دانلود کتاب Infectious Diseases Drug Delivery Systems

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Preface
Volume 1: MDDS
Volume 2: TDDS
Volume 3: VDDS
Volume 4: IDDS
Contents
New Malarial Drugs in Synthesis Research
1 Introduction: The Plasmodium spp. Parasite
2 Search for Innovative Antimalarial Drugs
3 Resistance Mechanisms
4 Potential Drug Targets
5 Synthetic Drugs in Development
6 Naturally Derived Antimalarials
6.1 Marine-Derived Antimalarials
6.1.1 Marine-Derived Isonitriles
6.1.2 Marine-Derived Alkaloids
6.1.3 Marine-Derived Endoperoxides
6.1.4 Marine-Derived Quinones and Phenols
6.1.5 Marine-Derived Peptides
6.1.6 Marine-Derived Polyethers
6.1.7 Other Marine-Derived Compounds
6.2 Terrestrial-Derived Antimalarial Compounds
7 Conclusion
References
New Drugs in Synthesis Research for Tuberculosis
1 Tuberculosis New Drug Discovery: Background and Significance
1.1 First-Line Drugs and their Limitations
1.2 The Promises and Limitations of Bedaquiline
2 Identifying Novel Antibiotic Targets Through Enhancing the Biological Understanding of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
2.1 Role of RelMtb in Response to Nutritional Stress
2.2 Role of RPFs in Response to Nutritional Stress
2.3 Role of DNA Replication Machinery as Potential Drug Targets
2.4 Role of DNA Metabolism as a Potential Drug Target
3 In Silico Strategies and Their Potential for Expediting TB Drug Development
3.1 Big Data
3.2 Structure-Based Drug Design
3.3 Ligand-Based Drug Design
3.4 Integration of Methods
4 Potential Adjunct Therapies: Efflux Pump Inhibitors
4.1 Phenothiazines: Thioridazine as an Adjunct
4.2 Phenylalkylamines: Verapamil as an Adjunct
4.3 Protonophores: CCCP as an Adjunct
4.4 Natural Compounds as an Adjunct
5 Promising TB Pipeline Candidates in Research
5.1 BRD4592: An Inhibitor of Tryptophan Synthase
5.2 TAM16: An Inhibitor of Polyketide Synthase
References
New Drugs in Synthesis Research for Viral Diseases
1 Introduction
2 Picornaviruses and Rotaviruses
3 Orthomyxoviruses
4 Rabies
5 Human Papillomavirus
6 Human Immunodeficiency Virus and MERS-Cov
7 SARS-CoV-2
7.1 Virulence Factors
7.2 Current and Future Treatment
8 Hepatitis A
8.1 Mechanism of Actions
8.2 Treatment Options
9 Hepatitis B Virus
9.1 Virulence Factors
9.2 Current Treatment
9.3 Emerging Treatments
10 Hepatitis C Virus
10.1 Virulence Factors
10.2 Current Treatment
10.3 Emerging Treatments
11 Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology in Malaria Diagnosis
1 Introduction
2 Diagnosis of Malaria
2.1 Clinical Diagnosis of Malaria
2.2 Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria
2.3 Serological Tests
2.4 Molecular Diagnosis Methods
3 Novel Malaria Diagnostic Methods Under Development
3.1 Nucleic Acid Sequence-Based Amplification (NASBA)
3.2 Isothermal Thermophilic Helicase-Dependent Amplification (tHDA)
3.3 Saliva-Based Test with Nucleic-Acid Amplification
3.4 Saliva-Based Plasmodium Protein Detection
3.5 Urine-Based Malaria Test
4 Nanotechnology in Malaria Diagnosis
4.1 Colorimetric Detection Using AuNPs
4.2 Aptamer-Conjugated Nanoparticles
4.3 AuNP-Based Fluorescence Immunoassay
4.4 Indocyanine Green Liposomal Formulation
4.5 Nanosensors
4.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles
4.7 Transdermal Hemozoin-induced Vapor Nanobubbles
4.8 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube–Zinc Oxide Nanofiber
4.9 Screen-Printed Electrodes Modified with Gold Nanoparticles and MWCNT
4.10 Nanowire-Based Biosensor
4.11 Magneto Immunoassays
4.12 Integrated Magnetic Bead—Quantum Dot Immunoassay
5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
Nanotechnology in TB Diagnosis
1 Introduction
2 Pathogenesis
3 Diagnosis
3.1 Smear Sputum Microscopy
3.2 Fluorescence Microscopy
3.3 Rapid Culture-Based Methods
4 Immunological Methods
4.1 Tuberculin Skin Test
4.2 ELISA
