دانلود کتاب Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Foreword Foreword Preface Contents Part I: Overview 1: Epidemiological Aspects of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 1.1 Incidence and Mortality 1.2 Prevalence 1.3 Survival of Patients Diagnosed with Hepatocellular Carcinoma 1.4 Main Risk Factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 1.5 Conclusion References 2: Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Genetic Landscape of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 2.3 Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Mendelian Disorders References 3: Role of the Immune System in Hepatocellular Carcinoma 3.1 General Aspects 3.2 Innate Immune System 3.2.1 Macrophages 3.2.2 Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells 3.2.3 Kupffer Cells 3.2.4 Neutrophils 3.2.5 Natural Killer Cells 3.2.6 Dendritic Cells 3.3 Adaptive Immune System 3.3.1 Interleukins and Chemokines 3.4 Conclusions References 4: Underlying Liver Disease 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Viruses and Hepatocellular Carcinoma 4.2.1 Hepatitis B Virus 4.2.2 Hepatitis C Virus 4.2.3 Hepatitis Delta Virus 4.3 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis 4.4 Alcoholic Fatty Disease 4.5 Hereditary Hemochromatosis 4.6 Autoimmune Hepatitis and Primary Biliary Cholangitis 4.7 Wilson Disease 4.8 Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency References Part II: Diagnosis 5: Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 5.1 Role of Ultrasound and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound 5.2 Computed Tomography Technique 5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique and Contrast Agents 5.4 Imaging Features of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 5.5 Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) 5.6 Treatment Response: mRECIST and LI-RADS 5.6.1 LI-RADS Treatment Response Algorithm References 6: Pathology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Main Gross Pattern of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 6.3 Histology 6.4 Grading, Staging, and Metastases 6.5 Immunohistochemistry 6.6 Variants 6.7 Differential Diagnosis References 7: Hepatological Evaluation and Biomarkers 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Etiologies of Liver Disease: Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease 7.2 Methods to Evaluate Liver Function and Hepatic Reserve Before Surgery 7.2.1 Predictors of Post-hepatectomy Liver Failure 7.2.2 Biomarkers and Dynamic Test to Recognize Liver Function and Its Reserve Capacity 7.2.3 MELD Score 7.2.4 Fibrosis Biomarkers and Noninvasive Evaluation of Portal Hypertension 7.3 Conclusion References Part III: Treatment 8: Percutaneous and Laparoscopic-Assisted Ablation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Treatment Indications 8.3 Ablation Techniques 8.4 Oncological Outcomes References 9: Endovascular Treatments of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Transarterial Chemoembolization 9.2.1 Technical Variations 9.3 Transarterial Radioembolization 9.3.1 Technical Considerations 9.3.2 Lessons Learned 9.3.3 Indications and Clinical Utility 9.3.4 Downstaging 9.3.5 Bridging 9.3.6 Palliation 9.4 Conclusion References 10: Indications for Surgery in Cirrhotic Patients 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Hepatic Functional Reserve Assessment 10.2.1 Child-Turcotte-Pugh Score 10.2.2 Model for End-Stage Liver Disease 10.2.3 Indocyanine Green Clearance Test 10.2.4 Other Liver Function Scoring Systems 10.2.5 Evaluation of Portal Hypertension 10.2.6 Extent of Liver Resection and Functional Remnant Liver Volume Evaluation 10.3 Indications According to Tumor Stage, Survival Benefit, and Technical Considerations 10.4 Need for a Multidisciplinary Evaluation in High-Volume Centers References 11: Laparoscopic Approach for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Short-Term Outcomes 11.3 Long-Term Outcomes 11.4 Advanced Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension 11.5 Major Hepatectomies 11.6 Repeat Surgery 11.7 Elderly Patients 11.8 Difficulty Scores 11.9 Laparoscopic Approach for Local Ablation Therapy 11.10 Conclusion References 12: Robotic Approach for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Patient Selection and Indications 12.3 Surgical Technique and Learning Curve 12.3.1 Patient Positioning and System Set-Up 12.3.2 Use of Indocyanine Green-Based Fluorescence 12.3.3 Parenchymal Transection 12.4 Postoperative Outcomes 12.5 Role of Robotics in Transplant Oncology 12.6 Conclusions References 13: Ultrasound-Guided Liver Resection and Parenchymal-Sparing Surgery 13.1 Introduction 13.2 The Role of Ultrasound in Liver Surgery 13.2.1 Intraoperative Tumor Staging 13.2.2 Surgical Planning and Resection Guidance 13.3 Parenchymal Sparing Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Surgical Technique 13.3.1 Ultrasound-Guided Minor Anatomical Resections 13.3.2 Ultrasound-Guided Non-anatomical Resections 13.4 Conclusion References 14: Surgical Margins for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Pathophysiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 14.3 Anatomical Resections for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 14.4 Recurrence Following Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 14.5 Surgical Margins for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 14.6 Conclusions References 15: Major Hepatectomies for  Hepatocellular Carcinoma 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Preoperative Management 15.3 Postoperative Outcomes of Major Hepatectomies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 15.4 Oncological Outcomes of Major Hepatectomies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 15.5 Laparoscopic Major Hepatectomies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 15.6 Conclusions References 16: R1-Vascular Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Anatomic Resection: Forty Years of Studies 16.3 To Expose or Not to Expose the Tumor on Cut Surface? 