دانلود کتاب Insect Physiology and Biochemistry

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Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Preface Author Biography Chapter 1 Embryogenesis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Morphogenesis 1.2.1 Egg, Fertilization, and Zygote Formation 1.2.2 Variations in Zygotic Nucleus Cleavage, Formation of Energids, and Blastoderm Formation 1.2.2.1 Apterygota 1.2.2.2 Hemimetabola 1.2.2.3 Holometabola 1.2.3 Formation of the Germ Band 1.2.4 Gastrulation 1.2.5 Germ Band Elongation 1.2.6 Blastokinesis and Extraembryonic Membranes 1.3 Genetic Control of Embryogenesis 1.3.1 Development of a Model for Patterning 1.3.1.1 The bicoid Gene and Anterior Determination in Drosophila 1.3.1.2 Posterior Group Genes and Posterior Pattern Formation 1.3.1.3 Genes Required in the Acron and Telson 1.3.1.4 Dorsal–Ventral Axis 1.4 Segmentation Genes 1.5 Homeotic Genes 1.5.1 Homeobox 1.6 Organogenesis 1.6.1 Neurogenesis 1.6.2 Development of the Gut 1.6.3 Malpighian Tubules 1.6.4 Tracheal System 1.6.5 Oenocytes 1.6.6 Wing Development 1.6.7 Cuticle Secretion in the Embryo 1.6.8 Cell Movements During Embryogenesis 1.6.9 Programmed Cell Death: Apoptosis 1.7 Hatching 1.8 Imaginal Discs 1.9 Summary and Conclusions 1.10 Review and Self- Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 2 Digestion 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Relationships between Food Habits and Gut Structure and Function 2.2.1 Plant vs. Animal Origin: Solid vs. Liquid Diet 2.3 Major Structural Regions of the Gut 2.3.1 Foregut 2.3.2 Midgut 2.3.3 Hindgut 2.4 Midgut Cell Types 2.4.1 Columnar Cells 2.4.2 Regenerative Cells 2.4.3 Goblet Cells 2.5 Microvilli or Brush Border of Midgut Cells 2.6 Glycocalyx 2.7 Peritrophic Matrix 2.7.1 Functions of the Peritrophic Matrix 2.8 Digestive Enzymes 2.8.1 Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes 2.8.2 Lipid Digesting Enzymes 2.8.3 Protein-Digesting Enzymes 2.8.4 Do Proteinase Inhibitors in the Food Influence Evolution of Proteinase Secreted? 2.9 Hormonal Influence on Midgut 2.10 Countercurrent Circulation of Midgut Contents and Absorption of Digested Products 2.11 Transepithelial and Oxidation–Reduction Potential of the Gut 2.12 Gut pH 2.13 Hematophagy: Feeding on Vertebrate Blood 2.14 Digestive System Morphology and Physiology in Major Insect Orders 2.14.1 Orthoptera 2.14.2 Dictyoptera 2.14.3 Isoptera 2.14.4 Hemiptera 2.14.5 Homoptera 2.14.6 Coleoptera 2.14.7 Hymenoptera 2.14.8 Diptera 2.14.9 Lepidoptera 2.15 Insect Gut as a Potential Target for Population Management and Control of the Spread of Plant and Animal Disease Organisms 2.16 Summary/Conclusions 2.17 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 3 Nutrition 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Importance of Balance and Self-Selection of Nutritional Components 3.3 Ability of Insects to Self-Select Nutritional Components 3.4 Requirements for Specific Nutrients 3.4.1 Nitrogen Source: Proteins and Amino Acids 3.4.2 Amino Acids 3.4.3 Carbohydrates 3.4.4 Lipids 3.4.5 Sterols 3.4.6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 3.4.7 Vitamins 3.4.8 Minerals 3.5 Techniques and Dietary Terms Used in Insect Nutrition Studies 3.6 Criteria for Evaluating Nutritional Quality of a Diet 3.7 Measures of Food Intake and Utilization 3.8 Phagostimulants 3.9 Feeding Deterrents 3.10 Summary and Conclusions 3.11 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 4 Integument and Molting 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Structure of the Integument 4.2.1 Cuticulin Envelope 4.2.2 Epicuticle 4.2.3 Procuticle 4.2.4 Pore Canals and Wax Channels 4.2.5 Epidermal Cells 4.3 Molting and Formation of New Cuticle 4.3.1 Apolysial Space 4.3.2 