4.3 Interferon Gamma Determination
4.4 FDA Guidelines on the Diagnostic Test
5 Novel Diagnostic Methods
5.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Test
5.2 Amplified Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Direct Test
5.3 Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
5.4 LAMP Test
5.5 Real-Time PCR
5.6 Xpert MTB/RIF Assay
5.7 PCR Restriction-Enzyme Analysis
5.8 Lab-on-Chip
6 Diagnostic Gaps Between Existing Technologies and Its Unmet Clinical Need
7 Role of Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis of TB
7.1 Nanoparticles
7.2 Gold Nanoparticles Based Diagnostics for TB
7.3 Gold Nanoparticles Dipstick Assay
7.4 Silica Nanoparticles Based Detection
7.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles Based Detection
7.6 Quantum Dots Based Detection System
7.7 Magnetic Barcode Assays
7.8 Biosensors Based Detection System
7.9 Protein Chips
7.10 Imaging Nanotechnology
7.11 Sparse Cell Detection
7.12 NMR with Microfluidic System
7.13 Nano-Fabricated Devices
8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Nanotechnology Based Vaccination Approach in Malarial Infection
1 Introduction
2 Malaria Causes
3 Challenges to Conventional Malaria Treatment
4 Nano-biotechnology Approach for Malaria Treatment
5 Nucleic Acid-Based Nano-therapy of Malaria
6 Protein-Based Nano-therapy for Malaria
7 Vaccine for Malaria
8 Strategies for Vaccine Design
9 Challenges in Vaccine Development
10 Different Malaria Vaccines
11 Pre-erythrocytic Vaccines
12 RTS, S and CSP-Based Vaccines
13 Whole Sporozoite Vaccines
14 Blood-Stage Vaccines
15 Placental Malaria Vaccines
16 Transmission-Blocking Vaccines
17 Vivax Vaccines
18 Conclusion
References
Nanotechnology-Based Vaccination for TB
1 Introduction
2 Need of Vaccines in Infectious Diseases
3 Nanotechnology-Based Vaccination and Immune Response
4 Pathogenesis and Role of Vaccines in TB
5 Nanotechnology-Based Vaccination Strategies
5.1 Viral Vector-Based and DNA-Based Vaccines
5.2 Nanoparticle/Nanobead-Based Vaccines
5.3 Liposome-Based Vaccines
5.4 Dendrimer-Based Vaccines
5.5 Nanosuspensions and Nanoemulsion-Based Vaccines
5.6 Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Based Vaccines
5.7 Virosome-Based Vaccines
5.8 Immune-Stimulating Complex (ISCOM)-Based Vaccines
6 Nanotechnology-Based Vaccine Clinical Trials
7 Conclusion
References
Disease Models in Malarial Research
1 Introduction
2 Models to Study the Disease Prevalence
2.1 In-Vitro Models
2.1.1 Isolation of Cord Blood Mononuclear Cells
2.1.2 Cultivation and Differentiation of HSCs Derived from CBMNs
2.1.3 Cultivation of Parasites and Antigen Preparations
2.1.4 Stimulation of HSC-Derived MNCs with MalariaAntigens
2.1.5 Phenotypic Characterization and Expression of Death Receptor
2.2 Cell Line Models
2.2.1 Stem Cell Derived Erythrocytes [12, 13]
2.3 Animal Models
2.3.1 Anti-PE Plasmodium Immunity and Vaccine Development: From Traditional Mouse Models to Human Clinical Trial
2.3.2 Humanized Mice to Model PE Immunity
2.3.3 Humanized Mice to Model Malaria BS (Blood Smear) Infections
2.3.4 BS Malaria Pathology in Humanized Mice
2.3.5 BS Malaria Immunity in Humanized Mice
3 Future Perspective Need of Malarial Research [12, 13]
4 Conclusion
References
Glossary
Disease Models in Tuberculosis Research
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Models in Tuberculosis Research
3 Characteristics and Area of Utilization of Tuberculosis (TB) Animal Models
4 Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Disease Models in Viral Research
1 Introduction
2 Animal Models
2.1 Nonhuman Primate Models
2.1.1 Used for Immunopathogenesis Studies
2.2 Rodent Models
2.2.1 Suckling Mice Model
2.2.2 Immunocompetent Mice Model
2.2.3 Immunocompromised Mice Model
2.2.4 Humanized Mice Models
3 Animal Models in Measles
4 Animal Models of Chikungunya Virus Infection
