دانلود کتاب Insect Chronobiology

فهرست مطالب :

Foreword
Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Historical Survey of Chronobiology with Reference to Studies in Insects
1.1 What Is Chronobiology?
1.2 From Folklore to Natural History
1.3 From Natural History to Experimental Science
1.4 Endogenous or Exogenous?
1.5 Localization of the Circadian Clock
1.6 Molecular Mechanism of the Circadian Clock
1.7 Future Forecast
References
Part I: Insect Circadian Rhythms
Chapter 2: General Feature of Circadian Rhythms
2.1 Introduction: Self-Sustaining Rhythm
2.2 Free-Running Period: Dependency on Environmental Conditions
2.3 Temperature Compensation
2.4 Entrainment to Environmental Cycles
2.5 Range of Entrainment
2.6 Relative Coordination
2.7 Masking Effect of Light
2.8 Multioscillator System and Internal Desynchronization of Rhythms
2.9 Aftereffects
2.10 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 3: Neural and Molecular Mechanisms of Entrainment
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Photic Entrainment and Circadian Photoreceptors
3.3 Molecular Mechanism of Photic Entrainment
3.3.1 Cry-Dependent Pathway
3.3.2 Compound Eye-Dependent Pathway
3.4 Temperature Entrainment
3.4.1 Role of Temperature in Phase Setting
3.4.2 Molecular Mechanism of Temperature Entrainment
3.5 Entrainment by Restricted Feeding
3.6 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 4: Molecular Mechanism of the Circadian Clock
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Clock Setup in Drosophila
4.2.1 Period and Drosophila-Type Timeless
4.2.2 Posttranslational Modifications
4.2.3 Entrainment by Light
4.2.4 Protein Degradation
4.2.5 bZIP Proteins PDP1, VRI, and KAY
4.2.6 Clockwork Orange (CWO)
4.2.7 Nuclear Receptors E75, HR3, and UNF
4.2.8 Regulation of the Drosophila Clock at the RNA Level
4.2.9 Network Properties of the Clock
4.2.10 Temperature and the Clock
4.3 Lineage-Specific Variations in the Clock Setup
4.3.1 Unique Features of the Drosophila (Cyclorrhaphan) Clock
4.3.2 Losses of CRYd and TIMd
4.3.3 JET and FBXL3/21 Proteins
4.3.4 Conserved Components of Insect Clocks
4.3.5 Descriptive Studies
4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Chapter 5: Neurocircuitry of Circadian Clocks
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Small Ventral Lateral Neurons in Drosophila
5.3 Outputs from the Drosophila Clock Neurons
5.3.1 Pigment-Dispersing Factor
5.3.2 Neuropeptides
5.3.3 Glutamate, Acetylcholine, and Glycine
5.3.4 Gap Junctions
5.3.5 Output Modes
5.4 Functional Differentiation of Individual Clock Neuron Groups in Drosophila
5.4.1 Morning and Evening Oscillators in the Drosophila Circadian Clock
5.4.2 s-LNv Neurons as the Master Clock?
