دانلود کتاب Information Visualization. Perception for Design

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Front Cover
Information Visualization: Perception for Design
Copyright
Table of Contents
Preface
About the Author
Chapter 1 Foundations for an Applied Science of Data Visualization
Visualization Stages
Experimental Semiotics Based on Perception
Semiotics of Graphics
Are Pictures Arbitrary?
Sensory versus Arbitrary Symbols
Properties of Sensory Representation
Testing Claims about Sensory Representations
Representations That Are Arbitrary
The Study of Arbitrary Conventional Symbols
Gibson’s Affordance Theory
A Model of Perceptual Processing
Stage 1. Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual Scene
Stage 2. Pattern Perception
Stage 3. Visual Working Memory
Attention
Costs and Benefits of Visualization
Types of Data
Entities
Relationships
Attributes of Entities or Relationships
Data Dimensions: 1D, 2D, 3D, …
Types of Numbers
Uncertainty
Operations Considered as Data
Metadata
Conclusion
Chapter 2 The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display
The Environment
Visible Light
Ecological Optics
Optical Flow
Textured Surfaces and Texture Gradients
The Paint Model of Surfaces
The Eye
The Visual Angle Defined
Lens
Optics and Augmented-Reality Systems
Optics in Virtual-Reality Displays
Chromatic Aberration
Receptors
Simple Acuities
Acuity Distribution and the Visual Field
Brain Pixels and the Optimal Screen
Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function
Visual Stress
The Optimal Display
Aliasing
Number of Dots
Superacuities and Displays
Temporal Requirements of the Perfect Display
Conclusion
Chapter 3 Lightness, Brightness, Contrast, and Constancy
Neurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness Illusions
Simultaneous Brightness Contrast
Mach Bands
The Chevreul Illusion
Simultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading Maps
Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics
Edge Enhancement
Luminance, Brightness, Lightness, and Gamma
Constancies
Luminance
Displaying Details
Brightness
Monitor Gamma
Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy
Contrast and Constancy
Contrast on Paper and on Screen
Perception of Surface Lightness
Lightness Differences and the Gray Scale
Contrast Crispening
Monitor Illumination and Monitor Surrounds
Conclusion
Chapter 4 Color
Trichromacy Theory
Color Blindness
Color Measurement
Change of Primaries
Chromaticity Coordinates
Color Differences and Uniform Color Spaces
Opponent Process Theory
Naming
Cross-Cultural Naming
Unique Hues
Neurophysiology
Categorical Colors
Properties of Color Channels
Spatial Sensitivity
Stereoscopic Depth
Motion Sensitivity
Form
Color Appearance
Monitor Surrounds
Color Constancy
Color Contrast
Saturation
Brown
Applications of Color in Visualization
Application 1: Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces
Color Spaces
Color Naming Systems
Color Palettes
Application 2: Color for Labeling (Nominal Codes)
Application 3: Color Sequences for Data Maps
Form and Quantity
Interval Pseudocolor Sequences
Ratio Pseudocolors
Sequences for the Color Blind
Bivariate Color Sequences
Application 4: Color Reproduction
Conclusion
Chapter 5 Visual Salience and Finding Information
Eye Movements
Accommodation
The Eye Movement Control Loop
V1, Channels, and Tuned Receptors
The Elements of Form
The Gabor Model and Visual Distinctness
A Differencing Mechanism for Fine Discrimination
Feature Maps, Channels, and Lessons for Visual Search
Preattentive Processing and Ease of Search
Attention and Expectations
Highlighting and Asymmetries
Coding with Combinations of Features
Coding with Redundant Properties
What Is Not Easily Findable: Conjunctions of Features
Highlighting Two Data Dimensions: Conjunctions That Can Be Seen
Integral and Separable Dimensions: Glyph Design
Restricted Classification Tasks
Speeded Classification Tasks
Integral–Separable Dimension Pairs
Representing Quantity
Representing Absolute Quantities
Multidimensional Discrete Data: Uniform Representation versus Multiple Channels
Stars and Whiskers
The Searchlight Metaphor and Cortical Magnification
Useful Field of View
Tunnel Vision, Stress, and Cognitive Load
The Role of Motion in Attracting Attention
Motion as a User Interrupt
Conclusion
Chapter 6 Static and Moving Patterns
Gestalt Laws
Proximity
Similarity
Connectedness
Continuity
Symmetry
Closure and Common Region
Figure and Ground
More on Contours
Representing Vector Fields: Perceiving Orientation and Direction
Comparing 2D Flow Visualization Techniques
Showing Direction
Texture: Theory and Data Mapping
Tradeoffs in Information Density: An Uncertainty Principle
Primary Perceptual Dimensions of Texture
Texture Contrast Effects
Other Dimensions of Visual Texture
Nominal Texture Codes
Using Textures for Univariate and Multivariate Map Displays
Quantitative Texture Sequences
Perception of Transparency: Overlapping Data
Perceiving Patterns in Multidimensional Discrete Data
Pattern Learning
Priming