Molting Fluid Secretion 4.3.3 New Cuticle Formation 4.3.4 Reabsorption of Molting Fluid 4.4 Ecdysis 4.4.1 Shedding the Old Cuticle: Ecdysis of the Adult 4.4.2 Post-Ecdysis Wing Expansion and Water Proofing the New Cuticle 4.4.3 Sclerotization of Cuticle 4.5 Chemical Composition of Cuticle 4.5.1 Chitin 4.5.2 Biosynthesis of Chitin 4.5.3 Cuticular Proteins 4.5.4 Resilin 4.5.5 Stage-Specific Differences in Cuticle Proteins 4.5.6 Protective Functions of Cuticle Proteins 4.5.7 Cuticular Lipids 4.6 Mineralization of Insect Cuticles 4.7 Capture of Atmospheric Water on Cuticular Surfaces 4.8 Summary and Conclusions 4.9 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 5 Hormones and Development 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Interplay of PTTH, Ecdysteroids, and Juvenile Hormone Controls Development 5.3 Brain Neurosecretory Cells and Prothoracicotropic Hormone (PTTH) 5.3.1 Source and Chemistry 5.3.2 Bioassay for PTTH Activity 5.3.3 Stimuli for Secretion of PTTH 5.3.4 Secretion of PTTH after Brain Activation by Stretch Receptors 5.3.5 Gated PTTH Secretion in Tobacco Hornworm 5.3.6 Secretion of PTTH after Brain Activation by Cold Exposure 5.3.7 Regulation of Tissue and Hemolymph Levels of PTTH 5.3.8 Mode of Action of PTTH 5.4 Prothoracic Glands and Ecdysteroids 5.4.1 Biosynthesis of Ecdysone 5.4.2 Conversion of Ecdysone into 20-Hydroxyecdysone 5.4.3 Molecular Diversity in the Structure of the Molting Hormone 5.4.4 Assays for Ecdysteroids 5.4.5 Radioimmunoassay for Ecdysone and Related Ecdysteroids 5.4.6 Assay by Physicochemical Techniques 5.4.7 Tissues and Cell Cultures Used in Assays 5.4.8 Degradation of Ecdysone 5.4.9 Virus Degradation of Host Ecdysteroids 5.4.10 Dependence of Some Parasitoids on Host Ecdysteroids 5.5 Corpora Allata and Juvenile Hormones 5.5.1 Glandular Source and Chemistry of Juvenile Hormones 5.5.2 Assays for JH Activity 5.5.3 Regulation of the Tissue and Hemolymph Levels of JH 5.5.4 Growth Regulators and Compounds Cytotoxic to the Corpora Allata 5.5.5 Cellular Mode of Action and Receptors for JH 5.5.6 Downstream Transcription Factors 5.6 Mode of Action of Ecdysteroids at the Gene Level 5.6.1 Chromosomal Puffs 5.6.2 Identification and Isolation of an Ecdysteroid Receptor 5.6.3 Differential Tissue and Cell Response to Ecdysteroids 5.7 Possible Timer Gene in the Molting Process 5.8 Ecdysone–Gene Interaction Ideas Stimulated Vertebrate Work 5.9 Development of Eyespots in Wings of Lepidoptera 5.10 Summary and Conclusions 5.11 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 6 Biological Rhythms 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Characteristics of Circadian and Photoperiodic Rhythms 6.3 Molecular Basis for the Circadian Clock 6.4 Evidence for Clock Genes in Many Insects 6.4.1 Circadian Regulation of Hormone Secretion 6.4.2 Circadian Clock Influence in Peripheral Organs and Tissues 6.4.3 Circadian Clock Influence in Social Behavior of Honeybees 6.4.4 Circadian Clock Influence in Reproduction 6.5 Photoperiodic Response: One Clock, Two Clocks, or Multiple Clocks? 6.6 Clock Models Based on Experimental Responses of Insects to Varying Light/Dark Regimes 6.6.1 Hourglass Model 6.6.2 External Coincidence Model 6.6.3 Internal Coincidence Model 6.6.4 Resonance Model 6.6.5 Summary Results from Model Experiments 6.7 Summary and Conclusions 6.9 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 7 Diapause 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Diapause: A Survival Strategy 7.3 Phases of Diapause 7.3.1 Prediapause: Induction and Preparation 7.3.2 Diapause: Initiation and Maintenance 7.3.3 Diapause Termination 7.4 Hormonal Control of Diapause 7.4.1 Embryonic Diapause 7.4.2 Larval Diapause 7.4.3 Pupal Diapause 7.4.4 Adult Diapause/Reproductive Diapause 