دانلود کتاب Inquiry into life

فهرست مطالب :

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright Page......Page 3
About the Authors......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 11
Brief Contents......Page 12
Contents......Page 13
chapter 1 The Study of Life......Page 18
1.1 The Characteristics of Life......Page 19
1.2 The Classification of Organisms......Page 23
1.3 The Process of Science......Page 25
1.4 Challenges Facing Science......Page 30
chapter 2 The Molecules of Cells......Page 34
2.1 Basic Chemistry......Page 35
2.2 Molecules and Compounds......Page 39
2.3 Chemistry of Water......Page 42
2.4 Organic Molecules......Page 45
2.5 Carbohydrates......Page 47
2.6 Lipids......Page 50
2.7 Proteins......Page 52
2.8 Nucleic Acids......Page 55
chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function......Page 60
3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization......Page 61
3.2 Prokaryotic Cells......Page 63
3.3 Eukaryotic Cells......Page 65
3.4 The Cytoskeleton......Page 73
3.5 Origin and Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell......Page 75
chapter 4 Membrane Structure and Function......Page 80
4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function......Page 81
4.2 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane......Page 83
4.3 Modifications of Cell Surfaces......Page 91
chapter 5 Cell Division......Page 96
5.1 The Cell Cycle......Page 97
5.2 Control of the Cell Cycle......Page 98
5.3 Mitosis: Maintaining the Chromosome Number......Page 101
5.4 Meiosis: Reducing the Chromosome Number......Page 105
5.5 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis......Page 109
5.6 The Human Life Cycle......Page 111
chapter 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes......Page 116
6.1 Life and the Flow of Energy......Page 117
6.2 Energy Transformations and Metabolism......Page 119
6.3 Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways......Page 120
6.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Metabolism......Page 125
chapter 7 Cellular Respiration......Page 130
7.1 Overview of Cellular Respiration......Page 131
7.2 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis......Page 133
7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Fermentation......Page 135
7.4 Inside the Mitochondria......Page 136
chapter 8 Photosynthesis......Page 144
8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis......Page 145
8.2 Plants as Solar Energy Converters......Page 148
8.3 Plants as Carbon Dioxide Fixers......Page 151
8.4 Alternative Pathways for Photosynthesis......Page 154
8.5 Photosynthesis Versus Cellular Respiration......Page 156
chapter 9 Plant Organization and Function......Page 160
9.1 Cells and Tissues of Plants......Page 161
9.2 Plants Organs and Systems......Page 164
9.3 Monocot Versus Eudicot Plants......Page 166
9.4 Organization of Roots......Page 167
9.5 Organization of Stems......Page 170
9.6 Organization of Leaves......Page 176
9.7 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients......Page 178
chapter 10 Plant Reproduction and Responses......Page 186
10.1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants......Page 187
10.2 Growth and Development......Page 192
10.3 Asexual Reproduction and Genetic Engineering in Plants......Page 195
10.4 Control of Growth and Responses......Page 200
chapter 11 Human Organization......Page 207
11.1 Types of Tissues......Page 208
11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes......Page 214
11.3 Organ Systems......Page 215
11.4 Integumentary System......Page 217
11.5 Homeostasis......Page 221
chapter 12 Cardiovascular System......Page 227
12.1 The Blood Vessels......Page 228
12.2 Blood......Page 229
12.3 The Human Heart......Page 235
12.4 Two Cardiovascular Pathways......Page 239
12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders......Page 242
chapter 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems......Page 249
13.1 The Lymphatic System......Page 250
13.2 Innate Immunity......Page 252
13.3 Adaptive Immunity......Page 254
13.4 Active Versus Passive Immunity......Page 258
13.5 Adverse Effects of Immune Responses......Page 262
13.6 Disorders of the Immune System......Page 265
chapter 14 Digestive System and Nutrition......Page 270
14.1 The Digestive Tract......Page 271
14.2 Accessory Organs of Digestion......Page 277
14.3 Digestive Enzymes......Page 279
14.4 Human Nutrition......Page 280
14.5 Eating Disorders......Page 289
14.6 Disorders of the Digestive System......Page 290
chapter 15 Respiratory System......Page 296
15.1 The Respiratory System......Page 297
15.2 Mechanism of Breathing......Page 300
15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body......Page 303
15.4 Disorders of the Respiratory System......Page 306
chapter 16 Urinary System and Excretion......Page 315
16.1 The Urinary System......Page 316
16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion......Page 318
16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys......Page 321
16.4 Disorders of the Urinary System......Page 324
chapter 17 Nervous System......Page 330
17.1 Nervous Tissue......Page 331
17.2 Transmission of Nerve Impulses......Page 332
17.3 The Central Nervous System......Page 336
17.4 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions......Page 341
17.5 The Peripheral Nervous System......Page 344
17.6 Drug Abuse......Page 348
17.7 Disorders of the Nervous System......Page 351
chapter 18 Senses......Page 358