4.1 Mouse Models
4.1.1 Acute Infection Models
4.1.2 Chronic Models
4.2 Nonhuman Primate Models
4.2.1 Cynomolgus Macaque Model
4.2.2 Rhesus Macaque Model
5 Influenza
5.1 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
5.2 Mice (Mus musculus)
5.3 Ferrets
5.4 Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus)
6 COVID-19
6.1 Mouse Models
6.2 Ferret Models
6.3 Hamster Model
6.4 Nonhuman Primates
7 Zika Virus
7.1 Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
7.2 Mice Models
7.3 Guinea Pigs
7.4 Ferrets
7.5 Nonhuman Primate (NHP) Models
8 Ebola and Marburgvirus
8.1 Mice Models
8.2 Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus)
8.3 Syrian Hamsters
8.4 NHPs
9 Conclusion
References
Viral Diseases: Cellular Understanding of Disease: Vaccine Development
1 Introduction
2 Understanding of Viral Interactions at a Cellular Level
2.1 Inception of Viruses
2.2 “Turning Evil”: Pathogenesis
2.3 Mechanisms of Virulence
2.4 “Trojan Attack”: Biology of Virus Infected Cells [21]
3 Development of Treatments for Viral Infections
3.1 Diagnosis of Viral Infections
3.2 Vaccine Development
4 Conclusion
References
Pneumocystis Carnii Pneumonia Infections: Disease, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options
1 Background
2 Microbiology
3 Epidemiology
4 Etiology
5 Pathophysiology
6 Risk Factors
7 Pneumonia & Pneumocystis Carinii Pneumonia
8 Differential Diagnosis of COVID 19 and PCP Infection
8.1 Case Study 1
8.2 Case Study 2
8.3 Case Study 3
8.4 Case Study 4
8.5 Case Study 5
9 PCP Prognosis
10 Clinical Manifestations
11 Differential Diagnosis of PCP
12 Laboratory Studies
13 Chest Radiography
14 Computed Tomography
15 Other Noninvasive Tests
15.1 Pulmonary Function Tests
15.2 Pulse Oximetry
15.3 HIV Testing
15.4 Laboratory Testing
16 Sputum Induction
17 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Test
18 Lungs Biopsy
19 Histologic Evaluation
20 Treatment of PCP
20.1 Antibiotic Therapy (Table 4)
20.2 Adjunctive Corticosteroids Therapy
21 PCP Prevention
22 Conclusion
References
Recent Developments in the Treatment of Bacterial Pneumonia
1 Introduction
2 Community-Acquired Pneumonia
2.1 Etiology and Diagnosis of CAP
2.2 Outpatient Treatment of CAP
2.3 Inpatient Treatment of CAP
2.4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa CAP
2.5 Antibacterial Resistance in CAP
2.6 Future of CAP
3 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Pneumonia
3.1 Treatment of Latent TB
3.2 Treatment of Active TB
3.3 Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
4 Nosocomial Pneumonia
4.1 Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
4.2 Etiology of VAP
4.3 Treatment of VAP
4.4 Prevention of VAP
4.5 Future of VAP
4.6 Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
4.7 Etiology of HAP
4.8 Risk and Treatment of HAP
4.9 Future of HAP
5 Bacterial Aspiration Pneumonia
5.1 Etiology and Risks of BAP
5.2 Treatment of BAP
5.3 Future of BAP
6 Pneumonia in the Pediatric Population
7 Novel Developments in Pneumonia Therapy
7.1 Inhaled Phage Therapy
7.2 Inflammasome Inhibitor Therapy
8 Pneumonia in Special Populations
8.1 Sickle Cell Disease
8.2 Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised
8.3 Pneumonia and Cystic Fibrosis
9 Conclusion
References
Lipid-Based Drug Delivery for Pneumonia Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Pneumonia
3 Pharmacological Therapy for Pneumonia
3.1 Antibiotics
3.2 Antiviral Agents
3.3 Antifungal
3.4 Symptomatic Therapy: Anti-inflammation and Analgesic
3.5 Symptomatic Therapy: Corticosteroid
3.6 Symptomatic Therapy: Beta-Agonist
4 Challenges in Drug Delivery for Pneumonia
4.1 Particle Size
4.2 Drug Solubility
4.3 Local Therapy and Mucoadhesive Property
4.4 Low Dose
4.5 Rapid Onset of Action
5 Nanocarriers for Pulmonary Drug Delivery
5.1 Liposomes
5.1.1 Tedizolid Phosphate Liposome