7.5 Role of Daily and Seasonal Biological Clocks in Diapause 7.6 Diapause and Gene Expression 7.7 Nutrient Accumulation for Diapause and the Storage and Conservation of Nutrients During Diapause 7.8 Molecular Studies of Diapause 7.9 A Pre-Diapause Strategy – Cold Tolerance 7.10 Summary and Conclusions 7.11 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 8 Intermediary Metabolism 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Energy Demands for Insect Flight 8.3 Metabolic Stores 8.3.1 Carbohydrate Resources 8.3.1.1 Trehalose Resources 8.3.1.2 Glycogen: Storage and Synthesis 8.4 Hormones Controlling Carbohydrate Metabolism 8.5 Pathways of Metabolism Supporting Intense Muscular Activity, Such as Flight 8.5.1 Glycolysis 8.5.1.1 The Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle and Regeneration of NAD[sup(+)] 8.5.1.2 Significance and Control of the Glycerol-3-Phosphate Shuttle. 8.5.2 The Krebs Cycle 8.5.2.1 Control of Krebs Cycle Metabolism and Regulation of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Flight Muscles 8.5.3 The Electron Transport System 8.5.4 Proline as a Fuel for Flight 8.5.5 Mobilization and Use of Lipids for Flight Energy 8.5.5.1 Transport of Lipids by Lipophorin 8.5.5.2 Activation of Fatty Acids, Entry into Mitochondria, and β-Oxidation 8.6 Summary and Conclusions 8.7 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 9 The Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Central Nervous System (CNS) 9.3 The Brain 9.3.1 Protocerebrum 9.3.2 Deutocerebrum 9.3.3 Tritocerebrum 9.4 Ventral Ganglia 9.5 Oxygen and Glucose Supply to the Brain and Ganglia 9.6 The Neuropil 9.7 Hemolymph–Brain (CNS) Barrier 9.8 Neurons: Building Blocks of a Nervous System 9.8.1 Afferent or Sensory Neurons 9.8.2 Efferent or Motor Neurons 9.8.3 Interneurons 9.8.4 Glial Cells 9.9 Nerve Cell Responses to Stimuli 9.9.1 Graded Responses 9.9.2 Spike Potentials 9.10 The Physiological Basis for Neuronal Responses to Stimuli 9.10.1 Membrane Ion Channels: Bioelectric Potentials 9.10.2 The Resting Potential 9.10.3 The Action Potential: Sodium Activation 9.10.4 Sodium Inactivation and Repolarization 9.10.5 Measurement of Ion Fluxes: Voltage Clamp Technique 9.10.6 Conduction of the Action Potential: Local-Circuit Theory 9.11 The Synapse: Excitatory and Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials 9.11.1 Acetylcholine-Mediated Synapses 9.11.2 Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors in Insects 9.11.3 Electric Transmission across Synapses 9.11.4 Neuromuscular Junctions 9.12 Summary and Conclusions 9.13 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 10 The Nervous System: Selected Roles in Behavior 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Neuropeptides 10.3 Selected Behaviors 10.3.1 Sleep in Insects 10.3.2 Learning in Insects 10.3.3 Gustation and Feeding in Insects 10.4 Motor Programs 10.4.1 A Motor Program that Controls Walking 10.4.2 A Motor Pattern for Rhythmic Breathing 10.4.3 Escape Behavior and Trapping of Prey: Role of Giant Axons 10.5 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments 10.6 Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 11 Muscles Physiology and Kinematics 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Basic Muscle Structure and Function 11.2.1 Macro- and Microstructure of Muscle 11.2.2 Muscle Attachments to the Exoskeleton 11.2.3 Skeletal Muscle 11.2.4 Polyneuronal Innervation and Multiterminal Nerve Contacts 11.2.5 The Transmitter Chemical at Nerve–Muscle Junctions 11.3 Synchronous and Asynchronous Muscles 11.4 Muscle Proteins and Physiology of Contraction 11.4.1 The Active State: Binding of Myosin Heads to Actin and the Sliding of Filaments 11.4.2 Release of Myosin Heads from Actin 11.5 Muscles Involved