دانلود کتاب Handbook of Oleoresins: Extraction, Characterization, and Applications

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Cover\nHalf Title\nTitle Page\nCopyright Page\nDedication\nTable of Contents\nPreface\nEditors\nContributors\nChapter 1 Pepper Oleoresin: Properties and Economic Importance\n 1.1 Introduction\n 1.2 Economic Importance\n 1.3 Geographic Distribution and Ecology\n 1.4 Production\n 1.5 Extraction Techniques\n 1.5.1 Supercritical CO[sub(2)] Extraction\n 1.5.1.1 Global Yield (X0)\n 1.5.1.2 Kinetic Experiments\n 1.5.2 Soxhlet Extraction\n 1.5.3 Microwave Reflux Extraction\n 1.6 Chemical Constituent\n 1.7 Applications\n 1.7.1 Antimicrobial Activity\n 1.7.2 Antioxidant Activity\n 1.7.3 Anti-Cancer\n 1.7.4 Other Application\n 1.8 Safety, Toxicity And Future Scope\n 1.9 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 2 Chemistry and Properties of Coriander Oleoresin\n 2.1 Introduction\n 2.2 Distribution, Production, and Economic Importance\n 2.3 Extraction Techniques\n 2.3.1 Non-Conventional Extraction Techniques\n 2.3.1.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Technique\n 2.3.1.2 Supercritical Fluid Extraction\n 2.3.2 Conventional Techniques\n 2.3.2.1 Hydro-Distillation\n 2.3.2.2 Solvent Extraction\n 2.3.2.3 Cold Pressing\n 2.4 Characterization, Chemistry, and Properties\n 2.5 Applications\n 2.5.1 Antioxidant Activity\n 2.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity\n 2.5.3 Analgesic Activity\n 2.5.4 Anti-Inflammatory Activity\n 2.5.5 Hypoglycemic Activity\n 2.5.6 Hypolipidemic Activity\n 2.6 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Scope\n 2.7 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 3 Characterization of Capsicum Oleoresin\n 3.1 Introduction\n 3.1.1 Economic Importance of Capsicum Oleoresin\n 3.2 Physicochemical Characterization of Capsicum Annuum\n 3.2.1 Proximate and Bioactives Profile\n 3.2.2 Mineral Profile of Capsicum Annuum\n 3.2.3 Fatty Acid Profile of Capsicum\n 3.2.4 Amino Acid Profile of Capsicum\n 3.3 Biosynthesis of Oleoresin\n 3.4 Extraction Techniques\n 3.4.1 Preextraction Treatment of Capsicum Fruit\n 3.4.2 Osmotic/Hot Air/Sun Drying\n 3.4.3 Water-Assisted Extraction\n 3.4.4 Pressurized Water Extraction\n 3.4.5 Maceration\n 3.4.5.1 Olive Oil Maceration\n 3.4.5.2 Vegetable Oil Maceration\n 3.4.6 Organic Solvent Extraction\n 3.4.7 Innovative and Green Extraction Technologies\n 3.4.7.1 UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)\n 3.4.7.2 MAE (Microwave-Assisted Extraction)\n 3.4.7.3 SFE (Supercritical Fluid Extraction)\n 3.5 Oleoresin Characterization\n 3.5.1 Color Analysis\n 3.5.2 Use of FTIR Spectroscopy for Oleoresin Characterization\n 3.5.3 Antioxidant Properties\n 3.5.4 Antibacterial Properties of Capsicum Oleoresin\n 3.5.5 Characterization of Capsicum Oleoresin and Pungency Level\n 3.5.6 Antidiabetic Activity of Capsicum Oleoresins\n 3.5.7 Capsicum Oleoresin, Phenolics, Carotenoid, and Flavonoid Contents\n 3.6 Safety/Toxicity and Future Scope\n 3.7 Conclusion\n References\n Abbreviations\nChapter 4 Health and Medicinal Properties of Saffron\n 4.1 Introduction\n 4.2 Distribution, Production and Economic Importance\n 4.3 