Analysis
Contents
Introduction
Statistical Theory of Signal Detection and Parameter Estimation
Random Variables and Random Processes
Hypothesis Testing
Bayesian Approach
Neyman-Pearson Approach
Likelihood Ratio Test
The Matched Filter in Gaussian Noise: Known Signal
Cameron-Martin Formula
Stationary Noise
Matched Filtering
Estimation of Parameters
Fisher Information
Bayesian Estimation
Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Lower Bounds on the Variance of Estimators
Likelihood Ratio Statistic
Application of the Likelihood Ratio Statistic to Detection of Gravitational-Wave Signals
Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Fisher Information Matrix
False Alarm and Detection Probabilities
False Alarm Probability
Detection Probability
Number of Templates
Suboptimal Filtering
Deterministic Gravitational-Wave Signals
Signal from a Rotating Neutron Star
Signal from an Inspiralling Binary System
Signal from a Supernova Explosion
Colored Noise
Cross-References
References
42 Inferring the Properties of a Population of Compact Binaries in Presence of Selection Effects
Contents
Introduction
Source Production, Rates, Populations
Selection Effects
Hierarchical Likelihood
Data Partitioning
Calculating the Likelihood of Data Without a Trigger
The Good: p(bardjS0B0 |Λ)
The Bad: p(bardjS1B0 | Λ)
The Ugly: p(bardjS0B1 | Λ)
Putting the Pieces Together
Calculating the Likelihood of Data with a Trigger
We Got a Source: p(diS1B0 | Λ)
We Got a Background: p(diB1S0 | Λ)
Putting the Pieces Together
Finishing Off
Special Cases
Constant Background Rate
Constant Background and Source Rate
Constant Source Rate and No Background
Hierarchical Posterior
The Full Hyper-posterior
Analyzing Sources with Different Data Quality
The Hyper-posterior of the Shape Parameters
Handling Missing Parameters
A Simple One-Dimensional Example
A Gravitational-Wave Example
What Happens Next?
Conclusions
Glossary and Main Symbols
Cross-References
References
43 Machine Learning for the Characterization of Gravitational Wave Data
Contents
Introduction
Characterization of Gravitational Wave Data
Discrete Gaussian Processes
Autoregressive Parametric Model and Whitening Technique
Detecting and Characterizing Transient Noise Signals
Transient Signal Detection and Wavelet Detection Filter
Challenges for Machine Learning
Machine Learning for Transient Signal Classification
Application of Deep Learning for Glitch Classification
Data Preparation
Testing Classification Performance to Simulated Data
Classification of Glitches in Real Data
Classification of Unmodeled Sources
Searches of the Unknown
Summary
Cross-References
References
44 Advances in Machine and Deep Learning for Modeling and Real-Time Detection of Multi-messenger Sources
Contents
Introduction
Machine Learning and Numerical Relativity for Gravitational Wave Source Modeling
Machine Learning for Gravitational Wave Data Analysis
Deep Learning for Gravitational Wave Data Analysis
Deep Learning for the Classification and Clustering of Noise Anomalies in Gravitational Wave Data
Deep Learning for the Construction of Galaxy Catalogs in Large-Scale Astronomy Surveys to Enable Gravitational Wave Standard-Siren Measurements of the Hubble Constant
Challenges and Open Problems
Convergence of Deep Learning with High Performance Computing: An Emergent Framework for Real-Time Multi-messenger Astrophysics Discovery at Scale
Cross-References
References
45 Measuring Cosmological Parameters with Gravitational Waves
Contents
Introduction and Overview
Standard Cosmological Model
The Hubble Tension
Distances from Standard Sirens
Determining Redshift and Further Physics
Outline
Basics on Standard Sirens
Characteristic Scales
From the Waveform to the Hubble Constant
Statistical Methods to Extract Cosmological Parameters with Standard Sirens
Factors Limiting the Accuracy of Measurements
Bayesian Statistical Method: An Outline
Methods with Redshift Information from Independent Observations
Redshift from Identified Hosting Galaxy
Redshift from Galaxy Catalogues
Methods for Determining the Redshift from the GW Alone
Redshift from Tidal Deformation and Postmerger Signal
Astrophysical Distributions
Current Results and Projections for the LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA Network
Standard Sirens with EM Counterparts
Present Results
Projections
Improving the H0 Measure with Information on Inclination Angle
Standard Sirens Without Counterpart
Present Results
Projections
Cosmology with Gravitational Waves and Third-Generation Detectors
Projections with LISA and Space-Based Interferometry
Projections with Planned Ground-Based GW Detectors ET and CE
Tests of GR with Standard Sirens
Cross-References
References
Index