دانلود کتاب Histology - An Essential Textbook

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Histology: An Essential Textbook MedOne Information Title Page Copyright Dedication Contents Video Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1 An Introduction to Light Microscopy and the Cell 1.1 Microscopy 1.1.1 The Light Microscope 1.1.2 Digital Microscopy 1.1.3 Traditional versus Digital Microscopy 1.1.4 Other Types of Microscopy 1.2 Basic Features of Cells and Tissues 1.3 Slide Preparation 1.3.1 Tissue Fixation 1.3.2 Embedding 1.3.3 Sectioning 1.3.4 Staining 1.3.5 Artifacts 1.4 Chapter Review 2 The Nucleus 2.1 Typical Nucleus 2.2 Electron Microscopy of the Nucleus 2.3 The Cell Cycle 2.3.1 Mitosis 2.4 Mitotic Figures in Tissues 2.5 Chapter Review 3 The Cytoplasm 3.1 Cytoplasm 3.2 The Plasma Membrane 3.3 Cytoplasmic Organelles 3.3.1 Nucleus 3.3.2 Mitochondria 3.3.3 Ribosomes 3.3.4 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum 3.3.5 Golgi Apparatus 3.3.6 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum 3.3.7 Lysosomes 3.3.8 Other Cellular Organelles 3.4 Chapter Review 4 Epithelial Classification 4.1 Overview of Tissue Types 4.2 Overview of Epithelia 4.3 Classification of Epithelia 4.3.1 Simple Squamous Epithelia 4.3.2 Simple Cuboidal and Simple Columnar Epithelia Columnar Epithelia 4.3.6 Transitional Epithelia 4.4 Chapter Review 5 Epithelial Specializations 5.1 Plasma Membrane Specializations 5.2 Cell-Cell Junctions 5.2.1 Tight Junctions 5.2.2 Belt Desmosomes 5.2.3 Desmosomes 5.2.4 Gap Junctions 5.3 Basement Membrane 5.3.1 Basement Membrane in Light Micrographs 5.3.2 Basement Membrane in Electron Micrographs 5.3.3 Hemidesmosomes 5.4 Plasma Membrane Modifications 5.4.1 Microvilli 5.4.2 Cilia 5.4.3 Stereocilia 5.4.4 Basolateral Infoldings 5.5 Chapter Review 6 Epithelia: Glands 6.1 Epithelial Tissues as Glands 6.2 Unicellular Glands 6.3 Multicellular Glands 6.3.1 Endocrine Gland Formation 6.3.2 Exocrine Gland Formation 6.4 Exocrine Glands 6.5 Chapter Review 7 Connective Tissue Overview 7.1 Overview of Connective Tissue 7.2 Recognizing Connective Tissue 7.3 Components of Connective Tissue 7.4 Connective Tissue Fibers 7.4.1 Collagen 7.4.1 Reticular Fibers 7.4.2 Elastic Fibers 7.5 Development of Connective Tissue 7.6 Connective Tissue Cells 7.6.1 Fibroblasts 7.6.2 Immune Cells 7.7 Connective Tissue Ground Substance 7.8 Chapter Review 8 Generic Connective Tissues 8.1 Classification of Connective Tissue 8.2 Generic Connective Tissues 8.2.1 8.2.2 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue 8.2.3 Dense Regular Connective Tissue 8.3 Chapter Review 9 Adipose Tissue 9.1 Overview of Adipose Tissue 9.2 Unilocular Adipose Tissue 9.3 Multilocular Adipose Tissue 9.4 Chapter Review 10 Cartilage 10.1 Overview of Cartilage 10.2 Development and Basic Components of Cartilage 10.3 Hyaline Cartilage 10.4 Developing Cartilage 10.5 Elastic Cartilage 10.6 Fibrocartilage 10.7 Chapter Review 11 Bone Histology 11.1 Histologic Bone (Bone Tissue) versus Anatomic Bone 11.2 Features of Anatomical Bones 11.3 Cells of Osseous Tissue 11.3.1 11.3.2 Osteoblasts 11.3.3 Osteocytes 11.3.4 Osteoclasts 11.4 Organization of Bone 11.4.1 11.4.2 11.5 Chapter Review 12 Bone Development 12.1 Bone Matrix Secretion 12.2 Bone Development 12.2.1 12.2.2 12.3 Bone Remodeling 12.4 Bone Fracture and Repair 12.5 Chapter Review 13 Skeletal Muscle 13.