Chemistry and Properties of Saffron\n 4.4 Compounds Responsible for Colour\n 4.5 Properties of Crocin and Crocetin\n 4.6 Compounds Responsible for Bitterness\n 4.7 Compounds Responsible for the Aroma\n 4.8 Miscellaneous\n 4.9 Health and Medicinal Properties of Saffron\n 4.9.1 Saffron and Brain Conditions\n 4.9.2 Saffron: An Antidepressant/Anxiolytic Herb\n 4.9.3 Alzheimer\'s Disease\n 4.9.4 Parkinson\'s Disease\n 4.9.5 Cerebral Ischaemia\n 4.9.6 Epilepsy\n 4.9.7 Multiple Sclerosis\n 4.9.8 Learning Behaviour and Memory\n 4.9.9 Cardiovascular Diseases\n 4.9.10 Hypotensive and Hypolipidemic Properties\n 4.9.11 Treatment of Cancers\n 4.10 Other Miscellaneous Roles\n 4.10.1 Saffron as an Anti-diabetic Agent\n 4.10.2 Saffron as a Relaxant on Smooth Muscles\n 4.10.3 Saffron in Ocular Diseases\n 4.10.4 Saffron as Immunomodulatory Agent\n 4.10.5 Saffron as an Antimicrobial Agent\n 4.10.6 Saffron as Anti-Inflammatory Agent\n 4.11 Bioactive Compounds of Saffron and Their Extraction\n 4.11.1 Conventional Techniques\n 4.11.2 Soxhlet Extraction\n 4.11.3 Solvent Extraction\n 4.11.4 Hydro-or Steam Distillation\n 4.12 Novel Extraction Techniques\n 4.12.1 Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM)\n 4.12.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)\n 4.12.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)\n 4.12.4 High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP)\n 4.12.5 Enzyme-Assisted Extraction (EAE)\n 4.12.6 Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Extraction\n 4.12.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)\n 4.13 Characterisation of Saffron and Its Bioactive Compounds\n 4.13.1 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry\n 4.13.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)\n 4.13.3 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)\n 4.13.4 Electronic Nose Technique\n 4.14 Safety, Toxicity and Future Scope\n 4.15 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 5 Ajwain Oleoresin: Characterization and Properties\n 5.1 Introduction\n 5.2 Distribution and Production\n 5.3 Chemical Composition/Characteristics\n 5.4 Ajwain Oleoresin\n 5.5 Functional Properties\n 5.6 Conclusions\n References\nChapter 6 Extraction Techniques, Production and Economic Importance of Asafoetida Oleoresin\n 6.1 Introduction\n 6.2 The Genus Ferula\n 6.3 Asafoetida - Ferula Oleoresin\n 6.3.1 Distribution of Oleoresin\n 6.3.2 Economic Importance of Asafoetida\n 6.3.3 Traditional Uses of Asafoetida\n 6.3.4 Pharmacological Faerlula Oleoresin\n 6.3.4.1 Allergenic Activity\n 6.3.4.2 Antibacterial Activity\n 6.3.4.3 Anticarcinogenic Activity\n 6.3.4.4 Anti-Coagulant Activity\n 6.3.4.5 Antifungal Activity\n 6.3.4.6 Anti-Hypertensive Effect\n 6.3.4.7 Anti-Inflammatory Effect\n 6.3.4.8 Apoptosis Effect\n 6.3.4.9 Cytotoxic Activity\n 6.4 Extraction Techniques\n 6.4.1 Collection and Harvesting\n 6.4.2 Yield\n 6.4.3 Extraction Techniques\n 6.4.4 Processing\n 6.5 Characterization\n 6.6 Chemistry and Properties of Oleoresin\n 6.7 Applications (Health and Medicinal Properties)\n 6.7.1 Antidiabetic Activity\n 6.7.2 Antioxidant Activity\n 6.7.3 Anticancer Activity\n 6.7.4 Memory-Enhancing Activity\n 