دانلود کتاب In Defense of the World’s Most Despised Species: Why we love some species but hate most, and why it matters

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Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
Why are there So Many Pictures of Animals, Plants, and People in this Book?
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
Chapter 1 Introduction and Chapter Summaries
Introduction to the Book
Summary of Chapter 1 (Introduction and Chapter Summaries)
Summary of Chapter 2 (Cruel & Compassionate Sides of Humans)
Summary of Chapter 3 (Speciesism)
Summary of Chapters 4 – 6 (Determinants of Human Prejudice Against & Preference for Species)
Summary of Chapter 4 (Size, the Most Important Determinant of Human Prejudice Against and Preference for Species)
Summary of Chapter 5 (Visual/Beauty Determinants of Human Prejudices Against and Preferences for Species)
Summary of Chapter 6 (Non-Visual Determinants of Human Prejudices Against and Preferences for Species)
Summary of Chapter 7 (Symbolic/Representational Creatures as Reflections of Human Prejudices Against and Preferences for Species)
Summary of Chapter 8 (Indispensable Values of Species for Human Welfare)
Summary of Chapter 9 (Extinction – How Biased Elimination of Species Endangers Humans)
Summary of Chapter 10 (Bias and Prejudice in Species Conservation)
Summary of Chapter 11 (Dealing with Dangerous Species)
Summary of Chapters 12 and 13 (Reforming Agriculture and Urbanization – The Greatest Threats to Species)
Summary of Chapter 12 (Reforming Agriculture – The Greatest Threat to Species)
Summary of Chapter 13 (Reforming Urbanization – The Second Major Threat to Species)
Summary of Chapter 14 (Advancing Technologies and the Fate of the World\'s Species)
Summary of Chapters 15–21 (The World\'s Most Despised Species)
Summary of Chapter 15 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Invertebrate \'Bugs\')
Summary of Chapter 16 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised \'Lower\' Vertebrate Animals)
Summary of Chapter 17 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Mammals)
Summary of Chapter 18 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Toxic Plants)
Summary of Chapter 19 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Agricultural Weeds)
Summary of Chapter 20 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Environmental Weeds)
Summary of Chapter 21 (In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Urban Weeds)
Key Messages of the Book
Chapter 2 The Cruel and Compassionate Sides of Human Nature
Introduction
Cruelty
Background
Racial Hostility Among Humans as a Model of Hostility to Other Species
Are Humans Natural Killers?
Are Humans Natural Slavemasters?
Bullying
Compassion
The Distinction Between Animal Welfare and Animal Conservation
Genetic Similarity to Humans as a Principal Determinant of Compassion for Animal Species
Intelligence as a Principal Determinant of Compassion for Animal Species
Welfare of Wild Animals
Welfare of Livestock
Welfare of Work and Exhibition Animals
Welfare of Experimental Animals
Welfare of Pets
Biophilia and Domesticated Animals
Parallels of Prejudices and Preferences of Interest Groups in Humans and Non-Human Animals
Hope for the Future
Chapter 3 Human Prejudice Against Other Species (Speciesism)
Introduction
Distinctions Between Prejudices, Preferences, and Instincts with Respect to Attitudes Toward Species
Clinical Zoophobia
Speciesism
\'Lookism\' and Dislike of Ugly Non-Human Species
Prejudicial Language and the Distinction of Humans and Non-Human Animals
Comparative Preferences and Prejudices of Men and Women for Animal Species
Unfair Public Images of Some Species
Defamation of Species in Literature and the Media
Bugs: Unfair Stereotyping of the Majority of Living Things
Vermin: Unfair Stereotyping of Many Invaluable Animals
Weeds: Unfair Stereotyping of Many Invaluable Plants
The War on \'Narcotic\' Drug Species: Unfair Persecution of Medicinal and Spiritual Plants and Animals
Taboo Food Species
Superstitious Beliefs Concerning Species
Chapter 4 Size, the Most Important Determinant of Human Prejudice Against and Preference for Species
Introduction
The Charismatic Megafauna (Attractive Large Animals)
Giant Animal Clones
The Charismatic Megaflora (Attractive Giant Trees)
Ambivalence Toward Trees
Relative Unattractiveness of Small Creatures
Large Group Size as Compensation for Small Size of Individuals
Chapter 5 Visual (\'Beauty\') Determinants of Human Prejudices Against and Preferences for Species
Introduction
Human Beauty as a Determinant of Success
Is Beauty Only Skin-Deep?