in General Locomotion, Running, and Jumping 11.5.1 Adaptations for Running, Walking, and Survival 11.5.2 Adaptations for Jumping 11.6 Sound Production: Tymbal and Stridulatory Muscle 11.6.1 Tymbal Morphology and Physiology 11.6.2 Stridulatory Muscle Physiology 11.7 Insect Chill Response: Neuromuscular Physiology 11.8 Morphology and Physiology of Nonskeletal Muscle 11.8.1 Visceral Muscles 11.8.2 Heart Muscle 11.8.3 Alary Muscles 11.9 Summary and Conclusions 11.10 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 12 Insect Flight 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Thoracic Structure, Wing Hinges, and Muscle Groups Involved in Flight 12.3 Wing Strokes 12.4 Multiple Contractions from Each Volley of Nerve Impulses to Asynchronous Muscles 12.5 Flight in Dragonflies and Damselflies 12.6 Aerodynamics of Lift and Drag Forces Produced by Wings 12.6.1 Lift Forces Generated by Clap and Fling Wing Movements 12.6.2 Lift Forces Derived from Drag and Delayed Stall 12.7 Hovering Flight 12.8 Control of Pitch and Twisting of Wings 12.9 Power Output of Flight Muscles 12.10 Metabolic Activity of Wing Muscles 12.11 Flight Behavior 12.12 Summary and Conclusions 12.13 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 13 Sensory Systems 13.1 Introduction 13.2 External and Internal Receptors Monitor the Environment 13.3 General Functional Classification of Sensory Receptors 13.3.1 Receptors with Multiple Pores 13.3.2 Receptors with a Single Pore 13.3.3 Receptors without Pores 13.4 Mechanoreceptors 13.4.1 Structure of a Simple Tactile Hair: A Mechanoreceptor Sensillum 13.4.2 Hair Plates 13.4.3 Chordotonal Sensilla 13.4.4 Subgenual Organs 13.4.5 Tympanal Organs: Specialized Organs for Airborne Sounds 13.4.6 Johnston’s Organ 13.4.7 Simple Chordotonal Organs 13.4.8 Thermoreceptors and Hygroreceptors 13.4.9 Infrared Reception 13.5 Chemoreceptors 13.5.1 Olfactory Sensilla: Dendritic Fine Structure 13.5.2 Contact Chemoreceptors–Gustatory Receptors 13.5.3 Specialists vs. Generalists among Chemoreceptors 13.5.4 Stimulus-Receptor Excitation Coupling 13.6 Summary and Conclusions 13.7 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 14 Vision 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Compound Eye Structure 14.3 Dioptric Structures 14.4 Corneal Layering 14.5 Retinula Cells 14.6 Rhabdomeres 14.7 Electrical Activity of Retinula Cells 14.8 Neural Connections in the Optic Lobe 14.9 Ocelli 14.10 Larval Eyes: Stemmata 14.11 Dermal Light Sense 14.12 Chemistry of Insect Vision 14.13 Visual Cascade 14.14 Regulation of the Visual Cascade 14.15 Color Vision 14.16 Vision Is Important in Behavior 14.17 Nutritional Need for Carotenoids in Insects 14.18 Detection of Plane-Polarized Light 14.19 Visual Acuity 14.20 Summary and Conclusions 14.21 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 15 Circulatory System 15.1 Introduction: Circulatory System 15.2 Dorsal Vessel: Heart and Aorta 15.2.1 Alary Muscles 15.2.2 Ostia 15.2.3 Heartbeat 15.2.4 Ionic Influences on Heartbeat 15.2.5 Nerve Supply to the Heart 15.2.6 Cardioactive Secretions 15.3 Accessory Pulsatile Hearts 15.4 Hemocytes 15.4.1 Functions of Hemocytes 15.4.2 Hemocytopoietic Tissues and Origin of Hemocytes 15.4.3 Number of Circulating Hemocytes 15.5 Hemolymph 15.5.1 Functions of Hemolymph and Circulation 15.5.2 Hemolymph Volume 15.5.3 Coagulation of Hemolymph 15.5.4 Hemolymph pH and Hemolymph Buffers 15.5.5 Chemical Composition of Hemolymph 15.5.5.1 Inorganic Ions 15.5.5.2 Free Amino Acids 15.5.5.3 Proteins 15.5.5.4 Other Organic Constituents 15.6 Rate of Circulation 15.7 Hemoglobin 15.8 Summary and Conclusions 15.9 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 16 Immunity 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physical Barriers