6.7.5 Antifertility Activity\n 6.7.6 Hepatoprotective Effect\n 6.7.7 Anxiolytic Effect and Anthelmintic Activity\n 6.8 Safety and Toxicity\n 6.9 Conclusion and Future Prospective\n References\nChapter 7 Black Cumin Oleoresin: Characterization, Properties and Economic Importance\n 7.1 Introduction\n 7.2 Black Cumin Oleoresin\'s Chemical Makeup\n 7.3 Black Cumin\'s Economic Importance\n 7.4 Scientific Classification of Nigella sativa (Black Cumin)\n 7.5 Black Cumin Biosafety and Potential Toxicity\n 7.6 Important Scientific Studies on Nigella sativa and Its Constituents\n 7.6.1 Anti-Tumour Action\n 7.6.2 Nephroprotection\n 7.6.3 Antimicrobial Action\n 7.6.4 Antioxidant Action\n 7.6.5 Anti-Diabetic Action\n 7.6.6 Effect on Thyroid Dysfunction\n 7.6.7 Hepatoprotection\n 7.6.8 Protection against Tissue Damage\n 7.6.9 Anti-Inflammatory Action\n 7.6.10 Action on Male Reproductive System\n 7.6.11 Psychopharmacological Action\n 7.6.12 Anthelmintic Effect\n 7.6.13 Other Effects\n 7.7 Black Cumin (Nigella sativa) and Its Components Have Drug Interactions\n 7.8 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 8 Safety, Toxicity and Properties of Fennel Oleoresin\n 8.1 Introduction\n 8.1.1 Uses of Fennel in Cookery\n 8.1.2 Medicinal and Therapeutic Uses\n 8.2 Distribution, Production and Economic importance\n 8.3 Fennel Oleoresin Extraction Method\n 8.3.1 Solvent Extraction Method\n 8.3.2 Major Steps in Solvent Extraction Method\n 8.3.2.1 Preparation of Raw Material\n 8.3.2.2 Exposure of Material to the Solvent\n 8.3.2.3 Separation of a Miscella and Removal of Solvent\n 8.4 Encapsulation of Fennel Oleoresin Products\n 8.5 Chemistry and Properties\n 8.6 Health and Medicinal Properties of Fennel Oleoresins\n 8.6.1 Antibacterial, Antimicrobial and Antifungal Properties\n 8.6.2 Anti-Inflammatory Activity\n 8.6.3 Gastro and Hepatoprotective Activity\n 8.6.4 Heart Protective and Antidiabetic Effect\n 8.6.5 Oestrogenic Activity\n 8.6.6 Antioxidant Activity\n 8.7 Clinical Studies on Toxicity and Safety of Fennel Oleoresin\n 8.8 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 9 Distribution, Production and Health Benefits of Ginger Oleoresin\n 9.1 Introduction\n 9.2 Extraction Techniques\n 9.3 Characterisation\n 9.4 Chemistry and Properties\n 9.5 Safety and Toxicity\n 9.6 Applications\n 9.6.1 Effect on Cancer\n 9.6.2 Effect on Central Nervous System\n 9.6.3 Effect on Lipid Metabolism\n 9.6.4 Hepatoprotective Effect\n 9.6.5 Gastroprotective Effect\n 9.6.6 Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral and Anthelmintic Effects\n 9.6.7 Effects on Cardiovascular System\n 9.6.8 Effect on Nausea and Vomiting\n 9.7 Future Scope and Conclusion\n References\nChapter 10 Applications of Garlic Oleoresin\n 10.1 Introduction\n 10.2 Distribution, Production and Economic Importance\n 10.3 Extraction Technique\n 10.3.1 Simultaneous Distillation Solvent Extraction (SDE)\n 10.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation Extraction (MWHD)\n 10.3.3 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (USE)\n 10.3.4 Encapsulation\n 10.4 Characterization\n 10.4.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)\n 10.4.