Beauty as a Curse
Facial Features
Importance of Human Facial Beauty
The Attractiveness of Human Infantile Features with Special Reference to Faces
The Value of Infantile Features in Public Relation Campaigns
Neoteny (Retention of Infantile Features) with Special Reference to Female Beauty
Comparative Sensitivity of Women and Men to Infantile Features of Animals
Men\'s Faces: Development of Aggressive Appearance
Judging Animal Faces
Ageism
Body Coverings
Huggability
Hair and Fur
Prejudice Against \'Unsightly\' Complexions
Shape
Sexual Dimorphism
Sexual Attraction to Other Species
Preference for Bilateral Symmetry
Preference for \'Averageness\'
Prejudice Against Fat Animals
Preference for Slimness
Attitudes in Favor of and Against Species with Unconventional Shapes
Preference for Long Necks
Attitudes Regarding Long Leg-to-Body Ratios
Foot Preferences
The Attractiveness of Posteriors
The Attractiveness of Narrow Waists
Posture
Color
Preferences for and Prejudices Against Black and White
Preferences for Other Colors
Attractively Colored Animals
Attractively Colored Ornamental Flowers
The Extraordinary Importance of Colorful Plants to Women
Beautification of Pets by Breeding
Do Pets Resemble their Owners?
The Public Relations Value of Animals Being Perceived as Beautiful
Clothing and Costumes
Enhancing the Appearance of Species
Happiness is a Warm Puppy
Chapter 6 Non-Visual Determinants of Human Prejudices Against and Preferences for Species
Introduction
The Appeal of Loving Animal Parents
Odor
Preference for Perfumed Species
Ambivalence Regarding Stinky Plants
Prejudice Against Stinky Animals
Judging Animals on their Sounds
Judging Animals on their Athleticism
Judging Animals on their Physical Aggressiveness
Judging Species on the Attractiveness of their Habitat
Judging Animals on their Constructed Domiciles
Judging Animals on their \'Garments\'
Judging Animals on their Diet
Dog People vs. Cat People
Judging Animals on their Status
Chapter 7 Symbolic (Representational) Creatures: Reflections of Human Prejudices Against and Preferences for Species
Introduction
Totems
Species and Religion
Sacred Groves: Collective-Species Icons
Species as National and Regional Emblems
Dragons: Metaphorical Personifications of Human Fear of Dangerous Animals
Ogres: Metaphorical Transference of Feared Animal Features to Humans
Humanoids: Theoretical and Artificial Human-Like Creatures
Mythical Part-Human Hybrids
Anthropomorphization of Species
Anthropomorphization of Pets
Anthropomorphization of Pests
Species as Commercial Symbols
Species as Mascots
Animals and Plants as Coded Messages
Flowers and Masculinity
Chapter 8 Indispensable Values of Species for Human Welfare
Introduction
Wild Animals and Wild Plants as Resources
Why Plants are Indispensable for All Forms of Biodiversity
Why Plants are Indispensable for Humans
The Role of Wild Resources in Persuading the Private Sector to Support Biodiversity Conservation
The Indispensable Ecosystem Services by Living Things for Human Welfare
The Pollinator Crisis
Species and the Energy Crisis
Introduction
Are Biofuels Environmentally Friendly?
Are Biofuels Bad for Biodiversity?
Can Biofuels Replace Fossil Fuels?