5.1.2 Amikacin Liposome (Arikayce™)
5.1.3 Tobramycin Liposome (LipoBiEDT-TOB ™)
5.1.4 Ciprofloxacin Liposome
5.2 Microspheres
5.2.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLNs)
6 Conclusion
References
Hepatitis C: Exploration of Diseases, Diagnosis, and Treatment Strategies
1 Introduction
2 Epidemiology
3 Pathogenesis
4 Clinical Syndromes
5 Transmission and Symptoms
6 Testing and Diagnosis
7 Management and Treatment
8 Hepatitis C Prevention Methods
9 Hepatitis C and Pregnancy
10 Hepatitis C (HCV) Outbreaks
11 Conclusion
References
Recent Developments in the Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis
1 Bacterial Meningitis
1.1 Disease Epidemiology
1.2 Bacterial Agents of Meningitis
1.3 Pathophysiology
1.4 Complications
2 Treatment Options for Bacterial Meningitis
2.1 Antibiotic Delivery
3 Pneumococcal Meningitis
3.1 Inhibition of Complement
3.2 Inhibition of Proinflammatory Cytokines
3.3 Inhibition of Pattern Recognition Receptors
3.4 Inhibition of Caspases
3.5 Antioxidant Agents
4 Meningococcal Meningitis
5 Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis
5.1 Antibiotic Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis
5.2 Anti-inflammatory Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis
5.3 Treatment of Listeria monocytogenes Meningitis in Special Populations
6 Neonatal Meningitis
6.1 Empirical Antibiotic Therapy for Neonatal Meningitis
6.2 Group B Streptococcus Treatment
6.3 Escherichia coli (E. coli) Meningitis Treatment
6.4 Listeria monocytogenes Treatment
6.5 Anti-inflammatory Therapy
6.6 Other Adjunctive Therapies
6.7 Other Considerations
6.8 Other Advances
7 Haemophilus Influenzae
7.1 Encapsulated Versus Non-encapsulated Types
7.2 Hib Conjugate Vaccine: Epidemiology
7.3 Symptoms
7.4 Potential Complications
7.5 Antibiotic Treatments
7.6 Differentials
8 Treatment of Lyme Meningitis
8.1 Antibiotic Treatment of Lyme Meningitis
8.2 Anti-inflammatory Treatment of Lyme Meningitis
8.3 Treatment of Lyme Meningitis in Special Populations
9 New Advancements
10 Conclusion
References
Recent Developments in the Treatment of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections
1 Introduction
1.1 Anatomy of Urinary Tract
1.2 Uropathogenic Escherichia coli
2 Pyelonephritis (Fig. 2)
2.1 Pathophysiology
3 Cystitis (Fig. 3)
3.1 Pathophysiology
3.2 Current Treatments for Acute Pyelonephritis
3.3 Cystitis Treatment
4 Antimicrobial Resistance
4.1 Antibiotic Resistance on the Rise
4.2 New Antibiotic in Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria
4.3 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibiotics in UPEC Strains
4.4 Alternative Therapies in the Treatment of UTIs Caused by UPEC
4.5 Vaccines Against Urinary Tract Infections
5 Future Perspectives
References
Drug Delivery to Diseases Caused by E. coli Infection
1 Introduction
2 Pathovars of E. coli
2.1 Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
2.2 Shiga-Toxin Producing E. coli/Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (STEC/EHEC)
2.3 Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
2.4 Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
2.5 Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)
2.6 Diffusely Adherent E. coli (DAEC)
2.7 Adherent Invasive E. coli (AIEC)
3 Treatment and Management of E. coli Infection
3.1 Intestinal Infections
3.2 Extraintestinal Illness
4 Drug Delivery Technologies
4.1 Challenges and Opportunities for Treatment of E. coli Infections
4.2 Modified Release Dosage Forms
4.3 Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
4.3.1 Types of Nanoparticles
4.3.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles
4.4 Organic Nanoparticles
4.5 Inorganic Nanoparticles
4.6 Nanofibers
4.7 Metal Organic Framework (MOFs)
4.8 Nanoshells
4.9 Hydrogels
4.10 Prodrug Method to Deliver Drug
4.11 Liquid Crystals
5 Conclusion
References
Index