18.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations......Page 359
18.2 Somatic Senses......Page 360
18.3 Senses of Taste and Smell......Page 362
18.4 Sense of Vision......Page 364
18.5 Sense of Hearing......Page 368
18.6 Sense of Equilibrium......Page 370
18.7 Disorders that Affect the Senses......Page 371
chapter 19 Musculoskeletal System......Page 379
19.1 Overview of Bone and Cartilage......Page 380
19.2 Bones of the Skeleton......Page 383
19.3 Skeletal Muscles......Page 392
19.4 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction......Page 394
19.5 Whole Muscle Contraction......Page 400
19.6 Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System......Page 402
chapter 20 Endocrine System......Page 408
20.1 Overview of the Endocrine System......Page 409
20.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland......Page 412
20.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands......Page 415
20.4 Adrenal Glands......Page 416
20.5 Pancreas......Page 418
20.6 Other Endocrine Glands......Page 419
20.7 Disorders of the Endocrine System......Page 420
chapter 21 Reproductive System......Page 429
21.1 Male Reproductive System......Page 430
21.2 Female Reproductive System......Page 433
21.3 Ovarian and Uterine Cycles......Page 435
21.4 Control of Reproduction......Page 439
21.5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases......Page 441
21.6 Reproductive Disorders and Assisted Reproductive Technologies......Page 449
chapter 22 Development and Aging......Page 457
22.1 Fertilization and Early Stages of Development......Page 458
22.2 Processes of Development......Page 461
22.3 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development......Page 465
22.4 Human Pregnancy, Birth, and Lactation......Page 470
22.5 Aging......Page 474
chapter 23 Patterns of Gene Inheritance......Page 481
23.1 Mendel's Laws......Page 482
23.2 Pedigree Analysis and Genetic Disorders......Page 489
23.3 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns......Page 492
23.4 Environmental Influences......Page 495
chapter 24 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance......Page 499
24.1 Gene Linkage......Page 500
24.2 Sex-Linked Inheritance......Page 501
24.3 Changes in Chromosome Number......Page 504
24.4 Changes in Chromosome Structure......Page 508
chapter 25 DNA Structure and Gene Expression......Page 513
25.1 DNA Structure......Page 514
25.2 DNA Replication......Page 518
25.3 Gene Expression......Page 519
25.4 Control of Gene Expression......Page 525
25.5 Gene Mutations and Cancer......Page 528
chapter 26 Biotechnology and Genomics......Page 536
26.1 DNA Technology......Page 537
26.2 Biotechnology Products......Page 541
26.3 Gene Therapy......Page 544
26.4 Genomics, Proteomics, and Bioinformatics......Page 547
chapter 27 Evolution of Life......Page 552
27.1 Theory of Evolution......Page 553
27.2 Evidence of Evolution......Page 556
27.3 Microevolution......Page 562
27.4 Processes of Evolution......Page 565
27.5 Macroevolution and Speciation......Page 572
27.6 Systematics......Page 574
chapter 28 Microbiology......Page 580
28.1 The Microbial World......Page 581
28.2 Origin of Microbial Life......Page 582
28.3 Archaea......Page 586
28.4 Bacteria......Page 588
28.5 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions......Page 594
chapter 29 Protists and Fungi......Page 601
29.1 Protists......Page 602
29.2 Fungi......Page 612
chapter 30 Plants......Page 623
30.1 Evolutionary History of Plants......Page 624
30.2 Nonvascular Plants......Page 627
30.3 Seedless Vascular Plants......Page 628
30.4 Seed Plants......Page 632
chapter 31 Animals: The Invertebrates......Page 641
31.1 Evolutionary Trends Among Animals......Page 642
31.2 The Simplest Invertebrates......Page 646
31.3 The Lophotrochozoa......Page 649
31.4 The Ecdysozoa......Page 657
31.5 Invertebrate Deuterostomes......Page 664
chapter 32 Animals: Chordates and Vertebrates......Page 669
32.1 Chordates......Page 670
32.2 Vertebrates: Fish and Amphibians......Page 672
32.3 Vertebrates: Reptiles and Mammals......Page 676
32.4 Evolution of the Hominins......Page 681
32.5 Evolution of Modern Humans......Page 685
chapter 33 Behavioral Ecology......Page 690
33.1 Nature Versus Nurture: Genetic Influences......Page 691
33.2 Nature Versus Nurture: Environmental Influences......Page 692
33.3 Animal Communication......Page 695
33.4 Behaviors That Affect Fitness......Page 699
chapter 34 Population and Community Ecology......Page 707
34.1 The Scope of Ecology......Page 708
34.2 Patterns of Population Growth......Page 709
34.3 Interactions Between Populations......Page 712
34.4 Ecological Succession......Page 719
chapter 35 Nature of Ecosystems......Page 723
35.1 The Biotic Components of Ecosystems......Page 724
35.2 Energy Flow......Page 725
35.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles......Page 727
chapter 36 Major Ecosystems of the Biosphere......Page 739
36.1 Climate and the Biosphere......Page 740
36.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems......Page 741
36.3 Aquatic Ecosystems......Page 749
chapter 37 Conservation Biology......Page 760
37.1 Conservation Biology and Biodiversity......Page 761
37.2 Value of Biodiversity......Page 763
37.3 Threats to Biodiversity......Page 766
37.4 Habitat Conservation and Restoration......Page 771
37.5 Working Toward a Sustainable Society......Page 774
Appendix A Answer Key......Page 782
Appendix B Metric System and The Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 797
Glossary......Page 800
Index......Page 824