Biofuels vs. Food
Prospects
Chapter 9 Extinction: How Biased Elimination of Species Endangers Humans
Introduction
Natural Extinction
What Human (Dis)interest in Extinct Species Reveals About Preferences and Prejudices
Anthropogenic Extinction
Humans and Animal Extinction
Humans and Plant Extinction
The Danger of Potentially Valuable Medicinal Plants Becoming Extinct Before they are Discovered
Animals Used Medicinally in Relation to their Conservation
State of Knowledge of Extinction Risk to Known Wild Species of the World
A Key Misconception About the Need to Limit Extinction
Natural But Harmful Destructive Human Behavior: The Ultimate Basis of Extinction Threats to Ecosystems and Species
Human Overpopulation: A Critical Issue
\'The Tragedy of the Commons\' as a Driver of Extinction
The State of International Agreements to Protect Harvested Species
International Environmental Agreements Bearing on Biodiversity Conservation
Convention on Biological Diversity
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
International Plant Protection Convention
Key Organizations Supporting Species Conservation
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN)
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
World Wide Fund for Nature
\'De-Extinction\' – An Unrealistic Solution
Why isn\'t the Public Alarmed About Biodiversity Extinction?
Why is the Climate Change Disaster Being Much More Forcefully Addressed than the Biodiversity Extinction Disaster?
Chapter 10 Bias and Prejudice in Species Conservation
Introduction
Extinction Risk as a Criterion for the Relative Importance of Conservation of Species
Biomass as a Criterion for the Relative Importance of Conservation of the Taxonomic Groups of Living Things
Geography as a Guide to Species Conservation
Conservation Hotspots
Conservation Coldspots
Biased Conservation of Species Resulting From the Geography of Funding Sources and Targets
Species of Special Conservation Importance
Fundraising Alternatives for Species Conservation: Commercial Values vs. Ecological Values vs. Popular Appeal
Public Relations and Fundraising Value of Focus on Selected Species
Ecological Values of Focus on Selected Species
Contradictory Evidence of the Ecological Value of Focus on Selected Species
Examples of Animal Superstar Species That Have Served as the Stimulus to Establish Conservation Areas
Examples of Plant Superstar Species That Have Served as the Stimulus to Establish Conservation Areas
Species Triage: Saving Only Selected Species From Extinction
Permanent Captivity as a Means of Saving Species Destined for Extinction in Nature
Biased Conservation of Species Resulting From Speciesism by Conservationists and Granting Agencies
Academic (Theoretical) vs. Practical (Applied) Bias
Species Conservation From the Perspective of Societal Funding Priorities
Recommendations to Increase Respect for Maligned Species
Policies to Increase the Welfare of Species
Public Education to Increase the Welfare of Species
Student Education to Increase Respect for All Species
Legislation to Increase Species Conservation
Religion and the Promotion of Species Conservation
Corporations and the Promotion of Biological Conservation
Recreational Hunting and Fishing and the Promotion of Conservation
Art and the Promotion of Appreciation for Species
Chapter 11 Dealing with Dangerous Species
Introduction
Fear of Dangerous Animals as Motivation for their Negative Perception
Fear of Infection, Contamination, or Disease From Some Species Generates Disgust and Repulsion
Coexisting with Wild Predators Dangerous to People
Coexisting with Wild Predators Dangerous to Livestock
Coexisting with Parasites
Coexisting with Insect Pests
Coexisting with Vertebrate Pests
Coexisting with Weeds
Coexisting with Harmful Species: Finding a Modus Vivendi
Coexisting with Protected Species That Limit Property Rights
Physical Segregation of Dangerous Species From Humans
Territorial Separation
Living on Earth in Biodiversity-Free Bubbles
Space Colonization: Which Species Should Accompany People?