Vigilance
The Visual Grammar of Node–Link Diagrams
The Visual Grammar of Maps
Patterns in Motion
Form and Contour in Motion
Moving Frames
Expressive Motion
Perception of Causality
Perception of Animated Motion
Enriching Diagrams with Simple Animation
The Processes of Pattern Finding
Chapter 7 Space Perception
Depth Cue Theory
Perspective Cues
The Duality of Depth Perception in Pictures
Pictures Seen from the Wrong Viewpoint
Occlusion
Shape-from-Shading
Shading Models
Cushion Maps
Surface Texture
Cast Shadows
Distance Based on Familiar Size
Depth of Focus
Eye Accommodation
Structure-from-Motion
Eye Convergence
Stereoscopic Depth
Problems with Stereoscopic Displays
Frame Cancellation
The Vergence–Focus Problem
Distant Objects
Making Effective Stereoscopic Displays
Cyclopean Scale
Virtual Eye Separation
Artificial Spatial Cues
Depth Cues in Combination
Task-Based Space Perception
Tracing Data Paths in 3D Graphs
Judging the Morphology of Surfaces
Conformal Textures
Guidelines for Displaying Surfaces
Bivariate Maps—Lighting and Surface Color
Patterns of Points in 3D Space
Perceiving Patterns in 3D Trajectories
Judging Relative Positions of Objects in Space
Judging the Relative Movements of Self within the Environment
Selecting and Positioning Objects in 3D
Judging the “Up” Direction
The Aesthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence)
Conclusion
Chapter 8 Visual Objects and Data Objects
Image-Based Object Recognition
Priming
Searching an Image Database
Life Logging
Structure-Based Object Recognition
Geon Theory
Silhouettes
The Object Display and Object-Based Diagrams
The Geon Diagram
Faces
Coding Words and Images
Mental Images
Labels and Concepts
Object Categorization
Canonical Views and Object Recognition
Concept Mapping
Concept Maps and Mind Maps
Iconic Images versus Words versus Abstract Symbols
Static Links
Scenes and Scene Gist
Priming, Categorization, and Trace Theory
Conclusion
Chapter 9 Images, Narrative, and Gestures for Explanation
The Nature of Language
Sign Language
Language Is Dynamic and Distributed over Time
Is Visual Programming a Good Idea?
Images versus Sentences and Paragraphs
Links between Images and Words
Integrating Visual and Verbal and the Narrative Thread
Linking Text with Graphical Elements of Diagrams
Gestures as Linking Devices in Verbal Presentations
Deixis
Symbolic Gestures
Expressive Gestures
Animated versus Static Presentations
Visual Narrative
Animated Images
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Interacting with Visualizations
Data Selection and Manipulation Loop
Choice Reaction Time
Two-Dimensional Positioning and Selection
Hover Queries
Path Tracing
Two-Handed Interaction
Learning
Control Compatibility
Exploration and Navigation Loop
Locomotion and Viewpoint Control
Spatial Navigation Metaphors
Wayfinding, Cognitive Maps, and Real Maps
Landmarks, Borders, and Place
Frames of Reference
Egocentric Frame of Reference
Exocentric Frames of Reference
Map Orientation
Focus, Context, and Scale in Nonmetaphoric Interfaces
Distortion Techniques
Rapid Zooming Techniques
Elision Techniques
Multiple Simultaneous Views
Conclusion
Chapter 11 Visual Thinking Processes
The Cognitive System
Memory and Attention
Working Memories
Visual Working Memory Capacity
Change Blindness
Spatial Information
Attention
Object Files, Coherence Fields, and Gist
Long-Term Memory
Chunks and Concepts
Knowledge Formation and Creative Thinking
Knowledge Transfer
Visualizations and Mental Images
Review of Visual Cognitive System Components
Early Visual Processing
Pattern Perception
Eye Movements
The Intrasaccadic Scanning Loop
Working Memory
Mental Imagery
Epistemic Actions
Visual Queries
Computational Data Mappings
Visual Thinking Algorithms
Algorithm 1: Visual Queries
Algorithm 2: Pathfinding on a Map or Diagram
Visual Query Construction
The Pattern-Finding Loop
Algorithm 3: Reasoning with a Hybrid of a Visual Display and Mental Imagery
Algorithm 4: Design Sketching
Algorithm 5: Brushing
Algorithm 6: Small Pattern Comparisons in a Large Information Space
Algorithm 7: Degree-of-Relevance Highlighting
Algorithm 8: Generalized Fisheye Views
Algorithm 9: Multidimensional Dynamic Queries with Scatter Plot
Algorithm 10: Visual Monitoring Strategies
Conclusion
Appendix A: Changing Primaries
Appendix B: CIE Color Measurement System
Appendix C: The Perceptual Evaluation of Visualization Techniques and Systems
Research Goals
Psychophysics
Detection Methods
Method of Adjustment
Cognitive Psychology
Structural Analysis
Testbench Applications for Discovery
Structured Interviews
Rating Scales
Statistical Exploration
Principal Components Analysis
Multidimensional Scaling
Clustering
Multiple Regression
Cross-Cultural Studies
Child Studies
Practical Problems in Conducting User Studies
Experimenter Bias
How Many Subjects to Use?
Combinatorial Explosion
Task Identification
Controls
Getting Help
Appendix D: Guidelines
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Bibliography
Index
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