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue 13.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles 13.3 Skeletal Muscle Cells (Muscle Fibers) 13.4 Banding Pattern of Skeletal Muscle Cells 13.5 Myofilaments 13.6 Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 13.7 Tubule System of Skeletal Muscle 13.8 Skeletal Muscle in Routinely Prepared Slides 13.9 Chapter Review 14 Cardiac and Smooth Muscle 14.1 Types of Muscle Tissue 14.2 Cardiac Muscle 14.3 Smooth Muscle 14.4 Comparison of Skeletal and Smooth Muscle 14.5 Chapter Review 14.5.1 14.5.2 Characteristics of Cardiac Muscle Cells 14.5.3 Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells 14.5.4 Common Characteristics of Two of Three Muscle Types 14.5.5 Other Distinguishing Characteristics 15 Neural Tissue 15.1 Overview of the Nervous System 15.1.1 Cells of the Nervous System 15.1.2 15.2 Spinal Cord 15.2.1 Spinal Cord Gray Matter 15.2.2 Spinal Cord White Matter 15.3 Peripheral Nerves 15.3.1 Ultrastructure of Peripheral Nerves 15.3.2 Peripheral Nerve in a Teased Preparation 15.3.3 Peripheral Nerves Stained with H & E 15.3.4 Connective Tissues of Peripheral Nerves 15.4 Ganglia 15.5 Chapter Review 16 Cardiovascular Overview 16.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 16.2 General Structure of Vessels 16.3 Comparison of Major Types of Vessels 16.4 Chapter Review 17 Blood 17.1 Components of Blood 17.2 Preparation of Blood Smears 17.3 Red Blood Cells 17.4 Platelets 17.5 White Blood Cells 17.5.1 Neutrophils 17.5.2 Eosinophils 17.5.3 Basophils 17.5.4 Monocytes 17.5.5 Lymphocytes 17.6 White Blood Cells in Tissues 17.6.1 Neutrophils in Tissues 17.6.2 Lymphocytes in Tissues 17.6.3 Plasma Cells in Tissues 17.6.4 Macrophages in Tissues 17.6.5 Eosinophils in Tissues 17.7 Chapter Review 18 Hematopoiesis Overview 18.1 Overview of Hematopiesis 18.2 Cellular Features Used to Differentiate Hematopoietic Cells 18.3 Cytoplasmic Granules Granules 18.3.2 Eosinophilic Granules 18.3.3 Basophilic Granules 18.3.4 Neutrophilic Granules 18.4 Nucleoli 18.5 Nuclear Shape 18.6 Chromatin 18.7 Degree of Cytoplasmic Basophilia 18.8 Chapter Review 19 Hematopoiesis: White Blood Cells and Platelets 19.1 Overview of White Blood Cell Development 19.2 Hematopoiesis of Granulocytes 19.2.1 Myeloblast and Promyelocyte 19.2.2 Myelocyte 19.2.3 Metamyelocytes, Band Cells, Mature Cells 19.3 Megakaryocytes 19.4 Lymphocytes and Plasma Cells 19.5 Chapter Review 20 Hematopoiesis: Red Blood Cells 20.1 Erythrocyte versus Granulocyte Development 20.2 Proerythroblasts 20.3 Basophilic Erythroblasts 20.4 Polychromatophilic and Orthochromatophilic Erythroblasts 20.5 Reticulocyte 20.6 Chapter