دانلود کتاب Human Paleobiology

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Half-title......Page 3
Series-title......Page 5
Title......Page 7
Copyright......Page 8
Dedication......Page 9
Contents......Page 11
Preface......Page 12
Acknowledgments......Page 14
1 Paleobiology: present perspectives on the past......Page 17
Introduction......Page 33
The impact of molecular biology......Page 35
Fossils provide tangible links with the past......Page 36
Ferment in physics......Page 37
Taxonomy as a conceptual framework......Page 42
Taxonomy encounters fossils......Page 49
Fossils imply time......Page 51
Time and change undermine taxonomic categorization......Page 53
Beyond binomials: plural and pragmatic species concepts......Page 54
Introduction......Page 56
Anatomically modern humans......Page 58
Neanderthals......Page 63
Pithecanthropines......Page 67
Australopithecines......Page 72
Paleoanthropology: the end of the beginning......Page 77
Introduction......Page 78
Darwin and natural selection......Page 80
Mendel and particulate inheritance......Page 84
Large gene effects or small? Mendelians vs. biometricians......Page 87
Genes and chromosomes......Page 93
Predicting and measuring evolutionary change......Page 94
Genetic theory and the interpretation of human evolution......Page 96
Microevolutionary transformation and discontinuous human types......Page 98
Beyond the synthesis......Page 100
Discontinuous genetic traits: empirical results and paradigm shifts......Page 102
From present human populations to those of the past......Page 104
Introduction......Page 106
Early adaptability studies in human biology......Page 107
Migration places genotypes against new environmental backgrounds......Page 108
Lasker\'s classification of adaptive levels......Page 110
Complexities: norm of reaction and genetic assimilation......Page 113
Extension of an adaptability focus in human paleobiology......Page 114
Skeletal biology: a bridge from the present to the past......Page 115
Dental microwear......Page 117
Enamel defects......Page 118
Harris lines......Page 119
Developmental effects visible from hard tissues......Page 121
Bone remodeling with age......Page 122
Bone remodeling in response to activity patterns......Page 123
Genetic adaptations in skeletal features......Page 124
Temporal dimensions shaping the dynamics of skeletal change......Page 129
Introduction......Page 132
Systematics......Page 134
Spatial distribution of papionine populations......Page 136
Phenotypic features of the papionines......Page 139
Short-term acclimations......Page 141
Developmental plasticity......Page 142
Genetic adaptations......Page 143
Papionine population dynamics, adaptation, and evolution......Page 146
Hominoid primates......Page 148
Hominoid systematics......Page 149
Temporal distribution of chimpanzee populations......Page 150
Phenotypic features of chimpanzees......Page 151
Evidence for short-term adaptation among chimpanzees......Page 152
Developmental plasticity in chimpanzees......Page 154
Genetic adaptations......Page 155
The implications of primate patterns of adaptation......Page 157
Introduction......Page 158
How many hominid taxa existed?......Page 159
Genetic similarity of humans and chimpanzees......Page 162
Are molecules and morphologies in conflict?......Page 165
Some molecular perspectives on hominid diversity......Page 167
A papionine perspective on hominid paleobiology......Page 178
Introduction......Page 182
Hominid antecedents: the Eurafrican hominoid fossil record......Page 183
Distribution in time and space......Page 188
Middle Awash, Ethiopia (4.5 to 2.5 Ma)......Page 189
Laetoli, Tanzania (3.7 to 3.2 Ma)......Page 190
Shungura and Usno Formations, Omo Group, Ethiopia (3.3 to 1.4 Ma)......Page 191
Transvaal sites, South Africa (3.0 to 1.0 Ma)......Page 192
Limitations of the evidence......Page 194
Body size......Page 197
Posture and locomotion......Page 203
Limb proportions......Page 205
Craniofacial features......Page 206
Short-term adaptations......Page 213
Developmental plasticity......Page 214
External body covering: skin and hair......Page 215
Chromosomes......Page 218
Blood group polymorphisms......Page 220
Evolutionary patterns and adaptive capacities of Plio-Pleistocene hominids......Page 222
Introduction......Page 224
Systematics......Page 225
Developmental perspectives on postcranial evolution......Page 226
Brain expansion: compounding the hominid heritage......Page 233
Compounding functions in hominid evolution......Page 236
Rates of change: an alternative approach......Page 244
Brains and behavior: acclimative potentials enhanced by evolution......Page 248
Introduction......Page 251
Systematics......Page 252
Temporal and spatial distribution......Page 253
Out of Africa: a population expansion......Page 256
Phenotypic patterns......Page 260
Short-term behavioral and cultural acclimations......Page 262
Environmental influences on bone remodeling......Page 264
Adolescent growth spurt......Page 267
Climate and body form......Page 268
Skin color......Page 269
Prospects for further paleobiological study......Page 272
Introduction......Page 273
Systematics......Page 275
Distribution in time and space......Page 276
Phenotypic features......Page 277
Acclimation......Page 284
Developmental......Page 286
Genetic drift......Page 287
Hybridization vs. mutation......Page 289
Molecular and morphological perspectives on modern human origins......Page 291
Implications of molecular evidence for human paleobiology......Page 295
Alternatives to phylogeny......Page 296
Genetic distance data......Page 298
Gene differences......Page 300
Changing definitions of taxonomic categories......Page 301
Species concepts and human paleobiology......Page 302
Lineages and character states......Page 303
The temporal contexts of hominid fossils......Page 305
Paleobiology\'s \'two cultures\' problem......Page 307
Bibliography......Page 310
Index......Page 360