دانلود کتاب Health Psychology: The Basics

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Cover Half Title Series Information Title Page Copyright Page Table of contents 1 The development of health psychology Introduction Historical approaches to health: a biomedical model of health and illness Introduction to the biomedical model Challenging the biomedical view of health What is health? What is health psychology? Why do we need health psychology? Health in the twenty-first century: the role of lifestyle on population health Health policy: the role of government action for lifestyle change Health psychology today, where are we now? Research methods in health psychology Qualitative studies Quantitative studies Systematic reviews and meta-analysis Careers in health psychology What do health psychologists do and where do they work? How to become a health psychologist Stage one Stage two What can you expect to earn as a health psychologist? Interested in health psychology, now what? Final overview and summary References 2 A bio/psycho/social approach to health and wellbeing Chapter overview A biopsychosocial approach to health and wellbeing The biopsychosocial approach Pain Biological factors Transduction Transmission Modulation Psychological factors The Gate Control Theory (GCT) Anxiety Learning Cognition Treatment for pain (see Table 2.2) Why does pain relief stop working as well? What can health psychologists do to improve pain? What about alternative therapies? Brief summary of pain Diabetes What is diabetes? The endocrine system It is a disease of lifestyle! What is the role of the health psychologist in understanding Type 2 diabetes? Using a biopsychosocial approach in understanding the aetiology of Type 2 DM Examples of biological factors Examples of psychological factors Evidence Why might wholegrains be beneficial? Is it just about eating wholegrains? What about exercise? Can personality influence onset? What is conscientiousness? What is the relationship between conscientiousness and Type 2 diabetes? Social and environmental factors The obesogenic environment What about culture? The digestive system and obesity The digestive system So why do we need to eat? So what is the right amount of food? What is a calorie? Obesity So why do people become obese? Biological factors So what other biological factors affect eating behaviour? Leptin Ghrelin Neuropetide Y Psychological factors Conditioning Stress and eating behaviour Activity Social factors Summary Autoimmune diseases The immune system Simplified overview of the innate system Simplified overview of the specific system Genes Gender Psychological factors Social factors So what can we conclude? Chapter summary References 3 Attitudes, beliefs and behaviour: Models of health behaviour change Introduction Introduction to social cognition models Social Cognitive Theory We do what we see: the historical development of the Social Cognitive Theory Overview of the Social Cognitive Theory Core process 1: outcome expectancies Self-efficacy ‘the belief that we are capable’ Core process 2: socio-structural factors Core process 3: goal setting Summary and future directions Health Belief Model Summary and future directions Protection Motivation Theory Summary and future directions Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behaviour The development of the theory of planned behaviour Summary and future directions Stage models of change Stages of change ‘When you change’ 1. Processes of change 2. Self-efficacy 3. Decisional balance Summary and future directions Final overview and summary References 4 Health behaviours of children and adolescents Introduction Children’s health in context Why is childhood so important for future health? Methods of research in children and adolescents Why is eating behaviour in children important? Understanding eating behaviour Biological factors Psychosocial factors Early years and the role of learning A focus on interventions So with this in mind what can be done to tackle obesity on a wider scale? A biopsychosocial approach to understanding risk behaviour Biological Psychosocial factors Why are friends so important? The influence of parents/carers Intervening in risky behaviours Alcohol use in adolescents 1. What is the problem? 2. What influences alcohol use in adolescence? Biological factors Influence of others Positive expectancies Parental influence Affect and personality factors 3. Choosing theory appropriate to the needs of the target group The need for a dual processing approach in predicting adolescent behaviour What is the dual processing approach? How do children and adolescents differ from adults? The Prototype Willingness Model Summary of chapter References 5 Stress Chapter overview Introduction What is stress? Models of stress Fight or flight What happens in the body during the fight or flight response? Biological Model of Stress – Seyle’s General Adaption Syndrome Transactional Theory of Stress Is it stress? Is there a link between stress and health? The role of daily hassles Allostatic load How might stress be linked to ill health? The potential direct route between stress and illness Stress reactivity Psychoneuroimmunology/psychoneuroendocrinology The brief overview of the immune system The potential pathways between stress and the immune system What moderates the relationship between stress and illness? Coping Why are some people more resilient to stress than others? Social support How do we measure stress? Stress management Biofeedback Emotional expression relaxation, guided imagery and music Mindfulness Exercise Chapter summary References 6 Adjusting to chronic illness Chapter overview Introduction What are chronic illnesses? The consequences of living with a chronic illness Coping requires major lifestyle changes Impact of chronic illness on family Quality of life Mindfulness and gratitude Social support Self-management Education based interventions or psychological interventions? Cardiac rehabilitation Diabetes self-management Carbtoxicity and low carbohydrate diets in type 2 So what has happened since? What are the implications? What about exercise? Irritable bowel syndrome Interventions Mindfulness Summary of the chapter References 7 Health psychology in healthcare settings Introduction Communication in healthcare settings What is the doctor-patient relationship? What is the impact of a good doctor-patient relationship? The medical consultation Factors that influence the medical consultation Healthcare professional related factors Patient related factors Patient and healthcare professional factors Situational factors What makes a good or bad medical consultation? Shared decision making Summary Concordance, adherence and compliance What is adherence? What psychological factors predict adherence? The Perceptions and Practicalities Approach (PAPA) Improving adherence: considerations and future directions Impact of hospitalisation and stressful procedures What is a hospital? The patients’ role The good versus bad patient Factors affecting adjustment to hospital Children in hospital How can we better support patients including children in hospital settings? Summary Final overview and summary References Glossary Index