Review 21 Blood Cell Production: Bone Marrow and Thymus 21.1 Development of Blood Cells 21.2 Bone Marrow 21.3 Thymus 21.3.1 Structure of the Thymus 21.3.2 Aging of the Thymus 21.4 Chapter Review 22 Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 22.1 Overview of Lymphoid Tissues 22.2 Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 22.3 Specialized Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 22.4 Tonsils 22.4.1 Palatine Tonsils 22.4.2 Pharyngeal Tonsil 22.5 T and B Cell Localization in Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 22.6 Chapter Review 23 Lymph Nodes 23.1 Overview of Lymphoid Organs 23.2 Fluid Flow in the Body 23.3 Overview of Lymph Nodes 23.4 Lymphatic Flow through Lymph Nodes 23.5 Blood Vessels of Lymph Nodes 23.6 Substance of Lymph Nodes 23.7 Cells of Lymph Nodes 23.8 Functional Overview of Lymph Nodes 23.9 Chapter Review 24 Spleen 24.1 Overview of the Spleen 24.2 Blood Flow of the Spleen 24.3 White Pulp of the Spleen 24.4 Red Pulp of the Spleen 24.5 Functional Overview of the Spleen 24.6 Chapter Review 25 Vessels 25.1 Overview 25.2 Review of the Basic Features of Vessels 25.3 Details on the Structure of Vessels 25.4 Types of Blood Vessels Medium Veins 25.4.2 Arterioles and Venules 25.4.3 Elastic Arteries 25.4.4 Large Veins 25.4.5 Capillaries 25.5 Chapter Review 26 Heart 26.1 Review of Cardiac Muscle 26.2 Overview of the Heart 26.3 Wall of the Heart 26.4 Heart Chambers 26.5 Heart Valves 26.6 Conducting System of the Heart 26.7 Blood Flow through the Circulatory System 26.8 Chapter Review 27 Integument 27.1 Functions of the Integument 27.2 Overview of the Integument 27.3 Epidermis 27.4 Cells of the Epidermis 27.4.2 Melanocytes 27.5 Dermis and Hypodermis 27.6 Accessory Structures of the Skin 27.6.1 Hair and Hair Follicle 27.6.2 Arrector Pili Muscles 27.6.3 Sebaceous Glands 27.6.4 Sweat Glands 27.7 Sensory Receptors in Skin 27.7.1 Meissner’s Corpuscles 27.7.2 Pacinian Corpuscles 27.8 Identifying the Location of a Skin Sample Using Histologic Features 27.9 Chapter Review 28 Overview of the Gastrointestinal System Learning Objectives 28.1 Organization of the Gastrointestinal System 28.2 Development of the Gastrointestinal System 28.3 Glands of the Gastrointestinal System 28.4 Basic Structure of the Gastrointestinal Tract 28.4.1 Mucosa and Submucosa 28.4.2 Muscularis Externa 28.4.3 Adventitia or Serosa 28.5 Surface Modifications of the Gastrointestinal Tract 28.5.1 Plicae Circulares 28.5.2 Villi 28.5.3 Microvilli 28.6 Innervation of the Gastrointestinal Tract 28.7 Endocrine Secretions of the Gastrointestinal Tract 28.8 Chapter Review 29 Intestines 29.1 Overview of the Small and Large Intestines 29.2 Small Intestine 29.3 Epithelial Cell Types of the Small Intestine 29.4 Regions of the Small Intestine 29.4.1 Jejunum 29.4.2 Ileum 29.4.3 Duodenum 29.5 Large Intestine 29.6 Chapter Review 30 Oral Cavity, Tongue, and Salivary Glands 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Tongue 30.2.1 Filiform and Fungiform Papillae 30.2.2 