to Invasion 16.3 Recognition of Nonself 16.4 Cellular Immune Reactions 16.5 Synthesis of Antifungal and Antibacterial Peptides 16.6 Toll, IMD, JNK, and JAK- STAT Are Pathways for Defense Responses 16.6.1 Toll Pathway 16.6.2 IMD Pathway 16.6.3 JNK Pathway 16.6.4 JAK-STAT Pathway 16.7 C-Type Lectins 16.8 Serpins 16.9 Ecology, Behavior, and Immunity 16.9.1 Effects of Climate Change on Insect Immune Responses 16.9.2 Limitation of Nutritional Resources May Alter Immune Response 16.10 Cost of Defense: To Defend or Not? What Are the Trade-Offs? 16.11 Coevolutionary Race between Parasitoid Escape Mechanisms and Host Defense Mechanisms 16.12 Autoimmune Consequences of Some Defense Reactions 16.13 Gender Differences in Immune Responses 16.14 Summary and Conclusions 16.15 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 17 Respiration 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Structure of the Tracheal System 17.2.1 Tracheae and Tracheole Structure 17.2.2 Plasticity in the Tracheal System 17.2.3 Spiracle Structure and Function 17.2.4 Tracheal Epithelium 17.2.5 Development of New Tracheoles 17.2.6 Air Sacs 17.2.7 Molting of Tracheae 17.3 Tracheal Supply to Tissues and Organs 17.3.1 Adaptations of Tracheae to Supply Flight Muscles 17.4 Ventilation and Diffusion of Gases within the System 17.4.1 Simple Diffusion is Usually Not Adequate 17.4.2 Active Ventilation of Tracheae 17.4.3 Diffusion from Tracheoles to Mitochondria 17.5 Discontinuous Gas Exchange 17.6 Water Balance during Flight 17.7 Gas Exchange in Aquatic Insects 17.7.1 Compressible Gas Gills 17.7.2 Incompressible Gas Gills: A Plastron 17.7.3 Use of Aquatic Plants as Air Source 17.7.4 Cutaneous Respiration: Closed Tracheal System in Some Aquatic Insects 17.8 Respiration in Endoparasitic Insects 17.9 Respiratory Pigments 17.10 Respiration in Eggs and Developing Embryos 17.11 Nonrespiratory Functions of the Tracheal System 17.12 Summary and Conclusions 17.13 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 18 Excretion 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Malpighian Tubules 18.3 Malpighian Tubule Cells 18.4 Formation of Primary Urine in Malpighian Tubules 18.5 Proton Pump as Driving Mechanism for Urine Formation and Homeostasis 18.6 Possibilities for Selectively Disrupting Water and Ion Homeostasis for Insect Control 18.7 Selective Reabsorption in the Hindgut 18.7.1 Anatomical Specialization of Hindgut Epithelial Cells 18.7.2 Secretion and Reabsorption in the Ileum 18.7.3 Reabsorption in the Rectum 18.8 Role of the Excretory System in Maintaining Homeostasis 18.8.1 Electrolyte Homeostasis 18.8.2 Water Homeostasis 18.8.2.1 Diuretic Hormones 18.8.2.2 Antidiuretic Hormones 18.8.3 Acid–Base Homeostasis 18.8.4 Nitrogen Homeostasis 18.8.4.1 Ammonia Excretion 18.8.4.2 Uric Acid Synthesis and Excretion 18.9 Cryptonephridial Systems 18.10 Summary and Conclusions 18.11 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 19 Semiochemicals 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Classes of Semiochemicals 19.3 Importance of the Olfactory Sense in Insects 19.4 Active Space Concept 19.5 Pheromones Classified According to Behavior Elicited 19.6 Pheromone Parsimony 19.7 Chemical Characteristics of Semiochemicals 19.8 Insect Receptors and Odorant-Binding Proteins 19.8.1 Pheromone-B inding Proteins 19.8.2 Signal Transduction and Receptor Response 19.8.3 Pheromone Inactivation and Clearing of the Receptor 19.8.4 Do Insects Smell the Blend or Just the Major Components? 