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)\n 10.4.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)\n 10.4.4 Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)\n 10.4.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)\n 10.5 Chemistry and Properties\n 10.6 Application (Health and Medicinal Properties)\n 10.6.1 Antifungal Application\n 10.6.2 Antibacterial Application\n 10.6.3 Antiviral Application\n 10.6.4 Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Applications\n 10.6.5 Anticancer Application\n 10.6.6 Effect on Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity\n 10.7 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Scope\n 10.8 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 11 Characterization and Extraction Techniques of Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.1 Introduction\n 11.2 Production, Distribution and Economic Importance of Nutmeg\n 11.3 Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.4 Extraction of Oleoresin from Nutmeg\n 11.4.1 Soxhlet Method\n 11.4.2 Maceration Method\n 11.4.3 Steam Distillation Combined with Maceration Method\n 11.4.4 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method\n 11.5 Factors Affecting Nutmeg Oleoresin Extraction\n 11.5.1 Quality of Nutmeg Fruit\n 11.5.2 Grinding Temperature Used for Nutmeg Powder\n 11.5.3 Particle Size of Nutmeg Powder\n 11.5.4 Choice of Solvents for Extraction\n 11.6 Characterization of Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.6.1 Compounds Identified in Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.7 Chemistry and Properties of Major Compounds Identified in Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.7.1 Eugenol\n 11.7.1.1 Characterization\n 11.7.1.2 Properties\n 11.7.2 Methoxy Eugenol\n 11.7.2.1 Characterization\n 11.7.2.2 Properties\n 11.7.3 Isoeugenol\n 11.7.3.1 Characterization\n 11.7.3.2 Properties\n 11.7.4 Myristicin\n 11.7.4.1 Characterization\n 11.7.4.2 Properties\n 11.7.5 Sabinene\n 11.7.5.1 Characterization\n 11.7.5.2 Properties\n 11.7.6 Safrole\n 11.7.6.1 Characterization\n 11.7.6.2 Properties\n 11.7.7 Elemicin\n 11.7.7.1 Characterization\n 11.7.7.2 Properties\n 11.7.8 Myrcene\n 11.7.8.1 Characterization\n 11.7.8.2 Properties\n 11.7.9 Pinene\n 11.7.9.1 Characterization\n 11.7.9.2 Properties\n 11.8 Health and Medicinal Properties of Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.8.1 Antioxidant Property\n 11.8.2 Antimicrobial Property\n 11.8.3 Hypolipidemic Property\n 11.8.4 Antidepressant Property\n 11.8.5 Aphrodisiac Property\n 11.8.6 Hepatoprotective Property\n 11.8.7 Anticancer Property\n 11.8.8 Antidiarrheal Property\n 11.8.9 Analgesic Property\n 11.9 Applications/Uses of Nutmeg Oleoresin\n 11.9.1 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresin in Probiotic Yogurt\n 11.9.2 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresin in Biocomposite Films\n 11.9.3 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresins for Bread Preservation\n 11.9.4 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresin Encapsulates in Donuts\n 11.9.5 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresin for the Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles\n 