16.4 R1-Vascular Surgery Is the Roadmap for Parenchymal-Sparing Hepatectomy 16.5 Conclusions References 17: Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy (ALPPS) 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Indications for ALPPS 17.3 Technical Aspects 17.4 Outcomes 17.5 Conclusions References 18: “Re-Do” Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Indications and Results 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Types and Mechanisms of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence 18.3 Repeat Hepatectomy or Salvage Liver Transplant? 18.4 Repeat Hepatectomy Versus Other Treatments 18.5 Repeated Repeat Hepatectomy 18.6 Predictors of Recurrence After Repeat Hepatectomy 18.7 The Role of Minimally Invasive Surgery 18.8 Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence After Liver Transplantation 18.9 Conclusions References 19: Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Milan Criteria 19.3 Expanding Indications and Improving Results of Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 19.3.1 Role of Neoadjuvant Therapies: Bridging to Liver Transplantation, Salvage, and Pre-emptive Liver Transplantation 19.3.2 Beyond the Milan Criteria 19.3.3 Downstaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Before Liver Transplantation 19.3.4 Role of Adjuvant Treatments 19.4 Organ Allocation in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma 19.5 Future of Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma References 20: Downstaging Strategies Prior to Liver Transplantation 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Indications 20.2.1 Morphological Criteria 20.2.2 Combining the Morphological with the Biological Criteria 20.2.3 The Issue of Portal Vein Thrombosis 20.3 When 20.4 How 20.4.1 Transarterial Chemoembolization 20.4.2 Transarterial Radioembolization 20.4.3 Ablative Therapies 20.4.4 Surgery 20.4.5 Combination Methods 20.5 Conclusions References 21: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Medical Therapy 21.1 Introduction 21.2 First-Line Therapy 21.2.1 Single Agents 21.2.2 Combination Therapies 21.3 Second-Line Therapies 21.3.1 Single Agents 21.3.2 Emerging Combination Therapies 21.4 Conclusion References Part IV: Special Considerations and Recommendations 22: Surveillance for Patients at Risk of Developing Hepatocellular Carcinoma 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Effect of Surveillance on Outcomes 22.2.1 Surveillance Application 22.3 High Risk Groups 22.3.1 Patient with Cirrhosis 22.3.2 Patient with Hepatitis B Virus Infection Without Cirrhosis 22.3.3 Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Advanced Fibrosis 22.3.4 Patients with Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis or Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 22.3.5 Patients Successfully Treated for Hepatitis C or B Virus Infection 22.4 Approach to Surveillance 22.4.1 Ultrasound in Combination with Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein 22.4.1.1 Cut-Off Value of Serum Alpha-Fetoprotein Applied to Surveillance 22.4.1.2 The Six-Month Interval 22.4.2 Proposed Imaging Techniques and Serology Markers for Surveillance References 23: Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence: How to Manage 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Clinical Setting and Risk Factors 23.3 Diagnostic Tools and Oncologic Monitoring 23.4 Clinical Decision-Making and Surgical Management 23.5 Conclusion References 24: Liver Biopsy: How and When 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Indications and Technique 24.2.1 Contraindications and Risk Factors 24.2.2 Percutaneous Liver Biopsy 24.2.3 Transvenous/Transjugular Liver Biopsy 24.2.4 Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Liver Biopsy 24.2.5 Laparoscopic Liver Biopsy 24.2.6 Risk of Complications 24.2.7 Risk of Tumoral Seeding 24.3 Biopsy for Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 24.4 Biologic Information Obtainable from Biopsy 24.5 Role of Biopsy for Surgical Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma 24.6 Role of Biopsy for Liver Transplantation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma 24.7 Conclusions References 25: Anesthesiologic Management During Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Preoperative Evaluation and Assessment of Liver Disease Severity 25.2.1 Risk Scores 25.2.2 Portal Hypertension 25.3 General Anesthesia 25.3.1 Vascular and Bleeding Control and Hemodynamic Monitoring 25.3.2 Acid-Base Issues 25.3.3 Coagulation and Blood Products 25.4 Pain Control 25.5 Postoperative Course 25.6 Conclusion References