19.9 Information Coding and Processing 19.9.1 Structure of Odor Plumes 19.9.2 Pheromone Signal Processing 19.10 Hormonal Control of Pheromone Synthesis and Release 19.11 Biosynthesis of Pheromones 19.12 Geographical and Population Differences and Evolution of Pheromone Blends 19.13 Practical Applications of Pheromones 19.14 Summary and Conclusions 19.15 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 20 Reproduction 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Female Reproductive System 20.2.1 Structure of Ovaries 20.2.1.1 Panoistic Ovarioles 20.2.1.2 Telotrophic Ovarioles 20.2.1.3 Polytrophic Ovarioles 20.2.1.4 Oviposition 20.2.2 Nutrients for Oogenesis 20.2.3 Hormonal Regulation of Ovary Development and Synthesis of Egg Proteins 20.3 Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins 20.3.1 Biochemical Characteristics of Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins 20.3.2 Yolk Proteins of Higher Diptera 20.4 Sequestering of Vitellogenins and Yolk Proteins by Oocytes 20.4.1 Patency of Follicular Cells 20.4.2 Egg Proteins Produced by Follicular Cells 20.4.3 Proteins in Addition to Vitellogenin and Yolk Proteins in the Egg 20.5 Formation of the Vitelline Membrane 20.6 The Chorion 20.7 Gas Exchange in Eggs 20.8 Male Reproductive System 20.8.1 Apyrene and Eupyrene Sperm of Lepidoptera 20.8.2 Male Accessory Glands 20.8.3 Transfer of Sperm 20.9 Sex Determination 20.10 Chromosomal Systems for Gender Determination 20.11 Summary and Conclusions 20.12 Review and Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 21 Insect Symbioses 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Symbioses among Leaf-Cutting Ants, Fungi, and Bacteria 21.3 Biology of Termites 21.3.1 Symbionts in Termites 21.3.2 Lignocellose Structure 21.3.3 Nitrogen Metabolism 21.3.4 Fungal Culture 21.4 Bark and Ambrosia Beetles and Their Symbionts 21.4.1 Ambrosia Beetles 21.4.2 Bark Beetles 21.4.3 Fungal Role in Supplementing Limited Nutrients in Wood and Phloem 21.4.4 Evolution of Fungal Feeding in Bark Beetles 21.4.5 Bacteria as Part of the Bark Beetle Holobiont 21.4.6 Anthropogenic Effects upon Bark Beetles and Their Symbionts 21.5 Buchnera in Aphids 21.6 Tsetse Fly Symbionts 21.7 Wolbachia 21.7.1 Cytoplasmic Incompatability Inducing Effect of Wolbachia 21.7.2 Parthenogenesis-Inducing Effect of Wolbachia 21.7.3 Feminizing Strains of Wolbachia 21.8 Burkholderia in Insects 21.9 Summary and Conclusions 21.10 Self-Study Questions References Added to 4th Edition Foundation References Chapter 22 Global Climate Change: Present and Future Impact on Insects 22.1 Introduction 22.2 How Have Insects Responded to Climate: Will Climate Change Bring Greater Damage by Insect Pests? 22.3 Acclimation of Insects to Lower Thermal Limits: Their Response to Fluctuating and Extreme Cold 22.4 Response of Insects to Upper Thermal Limits 22.5 Will Tropical Insect Be More or Less Impacted by Climate Warming? 22.6 Insect Ecophysiology and Climate Change 22.7 Climate Change Is Driving Insect Distributions 22.8 Climate Change: Insect Vectors and Infectious Diseases 22.9 Summary and Conclusions 22.10 Review and Self-Study Questions Acknowledgments References Chapter 23 The Genomics Revolution in Entomology 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Transposable Elements 23.2.1 Horizontal and Vertical Transmission of TEs in Insects 23.2.2 Additional Ways Transposons Aid Insects 23.3 Evolutionarily Ancient and Conserved RNAI Pathways in Insects 23.3.1 Functions of microRNA 23.3.2 The PIWI RNA (piRNA) Pathway: Protection for Germline Cells 23.3.3 Function of Short Interfering RNA (siRNA) in Insect Antiviral Immunity 23.4 Applications of Interfering RNA in Insects 23.5 CRISPR/Cas 9 Technology 23.5.1 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 System to Edit Genes in Insects 23.5.2 Using CRISPR/Cas9 to Explore Gene Function 23.6 Introducing Gene Editing into Educational Programs 23.7 Summary and Conclusions Acknowledgments 23.8 Review and Self-Study Questions References Index