11.9.6 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresin as Natural Antioxidant in Oil\n 11.9.7 Use of Nutmeg Oleoresin as Food Seasoning\n 11.10 Toxicity\n 11.10.1 Major Components Responsible for Psychotropic Effects and Their Mode of Actions\n 11.10.2 Diagnosis and Treatment\n 11.11 Safety\n 11.12 Future Scope\n 11.13 Conclusion\n Acknowledgment\n References\nChapter 12 Health and Medicinal Properties of Rosemary Oleoresin\n 12.1 Introduction\n 12.2 Rosemary Extraction Oleoresin\n 12.2.1 Hydrodistillation and Steam Distillation\n 12.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Extraction\n 12.2.3 Organic Solvent Extraction\n 12.2.4 Microwave Hydro-Diffusion and Gravity\n 12.2.5 Pressure Solvent Extraction\n 12.2.6 Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction\n 12.2.7 Solvent-Free Microwave Extraction\n 12.2.8 Supercritical Fluid Extraction\n 12.3 Bioactive Compounds in Oleoresin of Rosemary\n 12.4 Pharmacology Effects of Rosemary Essential Oil and Oleoresins\n 12.5 Antioxidant Activity and Mechanism of Action of Rosemary O leoresin\n 12.6 Antimicrobial Activity Oleoresin and Extracts in Rosemary\n 12.7 Anti-Inflammatory Activity\n 12.8 Investigations in Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses of Rosemary Oleoresins\n 12.9 Concluding Remark\n References\nChapter 13 Characterization of Lemongrass Oleoresins\n 13.1 Introduction\n 13.2 Origin, Distribution, and Production\n 13.3 Economic Importance\n 13.4 Chemistry and Properties\n 13.5 Chemical Composition\n 13.5.1 Oleoresins\n 13.5.2 Essential Oil\n 13.6 Extraction and Characterization of Lemongrass Oleoresins\n 13.6.1 Solvent Extraction\n 13.6.2 Hydrodistillation\n 13.6.3 Microwave-Assisted Extraction Hydrodistillation (MAHD)\n 13.6.4 Steam Distillation\n 13.6.5 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)\n 13.7 Phytochemistry and Pharmacology Applications\n 13.7.1 Antimicrobial Activity\n 13.7.2 Antifungal Activity\n 13.7.3 Antiprotozoan Activity\n 13.7.4 Antioxidant Activity\n 13.7.5 Antidiarrheal Activity\n 13.7.6 Antimutagenic Activity\n 13.7.7 Antiinflammatory Activity\n 13.7.8 Antimalarial Activity\n 13.7.9 Antinociceptive Activity\n 13.7.10 Antihepatotoxic Activity\n 13.7.11 Diuretic\n 13.7.12 Nervine\n 13.7.13 Sedative\n 13.7.14 Tonic\n 13.7.15 Analgesic\n 13.7.16 Antidepressant\n 13.7.17 Antipyretic\n 13.8 Industrial Applications\n 13.8.1 Cosmetics and Perfumes\n 13.8.2 Food Preservation\n 13.9 Quality Issues\n 13.9.1 Oleoresin\n 13.9.2 Essential Oil\n 13.9.2.1 Citral Estimation\n 13.9.2.2 Organic Lemongrass Oil\n 13.9.3 Adulteration of Oil\n 13.10 Safety and Toxicity\n 13.11 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 14 Health and Medicinal Properties of Turmeric Oleoresin\n 14.1 Introduction\n 14.2 Types of Oleoresins\n 14.2.1 Paprika Oleoresin\n 14.2.2 Turmeric Oleoresin\n 14.2.3 Black Pepper Oleoresin\n 14.2.4 Rosemary Oleoresin\n 14.2.5 Ginger Oleoresin\n 14.2.6 Cinnamon Bark Oleoresin\n 14.3 Chemistry of Oleoresins\n 14.4 Properties\n 14.5 Uses and Benefits\n 14.5.1 Processed Meats\n 14.5.2 Fish and Vegetables Seasoning Mixes\n 14.5.3 Soups, Sauces, Chutneys, and Dressings\n 14.5.4 