5.4.3 DN1p Neurons as Circadian Output Centers
5.5 Downstream Neurons of the Drosophila Circadian Clock
5.6 Clock Neuron Networks in Other Insect Species
5.7 Bilateral Coupling Between Two Optic Lobe Clocks
5.8 Conclusion Remarks
References
Chapter 6: Peripheral Circadian Clock
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Features of Peripheral Circadian Clocks
6.3 Various Peripheral Clocks
6.3.1 Compound Eyes
6.3.2 Antenna and Proboscis
6.3.3 Digestive Organs, Excretory Organs, and Fat Body
6.3.4 Epidermis: Cuticle Deposition
6.3.5 Male Reproductive Organ: Sperm Release
6.3.6 Prothoracic Gland
6.3.7 Oenocyte
6.4 Summary and Perspective
References
Chapter 7: Circabidian Rhythm
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Circabidian Rhythm in the Mosquito Culiseta incidens
7.3 Circabidian Rhythm in Holotrichia Species
7.3.1 Three Characteristics of Biological Rhythms in the Circabidian Rhythm of the Ground Emergence Activity
7.3.2 Phase Response of the Circabidian Rhythm to Light Pulses
7.3.3 The Optic Lobe-Pars Intercerebralis Axis in the Brain Is Involved in Circabidian Rhythm of H. parallela
7.3.3.1 Roles of the Optic Lobe
7.3.3.2 Roles of the Pars Intercerebralis
7.3.4 Two-Day Rhythm of H. parallela in the Field
7.4 Origin of the Circabidian Rhythm in the Genus Holotrichia
7.5 Mechanism for Doubling the Circadian Clock Cycle
7.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 8: Circadian Behavioral Rhythms in Social Insects
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Examples of Circadian Behavioral Rhythms in Social Insects
8.3 Entrainment to Abiotic and Social Cycles
8.4 Social Influences on the Ontogeny of Circadian Rhythms
8.5 Task- and Maternity-Related Circadian Rhythm Plasticity
8.6 Closing Remarks
References
Chapter 9: Environmental Adaptation and Evolution of Circadian Clocks
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Light-Dark Cycles as a Selection Pressure for the Evolution of Endogenous Clocks
9.3 Impact of Temperature Cycles on Circadian Clocks
9.4 Evolution of Circadian Rhythms: Insights from Laboratory Selection Studies
9.4.1 Evolution of Clocks Under Aperiodic Environments
9.4.2 Evolution of Clocks Under Periodic Environments
9.5 Influence of Circadian Clocks on Life-History Traits
9.6 Diversity in Circadian Clock Function in Insects and Further Considerations
9.7 Evolutionary Consequences of Climate Change on Insect Clocks and Future Perspectives
References
Part II: Other Types of Insect Rhythms and Photoperiodsim
Chapter 10: Lunar and Tidal Rhythms and Clocks
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 The Moon Causes Environmental Cycles with Different Periods
10.1.2 Organisms Anticipate Moon-Related Cycles by Endogenous Circasemilunar, Circalunar, and Circatidal Clocks
10.1.3 Evolutionary Significance of Circatidal, Circasemilunar, and Circalunar Clocks: Why Should We Study Lunar and Tidal Rhy...
10.1.3.1 The Adaptive Benefits of Circalunar and Circatidal Clocks
10.1.3.2 Diversity of Circatidal and Circalunar Clocks
10.1.3.3 Temporal Organization on Different Time Scales
10.2 Circatidal Clocks in Hexapods
10.2.1 Collembola: Anurida maritima
10.2.2 Coleoptera: Thalassotrechus barbarae and Callytron inspecularis
10.2.3 Orthoptera: Apteronemobius asahinai
10.2.3.1 The Circatidal Activity Rhythm in the Mangrove Cricket Free-Runs Under LL and DD
10.2.3.2 Inundation Stimuli Entrain the Circatidal Rhythm in the Mangrove Cricket
10.2.4 Involvement of the Circadian Clock in Circatidal Time-Keeping
10.2.4.1 Molecular and Neurophysiological Data Support an Independent Circatidal Pacemaker in the Mangrove Cricket
10.2.5 Tidal Non-oscillatory Timing Mechanisms
10.3 Circalunar Clocks in Insects
10.3.1 Lunar Rhythms of Insects in Terrestrial Habitats
10.3.2 Lunar Rhythms of Insects in Marine Habitats
10.3.2.1 The Case of Clunio
The Semilunar Emergence Rhythm of Clunio Is Free-Running and Temperature-Compensated
Moonlight, Tidal Turbulence, and Temperature Cycles Can Entrain the Circalunar Clock of Clunio
