دانلود کتاب Hemifacial Spasm: A Comprehensive Guide

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Contents
Overview of Hemifacial Spasm
Definition of Hemifacial Spasm
History
Epidemiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Nonsurgical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
References
Natural History of Hemifacial Spasm
Natural History of Hemifacial Spasm Until Visit to Hospital [4]
Natural History of Untreated Hemifacial Spasm [6]
Quality of Life in Hemifacial Spasm Patients
References
Novel Classification Systems for Hemifacial Spasm
Compression Patterns
Loop Type (Fig. 1a)
Arachnoid Type (Fig. 1b)
Perforator Type (Fig. 1c)
Branch Type (Fig. 1d)
Sandwich Type (Fig. 1e)
Tandem Type (Fig. 1f)
Pattern of Hearing Loss
Hearing Evaluations
Intraoperative BAEP in Relation to Postoperative Hearing Loss
Extent of Compression
Lateral Spread Response
Clinical Grade: SMC Grading System
References
Pathogenesis of Hemifacial Spasm
Anatomy of Facial Nerve
Hypotheses for the Pathogenesis of Hemifacial Spasm: Peripheral vs. Central
Sympathetic Hypothesis
Other Factors That May Be Related with Pathogenesis of Hemifacial Spasm
Secondary Hemifacial Spasm
Conclusion
References
Clinical Symptoms and Differential Diagnosis of Hemifacial Spasm
Introduction
Clinical Symptoms of Hemifacial Spasm
Provocation Maneuver and Home Video
Specific Signs and Red-Flag Signs of HFS
The Other Babinski Sign
Synchronous Contraction of the Upper and Lower Facial Muscles
Red-Flag Signs
Differential Diagnosis of Hemifacial Spasm
Blepharospasm
Postparalysis Facial Synkinesis
Facial Motor Tics
Facial Myokymia
Oromandibular Dystonia
Facial Myoclonus
Hemimasticatory Spasm
Myorhythmia
Functional Facial Spasm
References
The Electrophysiological Study for Hemifacial Spasm
Introduction
Electrophysiological Study
Lateral Spread Response (LSR)
Methodology
Results and Interpretation
Blink Reflex Test
Methodology
Results and Interpretation
F-Wave
Methodology
Result and Interpretation
Transcranial Facial Motor Evoked Potential (TcFMEP)
Methodology
Result and Interpretation
Conclusion
References
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Hemifacial Spasm
MR Imaging Techniques Used for Hemifacial Spasm
Anatomy of the Facial Nerve on MRI and Its Clinical Implication
MRI Evaluation of Hemifacial Spasm
MRI Evaluation of Primary HFS
MRI Evaluation of Secondary HFS
NVC in Asymptomatic Subjects
MRI Evaluation of Persistent or Recurrent HFS After MVD
Conclusion
References
Surgical Principles of Hemifacial Spasm: How We Do Microvascular Decompression
Indication of Microvascular Decompression
Preoperative Evaluation
Patient Position for Lateral Suboccipital Retrosigmoid Approach
From Skin to Dural Opening
Exploration Along the CPA to the Neurovascular Compression Site
Decompression of the Facial Nerve
From Dura to Skin Closure
Postoperative Management
Use of Endoscope
References
Technical Difficulties of Microvascular Decompression Surgery for Hemifacial Spasm
Offending Vessel with Perforators into Brainstem
Offending Vessel Encircling the Facial Nerve
Vertebral Artery
Offending Vessel Located Medial to or at the Cisternal Segment of the Facial Nerve
Penetrating Offending Vessel Through the Facial Nerve
Prominent Flocculus Blocking the Neurovascular Compression Site
Redo Surgery
References
Various Applications of Microvascular Decompression Other than for Hemifacial Spasm
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Geniculate Neuralgia
Hemimasticatory Spasm
Tinnitus, Vertigo
Hypertension
Spasmodic Torticollis
Others
Conclusion
References
Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring in Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm
Introduction
Conventional Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs)
The Origin of Waveforms
Filtering
Electrode Position
Stimulation Rate and Averaging Time
Cause of Waveform Changes
Post Operation Hearing Loss
Warning Criteria
Lateral Spread Response (LSR)
Electrode Position
Meaning of LSR
Prognosis of LSR
Persistence (Residual) of LSR
Reoperation
Optimal Method of LSR Test
Zhong-Lee Response (ZLR)
Facial Motor Neuron Function Test
Facial F-Wave
Facial MEP
New Advanced INM in MVD
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials (BAEPs)
Electrode Position
BAEPs Ipsilateral and Contralateral Wave Forms
Real-Time BAEPs
New Warning Criteria
Hearing Loss Patterns
Cerebellar Retraction
Delayed Hearing Loss
The Significance of Wave I Loss of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
New Method LSR
Recording Site
Stimulation Response
Stimulation Direction and Intensity
Compare Conventional and New Method
Facial Nerve Innervation
References
Anesthetic Management of MVD
Preoperative Management
Intraoperative Management
Positioning
Anesthesia for Intraoperative Neuromonitoring
Trigeminal Arrhythmia
Cranial Nerve Dysfunction and Respiratory Center Injury
Macroglossia
Pneumocephalus and Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage
Venous Air Embolism
Postoperative Management
Extubation and Airway Management
Nausea, Vomiting, and Headache
Other Considerations
References
Botulinum Toxin Injection in Hemifacial Spasm
Botulinum Toxin Injection as Management Option for Hemifacial Spasm
History of Botulinum Toxin Injection in Hemifacial Spasm
Strategy to Decide Botulinum Toxin Injection in Patients with Hemifacial Spasm
Considerations Before Start Botulinum Toxin Injection in Hemifacial Spasm
Preparation for Botulinum Toxin Injection
Other Specific Considerations
Botulinum Toxin Injection: Injection Site and Dose Selection
Facial Muscles and Injection Sites
Injection Doses for Facial Muscles in HFS
Unilateral Injection vs. Bilateral Injection
References
Medical Treatment of Hemifacial Spasm and Other Involuntary Facial Movement Disorders
Hemifacial Spasm
Carbamazapine
Baclofen
Clonazepam
Zonisamide
Gabapentin
Pizotifen
Levetiracetam
Blepharospasm and Other Involuntary Facial Movement Disorders
Blepharospasm
Other Facial Involuntary Movement Disorders
Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin
Mechanism
Pharmacology
References
Possible Complications of Microvascular Decompression
Facial Palsy
Hearing Impairment
Lower Cranial Nerve Deficits
Hemorrhagic or Thromboembolic Complications
Conclusions
References
Prognosis of Symptoms After Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm
Postoperative Course of Hemifacial Spasm
Predictors of Postoperative Outcome
Personal Factors
Diagnostic Factors
Surgical Factors
Models
Optimal Time for Outcome Prediction
POD 3 Months
POD 6 Months
POD 12 Months
POD 3 Years
References
Redo Surgery for Failed Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm
Failed Microvascular Decompression and Patient Selection for Redo Surgery
Intraoperative Considerations in Redo MVD: Surgical Guidance and Possible Causes of MVD Failure
Clinical Outcomes of Redo MVD
Feasibility of Redo MVD and Future Directions of MVD
References