Cheeses and Dairy Products\n 14.5.5 Baked Goods\n 14.5.6 Confectionery\n 14.5.7 Snacks\n 14.5.8 Beverages\n 14.5.9 Cosmetics\n 14.5.10 Perfumes\n 14.5.11 Hygiene Products\n 14.5.12 Aerosols\n 14.5.13 Pharmaceuticals\n 14.5.14 Coloring Agent\n 14.5.15 Cold and Cough Treatment\n 14.6 Biosynthetic Pathway of Oleoresins\n 14.7 Manufacturing Process\n 14.7.1 Paprika Oleoresins\n 14.7.2 Turmeric Oleoresin\n 14.7.3 Black Pepper Oleoresin\n 14.7.4 Ginger Oleoresin\n 14.7.5 Cinnamon Bark Oleoresin\n 14.8 Fennel and Its Oleoresin\n 14.9 Toxicology\n 14.9.1 Toxicity of Inhalation\n 14.9.2 Toxicity of the Dermal Route\n 14.9.3 Toxicity of Eye\n 14.9.4 Toxicity of Oral Route\n 14.9.5 Toxicity in Reproduction and Carcinogen Studies\n 14.10 Exposure to Human Beings\n 14.11 Concerns about the Environment\n 14.12 Market Overview\n 14.13 Key Market Trends\n 14.13.1 Increasing Demand from Food Manufacturers\n 14.13.2 Europe Holds a Significant Market Share\n 14.14 ABTS°+ Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Ginger Oleoresin\n 14.15 Extraction Methods\n 14.16 Packaging\n 14.17 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 15 Onion Oleoresin: Extraction, Characterization, and Application\n 15.1 Introduction\n 15.2 Chemistry, Characterization, and Properties\n 15.3 Extraction of Onion Oleoresin\n 15.4 Applications of Onion Oleoresin\n 15.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Scope\n 15.6 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 16 Production, Characterization, and Health Benefits of Cardamom Oleoresins\n 16.1 Introduction\n 16.2 Distribution, Production, and Economic Importance of Cardamom Oleoresin\n 16.3 Extraction Techniques\n 16.3.1 Solvent Extraction\n 16.3.2 Supercritical Extraction of Cardamom Oleoresin\n 16.4 Characterization of Cardamom Oleoresins\n 16.5 Chemistry and Properties\n 16.5.1 Chemistry\n 16.5.2 Properties of Cardamom Oleoresins\n 16.5.2.1 Anti-Inflammatory Properties\n 16.5.2.2 Antimicrobial Properties\n 16.5.2.3 Antioxidant and Scavenging Activity\n 16.5.2.4 Other Activities\n 16.6 Applications (Health and Medicine)\n 16.7 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Growth\n 16.8 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 17 Chemistry and Characterization of Clove Oleoresin\n 17.1 Introduction\n 17.2 Distribution, Production, and Economic Importance\n 17.3 Extraction, Isolation, Characterization, and Chemical Composition of Clove Oleoresin\n 17.3.1 Solvent Extraction\n 17.3.2 Hydrodistillation\n 17.3.3 Steam HD\n 17.3.4 Two-Phase Extraction Method\n 17.3.5 Low-Temperature Extraction of COR by Liquid Gases\n 17.3.6 Supercritical Fluid Extraction\n 17.3.7 Modified Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)\n 17.3.8 Microwave-Assisted Extraction of COR\n 17.3.9 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction\n 17.3.10 Polymeric Membrane-Assisted Purification of Clove Oil\n 17.3.11 Miscellaneous\n 17.4 Pharmacological Applications\n 17.4.1 Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Activity\n 17.4.2 Antitumour Activity\n 17.4.3 Antiviral Activity\n 17.4.4 Clove in the Fight against COVID-19\n 17.4.5 Anti-Inflammatory Activity\n 17.4.6 