دانلود کتاب Hierarchical Perspectives on Marine Complexities: Searching for Systems in the Gulf of Maine

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Contents\nAcknowledgments\nCredits\n1. The Subject of the Search\n2. Some Generalities About Hierarchy Theory and Some Examples\n3. Physical Characteristics of the Gulf of Maine\n Geological History\n Geography\n Tides\n4. Fauna of the Gulf of Maine\n Historical Abundances\n Numbers and Kinds of Species\n Marine Mammals\n Former Abundances of Marine Mammals\n Social Structure of Whales\n Food of Whales\n Mammals as Integrators\n Seabirds\n Fishes\n Numbers of Fish Species\n Cod and Other Fishes\n Shrimps\n5. Organism Characteristics\n Qualities of Organisms\n Classifying Species\n Examples of r- and K-selected Organisms in the Gulf of Maine\n6. Approaching Hierarchy Theory and the Gulf of Maine\n Patchiness\n Kinds of Systems\n Precursors and Synthesis\n7. Hierarchies and Constraints\n The Nature of Hierarchy and Constraints\n Scales and Constraints\n Asymmetry\n Hierarchical Asymmetry\n Duality of Description\n Hierarchical Integration\n Hierarchical Incorporation\n Constraints\n Nonpredatory Constraints\n Constraints and Time Lags\n Reducing Constraints\n Top Versus Bottom\n Continuity of Hierarchy\n8. Hierarchical Applications\n What Fisheries Do\n Maintaining Natural Constraints\n Fisheries Management Based on Ecosystems Principles\n The Search Continues\nNotes\nGlossary\nReferences\nIndex