Circumvallate Papilla 30.3 Salivary Glands 30.3.1 Acini 30.3.2 Ducts 30.4 Chapter Review 31 Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach 31.1 Overview of the Pharynx, Esophagus, and Stomach 31.2 Pharynx 31.3 Esophagus 31.4 Stomach 31.4.1 Cardia and Pylorus 31.4.2 Fundus and Body 31.5 Chapter Review 32 Pancreas 32.1 Development of the Pancreas, Liver, and Gallbladder 32.2 Pancreas 32.2.1 Exocrine Pancreas 32.2.2 Ducts of the Exocrine Pancreas 32.2.3 Endocrine Pancreas 32.3 Chapter Review 33 Liver and Gallbladder 33.1 Overview of the Liver 33.2 Hepatocytes 33.3 The Classic Liver Lobule 33.4 The Portal Liver Lobule 33.5 Exocrine Liver 33.6 Endocrine Liver 33.6.1 Blood Flow to the Liver 33.6.2 Liver Sinusoids 33.6.3 Liver Acinus 33.6.4 Blood Flow Away from the Liver 33.7 Kupffer Cells 33.8 Gallbladder 33.9 Chapter Review 34 Overview of the Kidney 34.1 Physiology of the Urinary System 34.2 Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys 34.3 Overview of the Nephron 34.4 Classification of Nephrons 34.5 Renal Lobes and Renal Lobules 34.6 Blood Supply of the Kidney 34.7 Chapter Review 35 Tubules of the Kidney 35.1 Overview of the Nephron 35.2 Microvasculature of the Kidney 35.3 Renal Tubules 35.4 Renal Tubules in the Cortex and Outer Medulla 35.4.1 Proximal Convoluted Tubule and Loop of Henle 35.4.2 Distal Convoluted Tubule and Ascending 35.4.3 Connecting Tubules and Collecting Ducts 35.5 Renal Tubules in the Deep Medulla 35.6 Chapter Review 36 Corpuscle of the Kidney 36.1 Overview of the Renal Corpuscle 36.2 Development of the Renal Corpuscle 36.3 Structure of the Renal Corpuscle 36.4 Ultrastructure of the Renal Corpuscle in Scanning Electron Micrographs 36.4.1 Glomerulus 36.4.2 Podocytes 36.5 Ultrastructure of the Renal Corpuscle in Transmission Electron Micrographs 36.6 Mesangium of the Renal Corpuscle 36.7 Juxtaglomerular Apparatus 36.8 Chapter Review 37 Extrarenal Excretory Passages 37.1 Overview of the Extrarenal Excretory Passages 37.1.1 Transitional Epithelium 37.1.2 Muscularis 37.2 Calyces and Pelvis 37.3 Ureter 37.4 Urinary Bladder 37.5 Urethra 37.6 Chapter Review 38 Upper Respiratory System 38.1 Overview of the Respiratory System 38.2 Epithelia of the Respiratory Tract 38.3 Nasal Cavity 38.4 Pharynx 38.5 Epiglottis 38.6 Larynx 38.7 Trachea 38.8 Bronchus 38.9 Chapter Review 39 Lungs 39.1 Overview of the Lungs and Airways (Respiratory Passages) 39.2 Recognition of Lung Tissues 39.2.1 Distinguishing Airway from Blood Vessels 39.2.2 Bronchi and Bronchioles 39.2.3 Terminal and Respiratory Bronchioles 39.2.4 Alveoli, Alveolar Ducts, and Alveolar Sacs 39.3 Cells of Alveoli 39.3.1 Pneumocytes and Alveolar Macrophages 39.3.2 Ultrastructure of Alveoli 39.3.3 Surfactant 39.3.4 Air-Blood Barrier 39.4 Visceral Pleura 39.5 Vasculature of the Lung 39.6 Chapter Review 40 Pituitary Gland 40.1 Overview of Endocrine Organs 40.2 Development of the Pituitary Gland 40.3 Overview of the Pituitary Gland 40.4 Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland 40.4.1 Cell Types