Immunostimulatory Activity\n 17.4.7 Cardiovascular Activity\n 17.4.8 Antioxidant Activity\n 17.4.9 Hepatoprotective Activity\n 17.4.10 Other Therapeutic Effects\n 17.5 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Scope\n 17.6 Conclusion\n References\nChapter 18 Fenugreek Oleoresins: Chemistry and Properties\n 18.1 Introduction\n 18.2 Botanical Characteristics\n 18.3 Compounds Present in Fenugreek\n 18.3.1 Plant Chemistry\n 18.3.2 Alkaloids\n 18.3.3 Steroidal Saponins\n 18.3.4 Oils\n 18.3.5 Mucilage\n 18.3.6 Protein Compounds\n 18.3.7 Flavonoids\n 18.3.8 Aromatic and Other Compounds\n 18.3.9 Carbohydrates\n 18.4 Traditional uses of Fenugreek\n 18.5 Fenugreek Oil\n 18.6 Oil Extraction Method\n 18.6.1 Extraction Process (Soxhlet Extraction)\n 18.6.1.1 Procurement of Fenugreek Seed\n 18.6.1.2 Analytical Reagents and Chemicals\n 18.6.1.3 Extraction\n 18.6.1.4 Preparation of FGSO (Fenugreek Seed Oil)\n 18.6.2 Extraction by Hydro Distillation\n 18.6.3 Extraction of Fenugreek Seed Oil Using Subcritical Butane\n 18.6.3.1 Materials\n 18.6.3.2 Oil Extraction\n 18.6.3.3 Single-Factor Experiments\n 18.7 Oleoresin\n 18.8 Fatty Acid Profiling of Fenugreek oil\n 18.9 Antioxidant Activity\n 18.10 Relieving Breast Engorgement\n 18.11 Steroids\n 18.12 Cytotoxic Activity Fenugreek of Seed Oil\n 18.13 Antimicrobial Activity\n 18.14 Antibacterial Activity\n 18.15 Antifungal Activity\n 18.16 Fenugreek oil as a Growth Promotor in Broiler Chicken\n 18.17 Diabetes Treatment\n 18.18 Wound Healing Activity\n 18.20 Effectiveness on Liver Tissues and Ovarian\n 18.21 Aromatic Components Found in Fenugreek Oil\n 18.22 Conclusion\n Reference\nChapter 19 Characterisation and Pharmacological Properties of Celery Oleoresin\n 19.1 Introduction\n 19.2 Botanical Classification\n 19.3 Chemical Composition\n 19.4 Phytochemical Compounds\n 19.5 Pharmacological Activities\n 19.5.1 Hepatoprotective Activity\n 19.5.2 Hypocholesterolemic Activity\n 19.5.3 Antidiabetic Activity\n 19.5.4 Antimicrobial Activity\n 19.5.5 Antioxidant Activity\n 19.5.6 Anticancer Activity\n 19.5.7 Anti-Infertility Activity\n 19.6 Celery Oleoresins\n 19.6.1 Extraction Techniques\n 19.6.1.1 Steam Distillation\n 19.6.1.2 Solvent Extraction\n 19.6.2 Applications of Celery Oleoresins\n 19.7 Toxicity and Saf\n 19.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects\n References\nChapter 20 Paprika Oleoresins: Chemistry and Properties\n 20.1 Introduction\n 20.2 Distribution, Production, and Economic Importance\n 20.2.1 Global Market of Paprika Oleoresin\n 20.3 Extraction Techniques\n 20.3.1 Pre-Treatments for Extraction\n 20.3.2 Solvent Extraction\n 20.3.3 Carbon Dioxide Supercritical Extraction\n 20.4 Characterization\n 20.5 Physical Properties\n 20.6 Chemical Composition\n 20.6.1 Capsaicinoids\n 20.6.2 Carotenoids\n 20.6.3 Flavonoids\n 20.6.4 Volatile Compounds\n 20.7 Biological Activities\n 20.7.1 Antifungal Properties\n 20.7.2 Antimicrobial Properties\n 20.7.3 Antiviral Properties\n 20.7.4 Antioxidant Properties\n 20.7.5 Anti-Inflammatory Properties\n 20.7.6 Anticancer Properties\n 20.7.7 Antidiabetic Properties\n 20.8 Safety, Toxicity, and Future Scope\n 20.9 Conclusion\n References\nIndex