10.3.2.2 The Case of Pontomyia
10.3.3 The Role of the Circadian Clock in Circalunar Time-Keeping
10.3.4 Molecular and Genetic Data on Circalunar Time-Keeping in Insects
10.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Circannual Rhythms
11.1 Circannual Rhythms Corresponding to an Annual Cycle
11.2 Pupation Rhythm of the Varied Carpet Beetle
11.2.1 Early Reports
11.2.2 Stability of Circannual Period
11.2.3 Entrainment to a Natural Annual Cycle
11.2.4 Phase Resetting by Photoperiodic Change
11.2.5 Phase Response Curve and Phase Singularity
11.2.6 Effects of Low Temperature as a Zeitgeber
11.2.7 Mechanisms Producing Circannual Rhythms
11.2.8 Circadian Clock in Photoperiodic Time Measurement for Circannual Rhythms
11.3 Pupation Rhythms of Other Carpet Beetles
11.4 Pupation Rhythm of the Carpenter Moth
11.5 Oviposition Rhythms of Queen Ants
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: General Features of Photoperiodism
12.1 Classification of Photoperiodism
12.1.1 Photoperiodism Controlling Dimorphic and Continuous Phenotypes
12.1.2 Threshold and Quantitative Responses
12.1.3 Long-Day and Short-Day Responses
12.1.4 Threshold Response in Dimorphic and Continuous Phenotypes
12.1.5 Coexistence of Threshold and Quantitative Responses
12.1.6 Quantitative Properties in Threshold Responses
12.1.7 Response to Changes in Photoperiod
12.2 Theoretical Models for Photoperiodic Time Measurement
12.3 Photoreceptors for Photoperiodism
12.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Molecular Mechanisms of Photoperiodism
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Photoreceptors
13.3 Photoperiodic Time Measurement
13.4 Circadian Clocks Involved in Photoperiodic Time Measurement
13.4.1 A Case of the Model Insect Drosophila melanogaster
13.4.2 Cases of Species Other than Drosophila melanogaster
13.4.3 Circadian Output Signaling
13.5 Photoperiodic Counter
13.6 Omics Approaches
13.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 14: Neural Mechanism of Photoperiodism
14.1 Introduction
14.2 General Scheme for Photoperiodic Mechanisms
14.2.1 Photoreceptors
14.2.2 Photoperiodic Clock and Counter
14.2.3 Neurosecretory System
14.3 Neural Circuitry and Its Functions Proposed in Different Species
14.3.1 Blow Fly Protophormia terraenovae
14.3.1.1 Neurosecretory System
14.3.1.2 Clock Cells and Their Importance in Photoperiodic Neural Circuitry
14.3.1.3 Plausible Function of the Clock Neuron Network in Photoperiodic Time Measurement
14.3.2 Sternorrhyncha aphids, Megoura viciae, and Acyrthosiphon pisum
14.3.2.1 Neurosecretory System and ILP in the PI
14.3.2.2 Mapping of Circadian Clock Cells with Neurosecretory Cells in the Brain
14.3.3 Heteropteran Bugs Riptortus pedestris, Pyrrhocoris apterus, and Plautia stali
14.3.3.1 Dual Neurosecretory Systems Controlling Independent Reproductive Activities in Photoperiodic Response of R. pedestris
14.3.3.2 Clock Cells and Relevant Neurons to Photoperiodic Responses
14.4 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 15: Seasonal Timer in Aphids
15.1 Life Cycle and Photoperiodism of Aphids
15.2 History of the Discovery of the Seasonal Timer
15.3 Physiological Characteristics of the Seasonal Timer
15.4 Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of the Seasonal Timer
15.5 Possible Mechanism of the Seasonal Timer
15.6 Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 16: Time-Compensated Celestial Navigation
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Honey Bee Flight Using the Sun as a Compass
16.2.1 Navigating with a Clock
16.2.2 Shifting the Circadian Clock with Anesthesia and Its Effect on the Time Compensation of the Sun Compass
16.3 Long-Distance Migration Using a Time-Compensated Sun Compass in the Monarch Butterfly
16.3.1 The Remarkable Journey
16.3.2 Sensing the Position of the Sun
16.3.3 Testing the Time Compensation of the Sun Compass
16.3.4 Location of the Mechanism for Time-Compensated Sun-Compass Orientation
16.4 Time-Compensated Moon Compass
16.5 Conclusions
References
Subject Index
Taxonomic Index