in the Anterior Lobe 40.4.2 Blood Supply to the Anterior Lobe 40.5 Intermediate Lobe of the Pituitary Gland 40.6 Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland 40.7 Chapter Review 41 Adrenal Gland 41.1 Overview of the Adrenal Glands 41.2 Adrenal Cortex 41.3 Adrenal Medulla 41.4 Blood Supply to the Adrenal Gland 41.5 Chapter Review 42 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 42.1 Overview of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 42.2 Development of the Thyroid Gland 42.3 Thyroid Gland 42.4 Development of the Parathyroid Glands 42.5 Chapter Review 43 Testes and Genital Ducts 43.1 Overview of the Reproductive Systems 43.2 Overview of Mitosis and Meiosis 43.2.1 Mitosis 43.2.2 Meiosis 43.3 Spermatogenesis 43.4 Overview of the Male Reproductive System 43.5 Overview of the Testes 43.6 Seminiferous Tubules 43.6.1 Sertoli Cells 43.6.3 Myoid Cells and Leydig Cells 43.7 Ducts Exiting the Testes 43.7.1 Rete Testis 43.7.3 Vas Deferens and the Spermatic Cord 43.8 Chapter Review 44 Male Accessory Glands and the Penis 44.1 Overview of Male Accessory Structures and the Penis 44.2 Male Accessory Organs 44.2.1 Seminal Vesicles 44.2.2 Prostate Gland 44.2.3 Bulbourethral Gland 44.3 Membranous Urethra 44.4 Penis 44.5 Chapter Review 45 Ovary 45.1 Overview of the Female Reproductive System 45.2 Peritoneal Coverings of the Female Reproductive System 45.3 Female Reproductive Cycle 45.4 Overview of the Ovary 45.5 Oogenesis 45.6 Basic Structure of Ovarian Follicles 45.7 Development of Ovarian Follicles 45.7.1 Primordial Follicles 45.7.2 Primary Follicles 45.7.3 Secondary Follicles 45.8 Corpus Luteum and Corpus Albicans 45.8.1 Corpus Luteum 45.8.2 Corpus Albicans 45.9 Atresia 45.9.1 Interstitial Glands 45.9.2 Eosinophilic Bands 45.9.3 Glassy Membranes 45.9.4 Corpora Fibrosa 45.10 Chapter Review 46 Uterine Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 46.1 Overview of the Female Reproductive System 46.2 Oviducts (Uterine Tubes, Fallopian Tubes) 46.2.1 Wall of Oviduct 46.2.2 Fimbriae of the Oviducts 46.3 Uterus 46.3.1 Myometrium and Perimetrium 46.3.2 Endometrium 46.4 Phases of the Uterine Cycle 46.4.1 Proliferative Phase of the Uterine Cycle 46.4.2 Secretory Phase of the Uterine Cycle 46.4.3 Menstrual Phase of the Uterine Cycle 46.5 Cervix of the Uterus 46.6 Vagina 46.7 Chapter Review 47 Mammary Glands 47.1 Overview of the Mammary Gland 47.2 Immature/Inactive Mammary Gland 47.3 Mammary Gland of a Pregnant Woman 47.4 Mammary Gland of a Lactating Woman 47.5 Regressing Mammary Gland 47.6 Nipple 47.7 Chapter Review 48 Placenta and Umbilical Cord 48.1 Early Embryology 48.1.2 Implantation 48.1.3 Establishing Early Maternal and Fetal Circulations 48.1.4 The Amnion 48.2 Formation of the Placenta 48.3 Overview of the Histology of the Placenta 48.4 Amnion and Chorion 48.5 Villi and Intervillous Space at 5 Months Pregnancy 48.6 Villi and Intervillous Space at Term 48.7 Maternal Side of the Placenta 48.8 Decidua Parietalis 48.9 Umbilical Cord 48.10 Chapter Review Index