Biological Warfare
Dangerous Pets
Wild Animals
Domesticated Animals
Chapter 12 Reforming Agriculture: The Greatest Threat to Species
Introduction
Our Ancestral Way of Life: Difficult But Sustainable
How Humans Created a Dangerously Fragile Overdependence on Just a Few Key Food Species
Domesticated Animals and Plants: An Inescapable Union with Humans
Unsustainable Intensive Agriculture
The Need to Grow a Greater Variety of Small-Scale Crops
The Need to Reverse the Trend of Disappearing Sustainable Small Farms
Promotion of Empathy for Livestock by Small Farms
The Need to Promote Urban Agriculture
The Need to Replace Red Meat Consumption with Plant Foods
Insects as a Critical Increased Source of Protein
The Need to Reduce Food Waste
The Need to Conserve Agricultural Genetic Resources
In Situ vs. Ex Situ Conservation
Conservation of Invaluable Crop Germplasm
Conservation of Invaluable Animal Germplasm
Woodlots: Sharing Farmland with Wild Biodiversity
Wild Horses vs. Tame Cows
Chapter 13 Reforming Urbanization: The Second Major Threat to Species
Introduction
Urban Biodiversity: Welcome and Unwelcome Wild Species Living in Cities
Feeding Urban Pests: Choosing Sides
The Importance of Green Spaces for Urban Species
Brownfields and Conservation Wastelands: Abandoned and Neglected Urban Lands as Refuges for Species
Garbage Dumps and Sanitary Landfills as Habitats
Biodiversity Offsetting
Comparative Biodiversity of Affluent and Impoverished Neighborhoods
Chapter 14 Advancing Technologies and the Fate of the World\'s Species
Introduction
Robots with Artificial Intelligence: Challenges to the World of Living Things, Including Humans
Cyborg: Combinations of Humans and Machines
Chimeras: Combining Species by Biotechnology
Chimeras: Combining Humans and Non-Human Species by Biotechnology
Biological Control of Pests Using their Natural Enemies
Genetic Engineering
Deliberate Weakening or Even Eradication of Unwanted Species by Contaminating their Genes
Favoring Particular Wild Species by Strengthening their Genes
Exploiting Wild Species by Genetically Engineering Them to Be More Useful in the Wild
The Problem of Confining Engineered Genes
The Creation of Unprecedented Novel Life Forms by Genetic Engineering
Human Gene Interchange with Other Species
Eugenics: Old and New
Artificial Reality
Science and Public Interest
Chapter 15 In Defense of the World\'s Most Reviled Invertebrate \'Bugs\'
Introduction
Importance of Size of \'Bugs\' for How Humans View Them
Bedbugs
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Clothes Moths
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Cockroaches
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Fleas
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Houseflies
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Leeches
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Lice
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Locusts
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Mosquitoes
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Spiders
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Termites
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Ambivalence About the Values of Termites
Ticks
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Special Considerations in the Defense of Invertebrates
What are Invertebrates Good for?
\'Animal Rights\' as Applied to Invertebrates
What are Parasites Good for?
Insect Conservation Challenges
Hatred of Insects Caused by Commercial Campaigns Against Household Pests
The Psychology of Entomophobia
Improving the Public Image of Bugs on Behalf of Invertebrate Conservation
Synthetic Biology and the Future of Undesirable Bugs
Chapter 16 In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised \'Lower\' Vertebrate Animals
Introduction
Sharks
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Frogs and Toads
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Snakes
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Vultures
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Feral Pigeons
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Chapter 17 In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Mammals
Introduction
Bats
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
House Mice
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Hyenas
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Rats
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Skunks
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Chapter 18 In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Toxic Plants
Introduction
Addictive Plant Poisons
Addictive Plant Foods
Environmental Allergens
Dangerous Spiny Seeds and Fruits
Opium Poppy
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Tobacco
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Sugar Cane
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Poison Ivy and Relatives
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Ragweed
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Chapter 19 In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Agricultural Weeds
Introduction
Barnyard Grass
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Bermuda Grass
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Lambsquarters
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Nutsedges
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Weedy Rice
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Chapter 20 In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Environmental Weeds
Introduction
Freshwater Environmental Weed Specialists
Desert Environmental Weed Specialists
Vine Environmental Weed Specialists
Human Hypocrisy: We Despise Weeds, But Not When they are Gorgeous Like Garden Lupins
Cactus Pear
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Common Reed
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
English Ivy
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Purple Loosestrife
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Water Hyacinth
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Chapter 21 In Defense of the World\'s Most Despised Urban Weeds
Introduction
The Urban War Between People and Plants
The Biased Human Perspective of Urban Weeds
Lawns and Lawn Weeds
Rogue Ornamentals
Prickly Plants
Crabgrass
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Dandelion
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Japanese Knotweed
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Kudzu
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Canada Thistle
Introduction
Harmful Aspects
Beneficial Aspects
Conservation Aspects
Epilogue: Tolerant Co-Existence vs. Justifiable Biocide
Literature Cited
General Index
Scientific Name Index
Vernacular Name Index